Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Spanish Adolescents.

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large adolescent community sample, finding a significant disparity. This study explores the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC among Spanish adolescents by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Rasch analysis, and measurement invariance (MI) across sex, as well as internal consistency and criterion validity. The sample was comprised of 463 adolescents (231 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, who completed the CD-RISC and other measures on emotional status and quality of life. The EFA suggested that the CD-RISC structure presented a unidimensional model. Consequently, shorter unidimensional CD-RISC models observed in the literature were explored. Thus, the Campbell-Sills and Stein CD-RISC-10 showed the soundest psychometric properties, providing an adequate item fit and supporting MI and non-differential item functioning across sex. Item difficulty levels were biased toward low levels of resilience. Some items showed malfunctioning in lower response categories. With regard to reliability, categorical omega was. 82. Strong associations with health-related quality of life, major depressive disorder symptoms, and emotional symptoms were observed. A weak association was found between resilience and the male sex. Campbell-Sills and Stein's CD-RISC-10 model emerges as the best to assess resilience among Spanish adolescents, as already reported in adults. Thus, independently of the developmental stage, the core of resilience may reside in the aspects of hardiness and persistence.

Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Spanish Adolescents

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large adolescent community sample, finding a significant disparity. This study explores the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC among Spanish adolescents by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Rasch analysis, and measurement invariance (MI) across sex, as well as internal consistency and criterion validity. The sample was comprised of 463 adolescents (231 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, who completed the CD-RISC and other measures on emotional status and quality of life. The EFA suggested that the CD-RISC structure presented a unidimensional model. Consequently, shorter unidimensional CD-RISC models observed in the literature were explored. Thus, the Campbell-Sills and Stein CD–RISC–10 showed the soundest psychometric properties, providing an adequate item fit and supporting MI and non-differential item functioning across sex. Item difficulty levels were biased toward low levels of resilience. Some items showed malfunctioning in lower response categories. With regard to reliability, categorical omega was. 82. Strong associations with health-related quality of life, major depressive disorder symptoms, and emotional symptoms were observed. A weak association was found between resilience and the male sex. Campbell-Sills and Stein’s CD–RISC–10 model emerges as the best to assess resilience among Spanish adolescents, as already reported in adults. Thus, independently of the developmental stage, the core of resilience may reside in the aspects of hardiness and persistence. (AU)

Civic Engagement and Personality: Associations with the Big Five and the Dark Triad.

Several studies have analyzed the relationship between general personality traits and attitudes and behaviors, indicating that a person is more committed to the community. After raising the question of whether malevolent traits might also be related, the aim was to analyze the relationship between civic engagement and personality, delving into the contribution of the Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and controlling for the association with the Big Five. The Civic Engagement Questionnaire, the Short Dark Triad, and the Big Five Inventory-10 were administered to 1175 Spanish students (convenience sampling). After performing statistical analyses using SPSS statistical software, it was obtained that the three Dark Triad traits explained 11% of the total explained variance of civic engagement, while 19% was reached when the Big Five were included. Narcissism and openness were the factors most strongly associated with engagement. The positive relationship between narcissism and general personality traits could explain why narcissistic people have more favorable attitudes. Furthermore, people with narcissistic traits may display these attitudes for their own benefit. This study provides further evidence of how the narcissistic personality trait differs from the other two malevolent traits. Given that these traits are also associated with maladaptive behaviors, knowing all their characteristics could facilitate the design of prevention programs aimed at reducing such maladaptive behaviors.

Social Emotional Health Survey-Secondary (SEHS-S): A Universal Screening Measure of Social-Emotional Strengths for Spanish-Speaking Adolescents.

The Social Emotional Health Survey-Secondary (SEHS-S), which is a measure of core psychological assets based on a higher-order model of Covitality, is comprised of 36 items and four latent traits (with three measured subscales): belief in self (self-efficacy, self-awareness, and persistence), belief in others (school support, family coherence, and peer support), emotional competence (emotional regulation, behavioral self-control, and empathy), and engaged living (gratitude, zest, and optimism). Previous international studies have supported the psychometric properties of the SEHS-S. The present study extended this research by examining the psychometric properties of a Spanish-language adaptation with a sample of 1042 Spanish adolescents (Mage = 14.49, SD = 1.65.). Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the original factorial structure, with hierarchical omega between 0.66-0.93, with 0.94 for the total score. Factorial invariance across genders revealed small latent mean differences. A path model evaluated concurrent validity, which revealed a significant association between Covitality and bidimensional mental health (psychological distress and well-being). Specifically, correlational analyses showed a negative association with internalizing/externalizing symptoms, and positive associations with subjective well-being, health-related quality of life, and prosocial behaviors. This study provides an example of a culturally relevant adaptation of an international tool to measure student strengths, which is critical to planning school programming and policy.

Relationship Between Sensory Processing, Resilience, Attitudes and Drug use in Portuguese Adults / Relações entre Processamento Sensorial, Resiliência, Atitudes e Consumo de Drogas em Adultos Portugueses / Relación entre Procesamiento Sensorial, Resiliencia, Actitudes y Consumo de Drogas en Adultos Portugueses

Abstract: Research suggests that the relationship between resilience and substance use is a non-linear and multifactorial psychological process. Surprisingly, sensory processing is rarely mentioned as a variable associated with this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the relationship between resilience, sensory processing, attitudes and consumption behaviors for alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances. For this, we used four instruments: Adult / Adolescent Sensory Profile; Resilience Scale; Attitudes scales; Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drug Use Scale. The sample consisted of 340 healthy adult participants, of whom 261 (76.8%) were women and 79 (23.2%) men. As for chronological age, the youngest person was 18 and the oldest was 76 years (M = 39; DP = 11). Sensory processing was associated with the intake behaviors and attitudes. Sensory imbalances appeared to be implicated in decreased resilience.

Resumo: A investigação sugere que a relação entre resiliência e uso de substâncias é um processo psicológico não linear e multifatorial. Surpreendentemente, o processamento sensorial raramente é evocado enquanto variável associada a estes fenômenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre processamento sensorial, resiliência, atitudes e frequência de comportamentos de consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras substâncias psicoativas em adultos saudáveis. Foram empregados quatro instrumentos: Perfil Sensorial para Adolescentes e Adultos; Escala de resiliência; Escalas de atitudes; Escala de consumo de tabaco, álcool e outras drogas. A amostra foi constituída por 340 participantes adultos mentalmente saudáveis, dos quais 261 (76.8%) eram mulheres. Quanto à idade cronológica, o indivíduo mais novo tinha 18 anos e o mais velho tinha 76 anos (M = 39; DP = 11). O processamento sensorial apresentou-se associado a atitudes e condutas de consumo. Os desequilíbrios sensoriais parecem estar implicados na diminuição da resiliência.

Resumen: Investigaciones sugieren que la relación entre la resiliencia y el uso de sustancias es un proceso psicológico no lineal y multifactorial. Sorprendentemente, el procesamiento sensorial raramente se menciona como una variable asociada a estos fenómenos. En el presente estudio fue investigado la relación entre el procesamiento sensorial, la resiliencia, las actitudes y el comportamiento de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas. Fueron utilizados cuatro instrumentos de medida: Perfil Sensorial para Adolescentes y Adultos; Escala de Resiliencia; Escalas de Actitudes; Escala de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas. La muestra fue constituida por 340 participantes adultos sanos, de los cuales 261 (76.8%) eran mujeres y 79 (23.2%) hombres. En cuanto a la edad cronológica, el individuo más joven tenía 18 años y el más viejo 76 años (M = 39; DP = 11). El procesamiento sensorial se mostró asociado a las actitudes y la conducta de consumo. Los desequilibrios sensoriales parecen estar implicados en la disminución de la resiliencia.

Spanish Validation of the School Anxiety Scale-Teacher Report (SAS-TR).

This study aimed to examine the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the School Anxiety Scale-Teacher Report (SAS-TR) in a community sample of 315 Spanish children aged 5 to 12 years. Thirty-seven teachers from eleven schools completed the SAS-TR and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for each child. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure, but a better fit model was obtained after removing four items. The scale was found to have high internal consistency (α = 0.91) and satisfactory test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.87) for the Spanish sample. Convergent validity was supported by positive significant correlations between the SAS-TR and the Emotional Symptoms subscale of the SDQ. Lower correlations between the SAS-TR and the SDQ Conduct Problems subscale supported the divergent validity. Overall, the findings suggest that the Spanish version of the SAS-TR is a reliable and valid instrument for teachers to assess anxiety in Spanish children.

Relações entre suporte social, autorregulação e consumo de outras substâncias em adultos portugueses

Neste estudo, investigaram-se as relações entre suporte social percebido, auto-regulação e comportamentos de consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras substâncias psicoactivas. A amostra foi constituída por 340 participantes. O suporte social correlacionou-se favoravelmente com a auto-regulação, mas somente na vertente de satisfação com o apoio social é que se observou esta tendência de forma evidente. O número de figuras de apoio diferenciou-se significativamente com o uso de tabaco, o que sugere o âmbito afiliativo de algumas substâncias psicoactivas. Nesse sentido, o uso de tabaco pode estar associado a uma rede social mais ampla, mas não com a qualidade do suporte social.

In this study the relationships between perceived social support, self-regulation and consuming behaviors of tobacco and other psychoactive substances we investigated. The sample consisted of 340 adult participants. Social support correlated positively with self-regulation, but was solely in the aspect of satisfaction with social support that this trend was noted clearly. The number of support providers differed considerably with the use of tobacco, which suggests the affiliative scope of some psychoactive substances. Accordingly, the use of tobacco may be associated with a larger social network, but not with the quality of social support.

Bienestar, calidad de vida y regulación afectiva en adolescentes portugueses / Well-being, quality of life and affect regulation in Portuguese adolescents

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la regulación emocional, calidad de vida y bienestar subjetivo en la adolescencia, considerando diferencias individuales y familiares en función del sexo, la edad y la escolaridad de los progenitores. También se pretende analizar la relación entre las variables estudiadas. DISEÑO: Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo-comparativo, transversal. Emplazamiento: Institutos de Portugal. PARTICIPANTES: Muestra por conveniencia de 2 escuelas al Norte de Portugal. CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN: adolescentes (entre 12 y 18 años) de los cursos obligatorios y sin ninguna dificultad especial (sea necesidad educativa especial o dificultad de aprendizaje diagnosticada). Muestra total 619, muestra válida 602. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Índice de bienestar personal, Cuestionario de salud SF-8 (calidad de vida) y el Cuestionario de estilos de regulación afectiva. RESULTADOS: El bienestar no presenta diferencias entre sexos, la percepción de salud suele ser mejor en los chicos y la regulación afectiva en las chicas. En relación con la edad se encuentran correlaciones negativas principalmente con las variables del cuestionario de salud. Aparecen diferencias significativas en función del nivel de escolarización de los padres. Las mayores correlaciones aparecen entre las variables de los cuestionarios de bienestar y el de salud. CONCLUSIONES: La influencia del nivel educativo de los padres y la edad tienen un papel diferenciador, especialmente en bienestar y calidad de vida. Desde una perspectiva de promoción del bienestar en la adolescencia hay que destacar el potencial de la percepción de salud y algunas estrategias de regulación emocional en intervenciones y estrategias de educación para la salud

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine the emotional regulation, quality of life, and subjective well-being in adolescence, taking into account individual and family differences, as well as gender, age and education level of parents. Relationships between the questionnaires variables were also considered. DESIGN: Descriptive-comparative, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. LOCATION: Two schools in the north of Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: The sample was selected for convenience due to geographic proximity. Inclusion Criteria: adolescents with age between 12 and 18 years old, from compulsory courses and without any special difficulty. Total sample: 619, valid sample: 602. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Personal Wellness; Health Questionnaire SF-8 (quality of life); and the Measurement of Affect Regulation Styles-trait version Questionnaire. RESULTS: There were no differences between well-being and gender. Health perception is better for boys, and affect regulation for girls. In relation to age, there are negative correlations mainly with variables from the health questionnaire. Significant differences in relation to study level of parents were observed. Main correlations were found between wellness and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of the education level of parents and age have differentiating role, mainly for well-being and quality of life. From a promotion of wellness perspective in adolescence, potential of health perception and some emotional regulation strategies should be considered in interventions and health education strategy

[Well-being, quality of life and affect regulation in Portuguese adolescents]. / Bienestar, calidad de vida y regulación afectiva en adolescentes portugueses.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine the emotional regulation, quality of life, and subjective well-being in adolescence, taking into account individual and family differences, as well as gender, age and educationlevel of parents. Relationships between the questionnaires wariables were also considered. DESIGN: Descriptive-comparative, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. LOCATION: Two schools in the north of Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: The sample was selected for convenience due to geographic proximity. INCLUSION CRITERIA: adolescents with age between 12 and 18 years old, from compulsory courses and without any special difficulty. Total sample: 619, valid sample: 602. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Personal Wellness; Health Questionnaire SF-8 (quality of life); and the Measurement of Affect Regulation Styles-trait version Questionnaire. RESULTS: There were no differences between well-being and gender. Health perception is better for boys, and affect regulation for girls. In relation to age, there are negative correlations mainly with variables from the health questionnaire. Significant differences in relation to study level of parents were observed. Main correlations were found between wellness and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of the education level of parents and age have differentiating role, mainly for well-being and quality of life. From a promotion of wellness perspective in adolescence, potential of health perception and some emotional regulation strategies should be considered in interventions and health education strategy.

Invarianza factorial de la Escala para la Detección de Ansiedad Social (EDAS) en adolescentes españoles y chilenos / Factorial Invariance of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (EDAS) in Spanish and Chilean adolescents

Este estudio instrumental examina la invarianza factorial de la Escala para la Detección de Ansiedad Social (EDAS) en función del país y el sexo en dos muestras de adolescentes españoles y chilenos entre 14 y 17 años empleando el análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo. La muestra española estuvo compuesta por 1185 adolescentes españoles, con edad media 15.49 (1.10) y la muestra chilena estuvo formada por 965 adolescentes, cuya edad media fue 15.51 (1.09). La distribución por edad y sexo fue homogénea. Los resultados mostraron que la EDAS se ajustó a un modelo de tres factores (Evitación, Ansiedad e Interferencia), representando cada subescala una sola dimensión. No existieron diferencias significativas entre adolescentes chilenos y españoles atribuibles a la variable país y sexo. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad fueron altos en cada una de las subescalas. Los resultados aportan evidencia empírica a favor de la fiabilidad, validez e invarianza factorial de la EDAS en adolescentes españoles y chilenos (AU)

This instrumental study examines factorial invariance of the Scale for Social Anxiety Screening (EDAS) across countries and gender in two samples of Chilean and Spanish adolescents between 14 and 17 years using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. The sample consisted of 1185 Spanish adolescents, with a mean age of 15.49 years (SD=1.10) and the Chilean sample consisted of 965 adolescents, whose age mean age was 15.51 (SD=1.09). The age and gender distribution was homogeneous. Results showed that EDAS showed a good fit to a three factors model (Avoidance, Anxiety and Interference), representing each subscale a single dimension. No significant differences between Chilean and Spanish adolescents attributable to the countries and gender. The reliability coefficients were high in each of the subscales. The results provide empirical evidence for the reliability, validity and factorial invariance of the EDAS in Spanish and Chilean adolescents (AU)

Psychometric update of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (SASS/EDAS) in a Spanish adolescent population.

The aim of this work was to update the validation of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (SASS/EDAS) in a sample of Spanish adolescents. To achieve this, one study with a sample of 1489 students in secondary education, of ages 14 to 17 years, were carried out. The psychometric properties of EDAS were examined through confirmatory factor analysis, reliability (Cronbach's alpha), temporal stability (test-retest), and concurrent criterion validity. The results supported the three-independent-factor structure (avoidance, distress and interference), that showed best fit indices compared to alternative models. They also showed that the scores of participants on EDAS scales were reliable in terms of internal consistency (alpha > .80) and moderately reliable concerning temporal stability (r = .48-.60) over a five-week period. The correlations between the EDAS factors and other social anxiety measures were positive and significant. Data provide empirical evidence of the estimation of reliability and validity of this scale. Future work should extend the validation of the EDAS in clinical samples.

Psychometric update of the social anxiety screening scale (SASS/EDAS) in a Spanish adolescent population

The aim of this work was to update the validation of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (SASS/EDAS) in a sample of Spanish adolescents. To achieve this, one study with a sample of 1489 students in secondary education, of ages 14 to 17 years, were carried out. The psychometric properties of EDAS were examined through confirmatory factor analysis, reliability (Cronbach’s alpha), temporal stability (test-retest), and concurrent criterion validity. The results supported the three-independent-factor structure (avoidance, distress and interference), that showed best fit indices compared to alternative models. They also showed that the scores of participants on EDAS scales were reliable in terms of internal consistency (α > .80) and moderately reliable concerning temporal stability (r = .48-.60) over a five-week period. The correlations between the EDAS factors and other social anxiety measures were positive and significant. Data provide empirical evidence of the estimation of reliability and validity of this scale. Future work should extend the validation of the EDAS in clinical samples (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la validación de la Escala para la detección de ansiedad social (EDAS) en una muestra de adolescentes españoles. Para ello se llevó a cabo un estudio con una muestra de 1489 estudiantes de educación secundaria, cuyas edades se encontraron entre los 14 y los 17 años. Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la EDAS mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de fiabilidad a través del alfa de Cronbach, de estabilidad temporal test-retest y análisis de la validez de criterio concurrente. Los resultados ofrecieron apoyo a la estructura de tres factores independientes (Evitación, Malestar e Interferencia), que mostró mejores índices de ajuste en comparación con los modelos alternativos. También mostraron que las puntuaciones de los participantes en las escalas de la EDAS fueron fiables en términos de consistencia interna (α > .80) y relativamente estables temporalmente (r = .48-.60) en un periodo de cinco semanas. Los factores de la escala correlacionaron positiva y significativamente con otras medidas de ansiedad social. Los datos aportan evidencia empírica de la estimación de la fiabilidad y validez de esta escala. Futuros trabajos deberían ampliar la validación de la EDAS en población clínica (AU)

Validación del inventario de obsesiones y compulsiones revisado (OCI-R) para su uso en población adolescente española / Validation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R) for Spanish adolescent population

Existe un creciente interés por los instrumentos diseñados para evaluar los síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos en niños y adolescentes. El “Inventario de Obsesiones y Compulsiones -Revisado” (OCI-R) se ha mostrado una prueba válida y útil en la evaluación de esta sintomatología transculturalmente tanto en contexto clínico como no clínico. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar y ampliar las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial del OCI-R en una muestra no clínica de 525 adolescentes (edad media= 15.82 años; DT= 1.77; rango=12-18). Los resultados confirmaron la estructura original de seis factores del OCI-R (Lavado, Obsesiones, Acumulación, Orden, Comprobación y Neutralización), así como también su consistencia interna, estabilidad temporal y validez convergente-discriminante. En resumen, el OCI-R es un instrumento breve y fiable que evalúa tanto una dimensión global del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo como dimensiones sintomatológicas específicas en la adolescencia, lo cual coincide con la literatura previa. Su pertinencia en muestras clínicas de adolescentes requiere ser examinada en futuras investigaciones (AU)

There is a growing interest in instruments designed to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents. The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) has demonstrated to be a valid and useful test in the evaluation of these symptoms cross-culturally in both clinical and nonclinical settings. The aim of this study was to examine and extend the psychometric properties and factor structure of the OCI-R in a non-clinical sample of 525 adolescents (mean age=15.82; SD=1.77; range=12-18). The results confirmed the original six-factor structure of the OCI-R (Washing, Obsessing, Hoarding, Ordering, Checking and Neutralizing), as well as the internal consistency, temporary stability, and concurrent-discriminant validity. To sum up, the OCI-R is a short and reliable instrument that measures global as well as domain-specific obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in adolescence, what is consistent with previous literature. Whether it will retain its psychometric properties in clinical samples of adolescents remains to be investigated (AU)

La satisfacción del usuario desde el modelo de la confirmación de expectativas: respuesta a algunos interrogantes / Customer satisfaction from the expectation disconfirmation model: responding to some questions

Siguiendo el modelo de la confirmación de expectativas, este estudio pretende contestar a tres interrogantes relacionados con la predicción de la satisfacción de los usuarios. En primer lugar, se valora la importancia relativa de la discrepancia y del rendimiento, distinguiendo entre las facetas tangibles e intangibles de los servicios. En segundo lugar, se analiza el papel de las expectativas del usuario. Por último, se examina el efecto mediador de la satisfacción al predecir la lealtad de los usuarios. Los resultados de dos estudios empíricos independientes indican que el rendimiento en los tangibles es crítico en la predicción de la satisfacción. Asimismo, se observa un efecto de asimilación de las expectativas de los usuarios. Finalmente, la satisfacción se consolida como mediador significativo entre los juicios cognitivos de los clientes y su lealtad (AU)

Following the expectation disconfirmation model, this paper aims to answer three questions related to the prediction of customer satisfaction with services. First, we test the relative importance of discrepancy and performance for tangible and intangible facets of services. Secondly, we study the role of customer expectations. Thirdly, we examine the mediator effect of satisfaction in predicting customer loyalty. Two independent survey studies are performed. Results show that performance of service tangible facet is the main construct in predicting customer satisfaction. Additionally, an assimilation effect of customer expectation is found. Finally, customer satisfaction is confirmed as a significant mediator between customer cognitive judgements and customer loyalty (AU)