Carcinoma neuroendocrino de vulva, una entidad poco frecuente. Reporte del primer caso en Venezuela / Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vulva, a rare entity. Report of the first case in Venezuela

El cáncer de vulva representa 1 % de los cánceres en mujeres; el carcinoma neuroendocrino de vulva es extremadamente raro, con menos de 20 casos publicados. Su comportamiento es muy agresivo produciendo recurrencias locales tempranas, metástasis a ganglios linfáticos y a distancia. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 60 años de edad, quien consultó por lesión vulvar de 6 meses de evolución, con extensión a tercio inferior de uretra y vagina y plastrón ganglionar inguinal izquierda. La biopsia de vulva reportó neoplasia maligna de células redondas y el resultado de la inmunohistoquímica fue compatible con carcinoma neuroendocrino. Recibió quimioterapia y radioterapia concurrente, evidenciando respuesta completa en vulva y parcial en región inguinal, posteriormente se realizó linfadenectomía inguinofemoral bilateral. El carcinoma neuroendocrino de vulva debe ser considerado al momento de manejar patología vulvar maligna, el diagnóstico oportuno requiere histología e inmunohistoquímica para establecer un pronóstico y tratamiento adecuados(AU)

Vulvar cancer represents 1% of cancers in women; vulvar neuroendocrine carcinoma is extremely rare, with less than 20 published cases. Its behavior is very aggressive, producing early local recurrences, lymph node and distant metastases. The case of a 60-year-old patient who consulted for a vulvar lesion of 6 months of evolution, with extension to the lower third of the urethra and vagina and left inguinal nodal plastron is described. The vulvar biopsy reported malignant round cell neoplasm and the immunohistochemistry result was compatible with neuroendocrine carcinoma. She received concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy, evidencing a complete response in the vulva and a partial response in the inguinal region. Later, bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy was performed. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vulva should be considered when managing malignant vulvar pathology, timely diagnosis requires histology and immunohistochemistry to establish an adequate prognosis and treatment(AU)

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α Is the Main Isoform That Regulates the Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and cAMP Response Element Binding in Bovine Endothelial Cells Infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutive enzyme implicated in the regulation of cytokine expression and the inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Mammals have two GSK3 isoforms named GSK3α and GSK3ß that plays different but often overlapping functions. Although the role of GSK3ß in cytokine regulation during the inflammatory response caused by bacteria is well described, GSK3α has not been found to participate in this process. Therefore, we tested if GSK3α may act as a regulatory isoform in the cytokine expression by bovine endothelial cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus because this bacterium is one of the major pathogens that cause tissue damage associated with inflammatory dysfunction. Interestingly, although both isoforms were phosphorylated-inactivated, we consistently observed a higher phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21 than that of GSK3ß at Ser9 after bacterial challenge. During a temporal course of infection, we characterized a molecular switch from pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-8), promoted by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), at an early stage (2 h) to an anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10), promoted by cAMP response element binding (CREB), at a later stage (6 h). We observed an indirect effect of GSK3α activity on NF-κB activation that resulted in a low phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, a decreased interaction between CREB and the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP), and a lower expression level of IL-10. Gene silencing of GSK3α and GSK3ß with siRNA indicated that GSK3α knockout promoted the interaction between CREB and CBP that, in turn, increased the expression of IL-10, reduced the interaction of NF-κB with CBP, and reduced the expression of IL-8. These results indicate that GSK3α functions as the primary isoform that regulates the expression of IL-10 in endothelial cells infected with S. aureus.

Antecedentes de resistencia social en las estudiantes universitarias: el uniforme en la escuela de Enfermería, México / Antecedents of social resistance of female students: the uniform at thenursing school, México / Antecedentes de resistência social nas estudantes universitárias: o uniforme na escola de enfermaria, México

En la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), por décadas el uso del uniforme se consideró como incuestionable y un símbolo de profesionalismo. Esta idea, en el año 1994, comenzó a perder sentido para las estudiantes, quienes al respecto, generaronacciones de resistencia social. Las autoridades respondieron al establecer foros de discusión, donde se planteó un debate para eliminar la cofia y permitir el uso de pantalón. En 1995, se resolvió permitir el uso de falda y/o pantalón de manera opcional en el uniforme, dando acceso a una mayor igualdad en las condiciones de trabajo en comparación con los hombres, lo que representó la construcción reflexionada y consciente de la identidad professional.

At the Nursing School of Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), the use of uniform was unquestionable and considered as a symbol of professionalism. Such idea started to lose sense in 1994, for all female students who generated actions of social resistance. School authorities responded by organizing discussion forums setting a debate to eliminate the use of cap, and allow wearing of pants. In 1995, resolved to wear skirts and / or pants, optionally in uniform; that gaveaccess to greater equal work conditions compared to men, and represented a reflexive and conscious creation of professional identity.

Na Faculdade de Enfermaria da Universidade Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), por décadas o uso do uniforme considerou-se como incuestionable e um símbolo de profissionalismo.O qual em 1994 começou a perder sentido para as estudantes, quem ao respeito, geraram acções de resistência social. As autoridades responderam ao estabelecer foros de discussão, onde se propôs um debate para eliminar a cofia e permitir o uso de pantalon.Em 1995, resolveu-se permitir o uso de saia e/ou pantalón, de maneira opcional no uniforme; dando acesso a uma maior igualdade nas condições de trabalho em relação aos homens, o que representou a construção reflexionada e consciente da identidade profissional.

Effect of antimicrobial peptides derived from human cathelicidin LL-37 on Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

The human cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 is an antimicrobial protein consisting of a conserved N-terminal prosequence called the cathelin-like domain and a C-terminal peptide called LL-37. This peptide contains 37 amino acid residues, and several truncated variants obtained from natural sources or by chemical synthesis differ in their capability to damage Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as Candida albicans. KR-12 is the shortest peptide (12 amino acids) of LL-37 that has conserved antibacterial activity. In addition to LL-37, other active cathelicidin-derived peptides have been reported; for instance, the peptides KR-20, a 20-aa derivative of LL-37, and KS-30, a 30-aa derivative of LL-37, have been found in human sweat. Both peptides exhibit an overall increased antibacterial and antifungal activity when compared with LL-37. We investigated the effect of LL-37 and three peptides derived from this antimicrobial molecule, KR-12, KR-20 and KS-30, on the integrity of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. The four peptides showed effects on E. histolytica integrity and viability in the concentration range of 10-50 µM. The peptides KR-12, KR-20, KS-30 and LL-37 differed in their capability to damage the parasite integrity, with KR-20 being the most effective and with KR-12 and LL-37 being less active. These results demonstrate the ability of antimicrobial peptides derived from human cathelicidin to damage Entamoeba trophozoites. Moreover, it was shown that the integrity of the peptides is altered in the presence of an ameba soluble fraction with cysteine protease activity.

Degradation of human secretory IgA1 and IgA2 by Entamoeba histolytica surface-associated proteolytic activity.

The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, an infection with high prevalence worldwide. The host-ameba relationship outcome depends on parasite and host factors, and among these is secretory IgA. These antibodies reduce mucosal colonization by pathogens and neutralize a variety of toxins and enzymes. The functionality of secretory IgA depends on its integrity. Some bacteria produce IgA proteases that cleave mainly the IgA1 subclass; live E. histolytica trophozoites, and other ameba fractions are also able to degrade human IgA. The aim of this study was to determine if serum and secretory IgA, its subclasses and secretory component, are degraded by cysteine proteases, which are present and active on the surface of glutaraldehyde-fixed amebas. It was observed that secretory IgA1, IgA2, free and IgA-bound secretory component were degraded by E. histolytica surface-associated cysteine proteinases. Secretory IgA2, although it was degraded, conserved its ability to agglutinate live amebas better than IgA1. Therefore, while specificity of known ameba cysteine proteases is cathepsin B-like and is different from bacterial IgA proteases, IgA2 was functionally more resistant than IgA1 to ameba surface-associated cysteine protease degradation, similar to the greater resistance of IgA2 to bacterial IgA-specific proteases.