Yoga na atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão de escopo / Yoga in primary health care: a scoping review

O yoga é uma tradição milenar hindu, baseado em três componente: Asanas (posturas), Pranayama (respiração) e Dhyana (meditação e devoção). Na década de 70 a Organização Mundial da Saúde criou o Programa de Medicina Tradicional e desde então vem incentivando a implementação de políticas para seu uso racional e integrado nos sistemas nacionais de saúde, e sua introdução na Atenção Primária a Saúde (APS), além do desenvolvimento de estudos científicos para melhor conhecimento de sua segurança, eficácia e qualidade. O objetivo do trabalho é mapear a pesquisa na área do Yoga na APS e identificar as lacunas do conhecimento existentes; para acessar as características das formas de intervenção do Yoga e compreender como esta prática tem se inserido na APS mundial e brasileira. Foi realizado uma Revisão de Escopo de acordo com a diretriz PRISMA ­ScR e metodologia do Instituto Joana Briggs, com registro DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/2G5R7. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados BVS, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science; e na literatura cinzenta da RedeHumanizaSUS e Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações. Foram incluídos artigos disponíveis na integra com informações sobre Yoga na APS com adultos e idosos usuários do serviço de saúde; publicados de 2006 a abril de 2021; sem limitações quanto ao desenho do estudo, tipo de técnica de Yoga e idioma. De um total de 2104 artigos recuperados, foram incluídos na revisão 36 estudos. Os estudos encontrados são provenientes de 13 países diferentes; com variados métodos de pesquisa, sendo 11 (30,6%) estudos de intervenção; 11 (30,6%) observacionais, 4 (11,1%) estudos qualitativos, 4 (11,1%) estudos com método misto, e 6 (16,7%) estudos que discutem implementação. Somente 13 (36,1%) estudos trazem resultados exclusivos sobre yoga, os outros 23 (63,9%) estudos analisam diferentes práticas em conjunto. Quanto ao tipo de yoga, 18,9% dos estudos utilizaram Hatha yoga; 18,9%, práticas contemporâneas; e 48,6% foram classificados como Yoga inespecífico. Os desfechos estudados foram agrupados nas categorias: Doenças Crônicas; Dor; Saúde Mental; Doenças Nutricionais, Metabólicas e Linfáticas; Vitalidade, Bem-Estar, Qualidade de Vida; Promoção da Saúde; Gestão e Outros. A prática de yoga na APS vem sendo estudada de forma crescente ao redor do mundo e variada em relação aos métodos, com evidências cientificas para diversos desfechos. A prática pode ser incorporada em projetos terapêutico singular, podendo trazer benefícios terapêuticos e resolutividade para determinadas condições clínicas, com destaque para hipertensão arterial, saúde mental e dores; e para além das condições de saúde, ampliar a qualidade de vida da população e seus modos de subjetivação, como também ser um meio de empoderar os sujeitos no seu autocuidado. A pluralidade científica, por meio de estudos de método variados e métodos mistos, permite um maior alcance dos fenômenos estudados, e deve ser levada em conta para o desenvolvimento de estudos na área do Yoga na APS.

Yoga is an ancient Hindu tradition, based on three components: Asanas (postures), Pranayama (breathing) and Dhyana (meditation and devotion). In the 70s, the World Health Organization created the Traditional Medicine Program and since then it has been encouraging the implementation of policies for its rational and integrated use in national health systems, and its introduction in Primary Health Care (PHC), in addition to development of scientific studies to better understand its safety, efficacy and quality. The objective of this study is to map research in the field of Yoga in PHC and identify gaps in existing knowledge; to access the characteristics of the forms of Yoga intervention and understand how this practice has been inserted in the global and Brazilian PHC. A Scoping Review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA ­ ScR guideline and the methodology of the Joana Briggs Institute, with registration DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/2G5R7. The search was carried out in the databases of the BVS, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases; and in the gray literature of RedeHumanizaSUS and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. Articles available in full text with information about Yoga in PHC with adults and elderly users of the health service were included; published from 2006 to April 2021; no limitations regarding study design, type of Yoga technique and language. From a total of 2104 articles retrieved, 36 studies were included in the review. The studies found come from 13 different countries; with varied research methods, being 11 (30.6%) intervention studies; 11 (30.6%) observational, 4 (11.1%) qualitative studies, 4 (11.1%) mixed method studies, and 6 (16.7%) studies that discuss implementation. Only 13 (36.1%) studies bring exclusive results about yoga, the other 23 (63.9%) studies analyze different practices together. As for the type of yoga, 18.9% of the studies used Hatha yoga; 18.9%, contemporary practices; and 48.6% % were classified as non-specific Yoga. The studied outcomes were grouped into the categories: Chronic Diseases; Pain; Mental health; Nutritional Diseases, Metabolic and Lymphatic; Vitality, Well-Being, Quality of Life; Health promotion; Management and Others. The practice of yoga in PHC has been increasingly studied around the world and varied in relation to methods, with scientific evidence for various outcomes. Yoga can be incorporated into therapeutic projects, which can bring benefits and resoluteness for certain clinical conditions, especially for arterial hypertension, mental health, and pain; and in addition to health conditions, expand the population's quality of life and their modes of subjectivation, as well as being a means of empowering subjects in their self-care. Scientific plurality, through studies of varied methods and mixed methods, allows for a greater reach of the studied phenomena, and should be considered for the development of studies in Yoga at PHC.

The Population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brazil Is Structured by Mycelial Compatibility Groups.

The genetic structure of the population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was analyzed using 238 individuals collected from different hosts. Individuals were characterized for microsatellite genotypes and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs). A total of 22 MCGs and 64 multilocus lineages (MLLs) were identified. There was a close relationship between the MCGs and MLLs, but there was no association between MLLs and hosts or regions. At least 39 MCGs are present in Brazil, and 68.5% of the isolates were assigned to either MCG 1 or MCG 2. Eight new MCGs were found. Seven genetic groups were identified and associated with MCGs. Most genetic variation (70.0%) was because of differences among MCGs. High values of estimates of linkage disequilibrium among loci were more frequent in the total population (all MCGs). By contrast, there was evidence of random mating in subpopulations defined by MCGs 1 and 2. Additionally, there was evidence of outcrossing in the population of S. sclerotiorum in Brazil. The population was structured by MCGs; lineages originating from asexual reproduction or selfing prevail and are widely distributed in space, are persistent in time, and affect many hosts, but there is evidence of some degree of outcrossing, which may lead to a more genetically variable population in the future.

Viabilidade do cultivo do feijão-arroz no outono-inverno em regiões de inverno ameno / Viability of rice bean cultivation in fall-winter season in regions of mild winter

Foram conduzidos três ensaios em município de Minas Gerais, com inverno ameno, para estudar a viabilidade do cultivo do feijão-arroz no outono-inverno. Os ensaios foram instalados em Leopoldina, nestas datas: 3 de maio de 1996, 18 de abril de 1997 e 11 de maio de 1998. Foram usados 12 genótipos de feijão-arroz; uma cultivar de feijão-comum foi usada para comparação. Foi empregado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. As plantas foram irrigadas por aspersão, e o controle de pragas com inseticida foi feito quando necessário. Os ciclos de vida do feijão-arroz variaram de 99 a 111 dias (da emergência à colheita), enquanto os do feijão-comum variaram em torno de 90 dias. Não foi observada doença na folhagem do feijão-arroz. As produtividades médias variaram de 1164 (11 de maio) a 2261 kg ha-1 (18 de abril). O feijão-arroz foi tão produtivo quanto o feijão-comum. Conclui-se que é viável o cultivo do feijão-arroz [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi] no outono-inverno em regiões de inverno ameno.

Three trials were carried out in a municipality of the state of Minas Gerais of mild winter to study the viability of rice bean cultivation in fall-winter season. Trials were installed in Leopoldina on the following dates: May 3, 1996; April 18, 1997; and May 11, 1998. Twelve genotypes of rice bean were used; one cultivar of common bean was also included for comparison. A randomized complete-block design with 4 replications was used. Plants were sprinkler irrigated and insecticide was applied when necessary. Rice bean life cycles varied from 99 to 111 days (from emergence to harvest), while common bean life cycles varied around 90 days. No foliar disease was observed on rice bean plants. Yields ranged from 1164 (May 11) to 2261 kg ha-1 (April 18). Rice bean yielded as much as common bean. One concluded that the cultivation of rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi] in fall-winter in regions of mild winter is viable.

Electromagnetic degrees of freedom of an optical system

We present a rigorous electromagnetic formalism for defining, evaluating, and optimizing the degrees of freedom of an optical system. The analysis is valid for the delivery of information with electromagnetic waves under arbitrary boundary conditions communicating between domains in three-dimensional space. We show that, although in principle there is an infinity of degrees of freedom, the effective number is finite owing to the presence of noise. This is in agreement with the restricted classical theories that showed this property for specific optical systems and within the scalar and paraxial approximations. We further show that the best transmitting and receiving functions are the solutions of well-defined eigenvalue equations. The present approach is useful for understanding and designing modern optical systems for which the previous approaches are not applicable, as well as for application in inverse and synthesis problems.