Physician practices and attitudes towards atopic dermatitis in Latin America: A cross-sectional study.

Background: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is increasing in developing countries. Different worldwide guidelines have been proposed, but their applicability for AD specialists in Latin American (LA) countries is unknown. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the medical approach to treating AD in LA countries. Methods: The study population comprised AD specialists (allergists and dermatologists). They completed an electronic survey containing questions about the health system, diagnostic criteria, and pharmacotherapy approach to treating AD. The survey was constructed and validated by the Atopic Dermatitis Committee of the Latin American Society of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (SLAAI) in Spanish and Portuguese. Each member was responsible for distributing the questionnaire through different networks in their respective countries. Results: A total of 284 AD specialists from 13 LA countries completed the questionnaire; among them, 67% were allergists and 33% were dermatologists. Less than 50% of the AD specialists strictly followed guideline recommendations. Among the AD specialists, the European and North American guidelines were more frequently used, and only 16% followed LA guidelines. Dermatologists used the local guidelines less frequently than allergists. Most physicians did not routinely use AD assessment tools (55%). The frequency of the diagnostic tests depends on symptom severity. The availability of some systemic treatments, such as biologics and Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, is not universal in all LA countries. Conclusion: There were marked differences between the specialists, and these differences seemed to be affected by their specialty and each country's healthcare system. New AD education strategies that consider the particularities of the region could allow patients to be more accurately managed. AD assessment tools may provide a way to enhance AD treatment and allow for shared decision-making, patient empowerment, and standardized care.

[Prevalence and lethality of interstitial pulmonary diseases in the Region of Los Ríos, Chile]. / Prevalencia y letalidad de enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales en la Región de Los Ríos, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a subtype of interstitial lung disease (ILD) that significantly affects people's quality of life, whose prevalence and mortality has increased. AIM: To determine the prevalence and lethality of ILD in the Los Ríos Region between the years 2018 and 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of a database of all patients attended at an outpatient clinic of the regional hospital. Those patients with the diagnosis of ILD and seen between 2018 and 2019 were selected. Mortality and its causes were verified with death certificates. RESULTS: In the study period, 339 cases with ILD, aged 71 ± 10 years (64% women) were identified. The calculated ILD prevalence was 84 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a higher predominancy in Futrono and Paillaco communes. IPF and Connective Tissue Diseases were the predominant subtypes. Overall lethality was 18%, with more deaths among patients with IPF (n = 31). CONCLUSIONS: In the Los Ríos Region, ILDs have a relevant prevalence and lethality.

Endothelial expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in experimental diabetes / Expresión endotelial del receptor para productos finales de glicación avanzada en diabetes experimental

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including diabetes. The interaction between RAGE and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promotes gene expression, enhances the release of proinflammatory molecules and causes the generation of oxidative stress in numerous cell types. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of enalapril and losartan on RAGE expression in abdominal aortic endothelium of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing approximately 150 - 200 g, were used. Diabetes was induced in 30 rats by intravenous administration of a single dose of 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (ETZ). The following groups were studied: control (n=10), diabetic (n=10), losartan-treated diabetic (n=10) and enalapril-treated diabetic (n=10) rats. RAGE expression in aortic endothelium was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase in RAGE expression was observed in diabetic animals versus controls (p<0.001), there was a decrease in RAGE expression, in animals treated with losartan versus controls (p<0.01) and in those treated with enalapril (p<0.05) versus control and versus diabetes + vehicle. In conclusion, in the experimental model of ETZ-induced diabetes, there is an increase in RAGE expression at the level of the abdominal aortic endothelium, which can be reversed by treatment with losartan and/or enalapril, two drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system, suggesting its involvement in the molecular events related to vascular damage during diabetes.

El receptor para productos finales de glicación avanzada (RAGE) está implicado en la patogénesis de varias enfermedades crónicas incluyendo la diabetes. La interacción entre RAGE y los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGEs), promueve la expresión génica, potencia la liberación de moléculas proinflamatorias y provoca la generación de estrés oxidativo en numerosos tipos de células. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del enalapril y el losartán sobre la expresión de RAGE en el endotelio de la aorta abdominal de ratas con diabetes inducida experimentalmente. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague-Dawley machos, con un peso aproximado de entre 150 - 200 g. La diabetes se indujo en 30 ratas mediante la administración intravenosa de una sola dosis de 55 mg/Kg de peso corporal de estreptozotocina (ETZ). Se estudiaron los siguientes grupos: ratas control (n=10), diabéticas (n=10), diabéticas tratadas con losartán (n=10) y diabéticas tratadas con enalapril (n=10). La expresión de RAGE en el endotelio aórtico se determinó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se observó un incremento significativo en la expresión de RAGE en los animales diabéticos versus los controles (p<0.001), hubo una disminución en la expresión de RAGE, en los animales tratados con losartán versus los controles (p<0.01) y en los tratados con enalapril (p<0.05) versus control y versus diabetes + vehículo. En conclusión, en el modelo experimental de diabetes inducida por ETZ, existe un incremento en la expresión de RAGE a nivel del endotelio de la aorta abdominal, la cual puede revertirse mediante el tratamiento con losartán y/o enalapril, dos fármacos bloqueadores del sistema renina-angiotensina, lo cual sugiere la participación del mismo en los acontecimientos moleculares relacionados con el daño vascular durante la diabetes.

Diabetes, heart damage, and angiotensin II. What is the relationship link between them? A minireview.

Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in the diabetic patients, in whom changes in myocardial structure and function have been described. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed that could contribute to the development of a cardiac damage. In this regard, angiotensin II (Ang II), a proinflammatory peptide that constitutes the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has taken a relevant role. The aim of this review was to analyze the role of Ang II in the different biochemical pathways that could be involved in the development of cardiovascular damage during diabetes. We performed an exhaustive review in the main databases, using the following terms: angiotensin II, cardiovascular damage, renin angiotensin system, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. Classically, the RAS has been defined as a complex system of enzymes, receptors, and peptides that help control the blood pressure and the fluid homeostasis. However, in recent years, this concept has undergone substantial changes. Although this system has been known for decades, recent discoveries in cellular and molecular biology, as well as cardiovascular physiology, have introduced a better understanding of its function and relationship to the development of the diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Prevalencia y letalidad de enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales en la Región de Los Ríos, Chile / Prevalence and lethality of interstitial pulmonary diseases in the Region of Los Ríos, Chile

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a subtype of interstitial lung disease (ILD) that significantly affects people's quality of life, whose prevalence and mortality has increased. AIM: To determine the prevalence and lethality of ILD in the Los Ríos Region between the years 2018 and 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of a database of all patients attended at an outpatient clinic of the regional hospital. Those patients with the diagnosis of ILD and seen between 2018 and 2019 were selected. Mortality and its causes were verified with death certificates. RESULTS: In the study period, 339 cases with ILD, aged 71 ± 10 years (64% women) were identified. The calculated ILD prevalence was 84 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a higher predominancy in Futrono and Paillaco communes. IPF and Connective Tissue Diseases were the predominant subtypes. Overall lethality was 18%, with more deaths among patients with IPF (n = 31). CONCLUSIONS: In the Los Ríos Region, ILDs have a relevant prevalence and lethality.

Elevación del índice neutrófilo/linfocito y su relación con la proteína C reactiva en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Elevation of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and its relationship to C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: la proporción entre el recuento absoluto de neutrófilos y el recuento absoluto de linfocitos (índice de neutrófilos/linfocitos, INL) se ha convertido en los últimos años en un marcador crucial de inflamación sistémica, y se ha descrito que su elevación se relaciona con numerosas enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. Objetivos: determinar el índice de neutrófilos/linfocitos (INL) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), comparar con no diabéticos y establecer su correlación con la concentración de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible en una población de la localidad de Riobamba, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, correlacional, de corte transversal, en el período comprendido desde julio de 2019 a febrero de 2020. Se seleccionaron 80 individuos para participar en el proyecto: 25 sujetos controles y 55 pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2. A cada sujeto se le extrajo una muestra de sangre en ayunas para la determinación de glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL colesterol, LDL colesterol, proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us), hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), recuento total de leucocitos, neutrófilos y linfocitos. Resultados: se encontró un incremento significativo en la concentración de glucosa (p<0,0001), HbA1c (p<0,0001), índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p<0,0001), PCR-us (p<0,0001), recuento absoluto de neutrófilos (p=0,001), recuento absoluto de linfocitos (p=0,04) e INL (p=0,0005), y una reducción significativa del HDL colesterol (p=0,02) en los pacientes con DM2 vs los controles. Se observó una correlación positiva (p<0,0001; r=0,7774) entre el INL y la PCR-us en los pacientes con DM2. Conclusiones: los pacientes con DM2 experimentaron elevación en el INL que se correlacionó con el incremento en la concentración de la PCR-us.

Introduction: the ratio between the absolute neutrophil count and the absolute lymphocyte count (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NLR) has become a crucial marker of systemic inflammation in recent years, and its elevation has been described as being related to numerous chronic inflammatory diseases. Objectives: to determine the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), to compare with non-diabetics and to establish its correlation with the concentration of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein in a population of the town of Riobamba, Ecuador. Materials and methods: a descriptive, correlational, crosssectional, research was conducted from July 2019 to February 2020. Eighty individuals were selected to participate in the project, 25 control subjects and 55 patients with a diagnosis of T2DM. Each subject had a fasting blood sample drawn for the determination of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total leukocyte count, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Results: a significant increase in glucose concentration (p<0.0001), HbA1c (p<0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (p<0.0001), hs-CRP (p<0.0001), absolute neutrophil count (p=0.001), absolute lymphocyte count (p=0.04), and NLR (p=0.0005), and a significant reduction in HDL cholesterol (p=0.02), were found in patients with T2DM vs controls. A positive correlation (p<0.0001; r=0.7774) was observed between NLR and hs-CRP in patients with T2DM. Conclusions: patients with T2DM experience elevation in NLR which correlates with increase in hs-CRP concentration.

La desventaja de los hombres frente a la Covid-19: análisis de la influencia del sexo sobre la respuesta inmunitaria ante la infección por SARS-Cov-2 / The disadvantage of men against COVID-19: analysis of the influence of sex on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

mundo se encuentra en medio de la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). En la mayoría de los países, la tasa de mortalidad, así como, la severidad de la enfermedad es más alta en hombres que en mujeres. Este sesgo sexual sugiere que los hombres son más propensos a desarrollar complicaciones graves o a sucumbir a las mismas, lo que conduce a la muerte. Por lo tanto, es importante comprender los elementos biológicos basados en el sexo que inciden en la respuesta inmunitaria. El objetivo de ésta revisión fue hacer un análisis en relación a la evidencia disponible sobre los diferentes factores que permitirían explicar esta disparidad sexual. Abordamos las diferencias en la respuesta inmunitaria en ambos sexos tomando en cuenta el aspecto genético, hormonal y el papel del sistema renina-angiotensina. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda minuciosa en diferentes bases de datos utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: (Diferencia de sexo, genética, hormonas sexuales, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, respuesta inmunitaria, inflamación, hombres, mujeres). Los resultados de nuestro análisis ofrecen una comprensión más clara sobre la influencia de las diferencias sexuales en la capacidad de respuesta a una infección, con especial énfasis en la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Conocer estos factores no solo ayudará a comprender mejor la patogenia de la COVID-19, sino, además, guiará el diseño de terapias efectivas para la medicina personalizada basada en las diferencias sexuales

The world is during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). In most countries, the mortality rate, as well as, the severity of the disease is higher in men than in women. This sex bias suggests that men are more likely to develop severe complications or succumb to severe complications, leading to death. Therefore, it is important to understand the sex-based biological elements that influence the immune response. The aim of this review was to review the available evidence on the different factors that could explain this sex disparity. We addressed the differences in the immune response in both sexes taking into account genetic, hormonal and the role of the renin-angiotensin system. For this purpose, a thorough search was performed in different databases using the following keywords: (Sex difference, genetics, sex hormones, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, inflammation, men, women). The results of our analysis provide a clearer understanding on the influence of sex differences on the ability to respond to an infection, with special emphasis to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Knowing these factors will not only help to better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, but will also guide the design of effective therapies for personalized medicine based on sex differences.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento inicial de cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for screening, diagnosis and initial treatment of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial del cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial de adultos con cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en EsSalud. Material y Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos, el cual formuló preguntas clínicas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y ­cuando fue considerado pertinente­ estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2020 y 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. Se evaluó la certeza de evidencia usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones. La GPC fue revisada por expertos externos antes de su aprobación. Resultados: La GPC abordó 06 preguntas clínicas, divididas en 03 temas: tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 08 recomendaciones (04 fuertes y 04 condicionales), 10 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y 04 flujogramas. Conclusión: Se emitieron recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con esta patología.

Background:This article summarizes the clinical practice guide (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). To provide evidence-Objective:based clinical recommendations for the screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment of adults with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in EsSalud. Methods: Aguideline developmentgroup(GDG)wasformed,whichincluded specialist physicians and methodologists, who formulated clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews were conducted and - when deemed relevant - primary studies in PubMed during 2020 and 2021. Evidence was selected to answer each of the proposed clinical questions. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. The CPG was reviewed by external experts before its approval. The CPG Results: addressed 06 clinical questions, divided into 03 topics: screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment. Based on these questions, 08 recommendations were formulated (04 strong and 04 conditional), 10 points of good clinical practice, and 04 flow charts. Conclusion: Evidence-based recommendations were issued for the management of patients with this pathology

SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a high risk for the elderly: analysis of pathogenesis.

As people get older, age-related alterations occur that lead to increased susceptibility to disease. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, older people are particularly susceptible to a SARS-CoV-2 infection developing into severe disease. The objective of this review was to examine the literature regarding factors that may explain the tendency of this population to develop severe COVID-19. Research articles considered in this review were searched for in EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science from December 2019 to December 2020. Citations were screened by two independent reviewers. Studies of the immune system in older individuals found alterations in both the adaptive and innate immune systems. The adaptive system is depressed in its functions, and the innate system is in a pro-inflammatory state that can lead to chronic disease. This pro-inflammatory state may be related to a severe course of disease in COVID-19. This review shows that the level of evidence supporting an association between immune alterations in the elderly and susceptibly to severe progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally consistent. Preventive measures such as early antiviral treatment are of key importance for prevention of severe progression of COVID19.

CRANIAL OSTEOMYELITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF FURUNCULAR MYIASIS.

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of an infant with infrequent cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of furuncular myiasis. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 4-month-old male who presented to the emergency department with a nodular skull lesion with edema, tenderness, pain, and purulent drainage, as well as progress of the ulcerated lesion and evidence of larvae inside. Antibiotic treatment was initiated, and the patient was taken to the operating room to remove the larvae, but he had no symptomatic improvement. A skull radiograph was taken to visualize the osteolytic lesion, and a 3D computed tomography scan showed osteomyelitis of the external parietal surface. Antibiotic management readjustment continued for a total of six weeks, and a skin flap was used with clinical improvement. COMMENTS: Myiasis is defined as the infestation of vertebrates with fly larvae. In mammals, larvae can feed on host tissue and cause a wide range of infestations depending on their location in the body. The cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of myiasis described in this report seems to be an exceptional case.

Nanoantibodies: small molecules, big possibilities.

Camelids (camels, dromedaries, alpacas, llamas, and vicuñas) contain in their serum conventional heterodimeric antibodies as well as antibodies with no light chains (L) in their structure and composed of only heavy chains (H), called as HcAbs (heavy chain antibodies). Variable fragments derived from these antibodies, called as VHH or nanoantibodies (Nbs), have also been described. Since their discovery, Nbs have been widely used in the fields of research, diagnostics, and pharmacotherapy. Despite being approximately one-tenth the size of a conventional antibody, they retain similar specificity and affinity to conventional antibodies and are much easier to clone and manipulate. Their unique properties such as small size, high stability, strong antigen binding affinity, water solubility, and natural origin make them suitable for the development of biopharmaceuticals and nanoreagents. The present review aims to describe the main structural and biochemical characteristics of these antibodies and to provide an update on their applications in research, biotechnology, and medicine. For this purpose, an exhaustive search of the biomedical literature was performed in the following databases: Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Meta-analyses, observational studies, review articles, and clinical guidelines were reviewed. Only original articles were considered to assess the quality of the evidence.

Cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of furuncular myiasis / Osteomielite craniana como complicação de miíase furuncular

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the case of an infant with infrequent cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of furuncular myiasis. Case description: The patient was a 4-month-old male who presented to the emergency department with a nodular skull lesion with edema, tenderness, pain, and purulent drainage, as well as progress of the ulcerated lesion and evidence of larvae inside. Antibiotic treatment was initiated, and the patient was taken to the operating room to remove the larvae, but he had no symptomatic improvement. A skull radiograph was taken to visualize the osteolytic lesion, and a 3D computed tomography scan showed osteomyelitis of the external parietal surface. Antibiotic management readjustment continued for a total of six weeks, and a skin flap was used with clinical improvement. Comments: Myiasis is defined as the infestation of vertebrates with fly larvae. In mammals, larvae can feed on host tissue and cause a wide range of infestations depending on their location in the body. The cranial osteomyelitis as a complication of myiasis described in this report seems to be an exceptional case.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso de criança com osteomielite craniana infrequente como complicação da miíase furuncular. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, com quatro meses de idade, que se apresentou no pronto-socorro com lesão nodular no crânio com edema, sensibilidade, dor e drenagem purulenta, com evolução da lesão ulcerada e evidência de larva no interior. O tratamento com antibióticos foi iniciado e o paciente foi levado à sala de cirurgia para remover as larvas, mas não houve melhora. Uma radiografia do crânio foi realizada para visualizar a lesão osteolítica e uma tomografia computadorizada em 3D mostrou osteomielite da superfície parietal externa. O reajuste do tratamento com antibióticos foi mantido por um total de seis semanas e um retalho cutâneo foi realizado com melhora clínica. Comentários: Miíase é definida como a infestação de vertebrados com larvas de moscas. Nos mamíferos, as larvas podem se alimentar do tecido hospedeiro e causar uma ampla variedade de infestações, dependendo da sua localização no corpo. A osteomielite como complicação da miíase, apresentada nesse caso, parece ser uma forma não usual de complicação dessa doença.

Congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis / Histiocitosis congénita de células de Langerhans

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare pathology with different clinical manifestations in the neonatal period ranging from isolated bone lesions to systemic compromise. We report a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis including a literature review focused on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. A one-month-old patient was brought to medical consultation with lymphadenopathy and skin lesions, which were initially managed as an infectious pathology. The disease continued its progression without improvement with the treatment until the patient died due to respiratory failure. The lymph node and skin biopsies revealed infiltration of atypical cells with positive immunohistochemistry for S100, CD1, and CD68 confirming Langerhans cell histiocytosis. This disorder represents a great challenge and, therefore, it is important to alert and sensitize medical teams about it for timely diagnosis and management.

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad poco frecuente, cuyas manifestaciones clínicas pueden aparecer en el periodo neonatal y varían desde lesiones óseas aisladas hasta un compromiso sistémico. Se describe un caso de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans y se revisa la literatura médica sobre las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. El paciente de un mes de nacido fue llevado a consulta por presentar adenopatías y lesiones en la piel que, inicialmente, fueron tratadas como reacción a una infección. La enfermedad continuó su progresión sin que hubiera mejoría con el tratamiento, hasta que el paciente falleció por falla respiratoria. La biopsia de ganglio linfático y la de piel revelaron infiltración de células atípicas, y la inmunohistoquímica resultó positiva para las proteínas S100, CD1 y CD68, con lo cual se confirmó el diagnóstico de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. Esta alteración representa un gran desafío clínico, por lo que es importante alertar y sensibilizar al equipo médico para lograr un diagnóstico y un tratamiento más oportunos.

Histiocitosis congénita de células de Langerhans / Congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad poco frecuente, cuyas manifestaciones clínicas pueden aparecer en el periodo neonatal y varían desde lesiones óseas aisladas hasta un compromiso sistémico. Se describe un caso de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans y se revisa la literatura médica sobre las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. El paciente de un mes de nacido fue llevado a consulta por presentar adenopatías y lesiones en la piel que, inicialmente, fueron tratadas como reacción a una infección. La enfermedad continuó su progresión sin que hubiera mejoría con el tratamiento, hasta que el paciente falleció por falla respiratoria. La biopsia de ganglio linfático y la de piel revelaron infiltración de células atípicas, y la inmunohistoquímica resultó positiva para las proteínas S1OO, CD1 y CD68, con lo cual se confirmó el diagnóstico de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. Esta alteración representa un gran desafío clínico, por lo que es importante alertar y sensibilizar al equipo médico para lograr un diagnóstico y un tratamiento más oportunos.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare pathology with different clinical manifestations in the neonatal period ranging from isolated bone lesions to systemic compromise. We report a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis including a literature review focused on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. A one-month-old patient was brought to medical consultation with lymphadenopathy and skin lesions, which were initially managed as an infectious pathology. The disease continued its progression without improvement with the treatment until the patient died due to respiratory failure. The lymph node and skin biopsies revealed infiltration of atypical cells with positive immunohistochemistry for S1OO, CD1, and CD68 confirming Langerhans cell histiocytosis. This disorder represents a great challenge and, therefore, it is important to alert and sensitize medical teams about it for timely diagnosis and management.

Angiotensin II Induces Increased Myocardial Expression of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration and Circulating Endothelin-1 in Rats With Experimental Diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: It is known that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Previous studies have shown the presence of angiotensin II (Ang II) in diabetes, suggesting a role for this hormone during the disease. However, the association between RAGE and Ang II during pathologic cardiac remodelling after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes remains unclear. Because Ang II is capable of inducing pro-inflammatory events, blocking its production (enalapril), and its action on its receptor (losartan) could decrease inflammatory events in the myocardium in this experimental model of diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the association between RAGE expression, inflammatory events and Ang II in the myocardium during STZ-induced diabetes. METHODS: Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ in Sprague-Dawley rats. Myocardial expressions of RAGE, monocyte/macrophage (ED-1-positive cells) infiltration and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were determined by histochemical methods. Levels of circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Effects of Ang II included blocking using losartan (15 mg/kg body weight per day by gastric gavage) or enalapril (18 mg/kg body weight per day by gastric gavage). RESULTS: Increased expression of both RAGE and ED-1 was seen in the myocardium, but expression of myocardial vascular intercellular adhesion molecule-1 remained unchanged. Circulating levels of ET-1 in STZ rats were increased. Renin‒angiotensin system inhibition decreased expression of myocardial RAGE, ED-1 and ET-1. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest a role for Ang II in myocardial inflammation in STZ-induced diabetes mediated by RAGE and ET-1.

Microcefalia por Zika un problema latente: Reporte de Caso y Aspectos Moleculares / Zika microcephaly a latent problem: Case Report and Molecular Aspects

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 20 días de nacido, procedente de Cartagena (Bolívar), hospitalizado por presentar fiebre de 6 días de evolución asociado a sintomatología respiratoria con evaluación neurológica normal. La ecografía obstétrica evidenció una microcefalia con un percentil de perímetro cefálico <2, con hipoplasia del cuerpo calloso y tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo que reportó diámetros cefálicos disminuidos, finas calcificaciones residuales en región frontal-parietal y cambios atróficos cerebrales subcorticales. Se le inició terapia antibiótica por presentar sepsis neonatal, las pruebas serológicas y la PCR para Zika resultaron positivas. Se decidió dar el alta médica al 6 día por mejoría clínica y no presentar déficit neurológico aparente. Aunque no existe un tratamiento específico, el pilar del manejo de un recién nacido con microcefalia es el seguimiento y la vigilancia futura de las posibles comorbilidades, como epilepsia, parálisis cerebral o retraso cognitivo y motor.

We present the case of a 20-day-old patient from Cartagena (Bolívar), hospitalized for presenting a 6-day fever associated with respiratory symptoms with normal neurological evaluation. The obstetric ultrasound showed a microcephaly with a percentile of cephalic perimeter <2, with hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and computed tomography of the skull that reported decreased cephalic diameters, fine residual calcifications in the frontal-parietal region and atrophic subcortical cerebral changes. Antibiotic therapy was initiated due to neonatal sepsis, the serological tests and the PCR for Zika were positive. It was decided to discharge the hospital after 6 days due to clinical improvement and for not presenting apparent neurological deficit. Although there is no specific treatment, the pillar of the management of a newborn with microcephaly is the monitoring and future surveillance of possible comorbidities, such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy or cognitive and motor retardation.

La simulación clínica en atención primaria de salud en contexto de docencia: una experiencia con estudiantes de Fonoaudiología / Clinical simulation in primary health care in the context of teaching: an experience with language and hearing undergraduates

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir y comparar el desempeño de estudiantes de Fonoaudiología en dos actividades de ECOE (Evaluación Clínica Objetiva Estructurada) de la asignatura "Integrado Clínico en Salud Primaria" de la carrera de Fonoaudiología de la Universidad de Chile. Para ello se realizó un estudio no experimental y transversal que consideró una muestra total de 29 estudiantes de IV año. Se analizaron 2 actividades de simulación clínica a un mismo grupo de estudiantes, la primera con evaluación de tipo formativa y la segunda con evaluación de carácter sumativa. Ambas evaluaciones contaron con tres instancias de desempeño: atención individual de usuarios, completación de ficha clínica y rendimiento en reunión con un equipo de salud. Los resultados mostraron un buen rendimiento de los estudiantes en la evaluación de las diferentes habilidades de simulación clínica no técnica en atención primaria en salud. Además, se observó un mayor rendimiento en la instancia de evaluación sumativa (segunda evaluación) comparada con la formativa en las tres instancias de desempeño medidas. Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Estos resultados permiten concluir que las actividades realizadas facilitaron el logro de las competencias esperadas en la asignatura. La simulación como metodología favoreció la formación del programa, posicionando a esta actividad como una herramienta útil de aprendizaje a estudiantes previo a la atención de usuarios o interacción con grupos.

The main goal of this study was to describe and compare the performance of undergraduate students of speech language therapy in the activities of OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation) of the subject "Integrated Clinical in Primary Health" of the career of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences of the University of Chile. A non-experimental, cross-sectional study was conducted with a total sample of 29 fourth-year students. Two clinical simulation activities were analyzed for the same group of students, the first one was a formative evaluation and the second one was a summative evaluation. Both activities inspect three kinds of performance; individual attention of users, completion of clinical record, and performance in meeting with a health team. Results showed that students performed well on the evaluation of different non-technical clinical simulation skills in primary health care. Performance was higher on summative evaluation (second evaluation) as compared with the summative one in the three types of observed evaluations. These differences were statistically significant (p <0.05). Results show that the activities helped students achieve the expected competences. The simulation as a methodology favored the formation of the program, positioning this activity as a learning tool, an initiative of students to the attention of users or interaction with groups.

Síndrome de Kasabach- Merrit / Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de Kasabach Merritt (SKM) es poco frecuente, tiene una alta mortalidad y se caracteriza por una lesión vascular de crecimiento rápido, asociado a coagulopatía de consumo y trombocitopenia. Materiales y métodos: revisión de literatura actual confrontando con artículos de revisiones de temas en búsqueda electrónica en bases de datos de RIMA, MEDLINE, PUBMED, MEDSCAPE, de 1940 a 2017. Resultados Se describe un caso clínico de un niño de 10 meses de edad con Síndrome de Kasabach Merrit sucedido en el Hospital Infantil Napoleón Franco Pareja (HINFP) Conclusiones El síndrome Kasabach-Merritt es una entidad poco frecuente, su diagnóstico inicia desde la sospecha clínica, que incluye al examen físico el hallazgo de un hemangioma acompañado de trombocitopenia y coagulopatía. El manejo no está pautado, se dispone de corticoide como terapia de inicio, interferón, antineoplásico, radioterapia o cirugía, y su pronóstico va a depender de la resolución pronta.

Introduction: The Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (SKM) is rare, has a high mortality and is characterized by a vascular lesion of rapid growth, associated with coagulopathy of consumption and thrombocytopenia. Materials and methods: review of current literature in comparison with articles of reviews of subjects in electronic search in databases of RIMA, MEDLINE, PUB-MED, MEDSCAPE, from 1940 to 2017. Results A clinical case of a 10-month-old child is described. of age with Kasabach Merrit syndrome occurred at the Napoleon Franco Franco Children's Hospital (HINFP) Conclusions The Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is a rare entity, its diagnosis starts from the clinical suspicion, which includes the physical examination the finding of a hemangioma accompanied by thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. The management is not scheduled, corticoid is available as start therapy, interferon, antineoplastic, radiotherapy or surgery, and its prognosis will depend on the prompt resolution.

[Cleidocranial dysplasia: a case report]. / Displasia cleidocraneal: reporte de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Cleidocraneal dysplasia (CCD) is a rare skeletal autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by dental anomalies and bone abnormalities. These clinical manifestations do not require treatment in most cases. The disease is caused by mutation in the gene RUNX2 (CBAF1), located on the short arm of chromosome 6. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of CCD and perform a literature review focused on clinical manifestations and diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 3 year old patient, who was clinically diagnosed with CCD since birth. The patient showed incomplete development of cranial bones, bell-shaped thorax, adequate dentition and presence of clavicles. Molecular analysis reported that the patient is carrying the pathogenic variant c.674G>A in the RUNX2 gene, confirming the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The CCD is a rare condition, with special clinical features. It is important to establish early diagnosis in these patients in order to offer a better quality of life, and if necessary, appropriate treatment.

Situación del parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de un hogar infantil estatal en Popayán, Colombia / Situation of intestinal parasitism in preschools of a state child's home in Popayan, Colombia

deficientes. Se describen prevalencias a nivel nacional de este mayores al 80%, con predominio de protozoos. Objetivo: describir la situación de parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de un hogar infantil estatal de Popayán (Colombia) y su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, entre mayo y septiembre de 2013, en 187 niños de 1 a 5 años de edad, matriculados en un hogar infantil estatal de Popayán (Colombia). Se realizó una encuesta sociodemográfica y análisis parasitológico de muestras de materia fecal mediante examen directo y método de concentración modificado de Ritchie-Frick. Se calcularon prevalencias, distribuciones de frecuencia y asociaciones de factores sociodemográficos con la presencia de parasitismo intestinal utilizando regresiones logísticas. Resultados: se identificó una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 43,3%. La especie encontrada con mayor frecuencia fue Blastocystis spp. (24,6%), seguida por Entamoeba coli (13,4%) y Giardia intestinalis (11,8%). En ninguna de las muestras se observaron helmintos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia encontrada de parasitismo intestinal se aproxima al promedio nacional, de acuerdo con reportes para población preescolar en otros municipios del país. La ausencia de helmintos y el predominio de especies de protozoos respaldan la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que permitan conocer la epidemiología local. Además, se identificaron condiciones sociodemográficas de riesgo para infecciones en la población estudiada, algunas de ellas asociadas a la presencia de protozoos intestinales

Intestinal parasitism, generally asymptomatic problem but with important repercussions at socioeconomic and health field, mainly affects children with poor sanitary conditions. Their nationwide prevalence is higher than 80% with predominance of protozoa. Objective: To describe the situation of intestinal parasitism in preschools of a statechild's home in Popayan (Colombia) and its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Materials and methods: A cross - sectional descriptive study was carried out, between May and September 2013, with 187 children between 1 and 5 years of age, enrolled in a statechild's home in Popayan (Colombia). A sociodemographic survey was applied and parasitological analysis of stool samples was performed by direct examination and by the modified Ritchie-Frick concentration method. Prevalence and frequency distributions were calculated as well as logistic regression of associations of sociodemographic factors with the presence of intestinal parasitism. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 43.3%. The most frequently species was Blastocystis spp. (24.6%), followed by Entamoeba coli (13.4%) and Giardia instestinalis (11.8%). Helminths were not observed in any of the samples. Conclusions: The identified prevalence of intestinal parasites is close to the national average, according with previous reports for pre-school children in other municipalities in the country. The absence of helminths and the predominance of the protozoan species support the need for future research that allows knowing the local epidemiology. In addition, it was identified that the studied population is continuously exposed to different sociodemographic risk conditions that increase the possibility of acquiring enteroparasitosis