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1.
Rev. patol. respir ; 16(2): 37-41, abr.-jun. 2013. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-117897

RESUMO

Objetivo: Estudiar la prevalencia de anemia en pacientes con EPOC ingresados por exacerbación de su enfermedad, características de estos enfermos, factores asociados a la existencia de anemia e influencia de ésta en la supervivencia. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohortes observacional, prospectivo, realizado en pacientes con EPOC ingresados por exacerbación. Se analizaron datos demográficos, características clínicas, estudio funcional respiratorio, impedanciometría bioeléctrica y analítica sanguínea. Tras el alta se realizó seguimiento para calcular supervivencia y factores determinantes de mortalidad. Resultados: Se evaluaron 106 pacientes (93 varones), con edad media 71 ± 9 años, IMC medio 25,7 ± 5,6 kg/m2 y FEV1 medio 39 ± 13%. El 88,9% eran fumadores o exfumadores. La prevalencia de anemia fue 37,7%. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron: dislipemia (73,6%), hipertensión arterial (59,4%) y cardiopatía (59,4%). El índice de Charlson medio fue de 5,9 ± 1,4 y el índice META medio, medido por bioimpedancia, de 22,3 ± 7,8. El análisis de regresión logística mostró quelos factores determinantes de anemia fueron: edad, niveles de hierro y creatinina e índice META. La supervivencia media de los pacientes que tenían anemia fue 31 ± 4,4 meses frente a 48,1 ± 2,9 en los que no tenían anemia (p < 0,001). Los factores determinantes de mortalidad fueron IMC y niveles de creatinina. Conclusiones: Un elevado porcentaje de pacientes con EPOC ingresados por una exacerbación tienen anemia. Los factores asociados a la existencia de anemia en estos pacientes son edad, niveles de hierro y creatinina e índice META. La presencia de anemia tiene un impacto significativo en la supervivencia (AU)


Objective: To study the prevalence of anemia in patients admitted for COPD exacerbations, the characteristics of these patients, the associated factors with the presence of anemia, and the influence of anemia on survival. Patients and methods: A cohort prospective observational study of patients admitted for COPD exacerbation. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, lung function tests, blood tests and bioelectrical impedance were analyzed. After discharge, monitoring was performed to estimate survival and determinants of mortality. Results: We evaluated 106 patients (93 males), mean age 71 ± 9 years, mean BMI 25.7 ± 5.6 kg/m2 and mean FEV1 39 ± 13%. 88.9% were smokers or former smokers. The prevalence of anemia was 37.7%. The most frequent comorbidities were dyslipidemia (73.6%), hypertension (59.4%) and heart disease (59.4%). The mean Charlson index was 5.9 ± 1.4 and the average META index, measured by bioimpedance, 22.3 ± 7.8. The logistic regression analysis showed that associated factors with anemia were age, creatinine levels, iron and META index. The median survival of patients with anemia was 31 ± 4.4 months versus 48.1 ± 2.9 in those without anemia (p <0.001). The determinants of mortality were BMI and creatinine levels. onclusions: A high percentage of COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation have anemia. Factors associated with the presence of anemia in these patients are age, iron and creatinine levels and META index. The presence of anemia has a significant impact on survival (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/sangue , Anemia/epidemiologia , Policitemia/epidemiologia , Recidiva/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações
2.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 210(5): 216-220, mayo 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-80460

RESUMO

ObjetivosConocer la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en fumadores durante un ingreso hospitalario y determinar las variables asociadas con dicho consumo. Analizar si se han producido cambios en la prevalencia tras la entrada en vigor de la ley antitabaco 28/2005.Material y métodosEstudio transversal de casos consecutivos en la población ingresada en un hospital, antes y después de la entrada en vigor de la citada ley. Se encuestaron 1189 enfermos, de los cuales 184 (15,4%) se declararon fumadores activos a su llegada al hospital. De estos, 135 (73,3%) aceptaron participar en el estudio. Entre las 72–96h tras su admisión, completaron una encuesta que incluía datos sobre su hábito tabáquico, situación social y consumo de tabaco durante el ingreso. Se realizó una medición del monóxido de carbono en aire espirado utilizando un cooxímetro. Se consideraron como fumadores dentro del hospital los pacientes que admitieron haber fumado durante su estancia hospitalaria y/o aquellos en los que el resultado de la cooximetría fue mayor de 6ppm.ResultadosDe los 135 pacientes que completaron el estudio, 53 (39,3%) fumaron durante el ingreso, antes de la ley 34,2% (IC 95%: 22,6–45,8%) y después de la ley 45,1% (IC 95%: 31,9–58,3%). No hallamos diferencias significativas en los 2 años de recogida de datos (p=0,26). Las variables que de forma independiente se asociaron al consumo de tabaco durante la estancia hospitalaria fueron: vivir solo/sin pareja (p=0,015, OR 2,85, IC 95% 1,22–6,65), test de Richmond menor o igual a 7 (p=0,002, OR 3,64, IC 95% 1,60–8,31) y puntuación en la variable «ganas de fumar» mayor o igual a 2 (p<0,001, OR 4,85, IC 95% 2,08–11,28). Mediante la valoración de estos parámetros se puede determinar la probabilidad de que un paciente fume durante el ingreso hospitalario (79,3% si el paciente vive solo, test de Richmond <7 y encuesta sobre «ganas de fumar» <2...(AU)


ObjectivesTo know the prevalence of tobacco consumption in smokers during a hospital say and determine the variables associated with this consumption. To analyze if changes have occurred in its prevalence after the entry into force of the anti-tobacco law 28/2005.Material and methodsA cross-sectional study of consecutive cases in the population admitted to a hospital before and after the entry into force of said law. A total of 1189 patients were surveyed. Of these 184 (15.4%) stated they were active smokers when the arrived to the hospital. A total of 135 (73.3%) of these accepted to participate in the study. Between 72 and 96 hours after their admission, they filled out a survey that included data on the smoking habit, social status and consumption of tobacco during their hospital stay. Carbon monoxide in the expired air was measured with a cooximeter. Smokers within the hospital were considered to be those patients who admitted having smoked during their hospital stay and/or those in whom the cooximeter result was greater than 6ppm.ResultsOf the 135 patients who completed the study, 53 (39.3%) smoked during their stay, 34.2% (95% CI: 22.6&%#x02013;45.8%) before the law and 45.1% (95% CI: 31.9&%#x02013;58.3%) after the law. No significant differences were found during the 2 years in which the data were collected (p=0.26). The variables which were independently associated to tobacco consumption during the hospital stay were: living along/without a partner (p=0.015, OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.22–6.65), Richmond test less than or equal to 7 (p=0.002, OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.60–8.31) and score on the variable “desire to smoke” greater than or equal to 2 (p<0.001, OR 4.85, 95% CI 2.08–11.28). Based on the evaluation of these parameters, the likelihood that a patient would smoke during the hospital stay can be determined (79.3% if the patient lives along, Richmond test <7 and survey on "desire to smoke” <2)...(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Aplicação da Lei , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Estudos Transversais
3.
Rev Clin Esp ; 208(4): 175-81, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18381001

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and its association with peripheral arterial disease, defined by a low ankle-brachial index (ABI) (< 0.90), in primary prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed in the primary care general population, aged 50-79 years. CVD risk and ABI were measured in persons without known arterial disease with MetS and in a control group. MetS was defined by Adult Treatment Panel III. CVD risk was estimated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). RESULTS: A total of 581 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 30.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.0-34.5). For the CVD risk and ABI studies 217 individuals were included (138 with MetS and 49 with diabetes). Average CVD risk was high (5%) on patients with MetS and twice as much as those without MetS. ABI was low (< 0.90) on 15 subjects [6.9% (95% CI), 3.5-10.2], with higher frequency in the MetS group: 14 patients (10.1%) vs 1 patient (1.3%). The frequency of low ABI in patients with and without diabetes was 18.3% and 3.6% respectively. Low ABI was associated to MetS, diabetes, inactivity, high risk of SCORE and less alcohol habit. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for the association MetS/low ABI was 14.7 (95% CI, 1.7-123.6). CONCLUSION: MetS is related to asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Thus, the measure of ABI in those patients with this syndrome is recommended.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Idoso , Tornozelo , Braço , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/diagnóstico , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/etiologia , Medição de Risco
4.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 208(4): 175-181, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-63891

RESUMO

Introducción. El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SM), su riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) y su asociación con la enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP), definida por un índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) bajo (< 0,90), en prevención primaria. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, realizado en población general de Atención Primaria, de 50-79 años. EL RCV y el ITB se midieron en los casos de SM sin enfermedad arterial conocida y en un grupo control sin SM. El SM se definió según el Adult Treatment Panel III. El RCV fue estimado mediante el Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Resultados. Se incluyeron 581 sujetos. La prevalencia de SM fue del 30,8% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 27,0-34,5). Para el estudio del RCV y el ITB se incluyeron 217 sujetos (138 con SM y 49 con diabetes). En los pacientes con SM el RCV medio resultó alto (5%) y dos veces mayor al de los pacientes sin SM. El ITB fue bajo (< 0,90) en 15 sujetos (6,9% [IC del 95%]: 3,5-10,2), con mayor frecuencia en el grupo SM: 14 casos (10,1%) frente a un caso (1,3%). La frecuencia de ITB bajo en pacientes con y sin diabetes fue del 18,3% y del 3,6% respectivamente. El ITB bajo se asoció con SM, diabetes, sedentarismo, alto riesgo SCORE y con un menor consumo de alcohol. En el análisis multivariante la asociación SM/ITB bajo presentó odds ratio = 14,7 (IC del 95%: 1,7-123,6). Conclusión. El SM se asocia a EAP asintomática, por lo que se aconseja medir el ITB en los pacientes que padecen este síndrome


Introduction. The objective was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and its association with peripheral arterial disease, defined by a low ankle-brachial index (ABI) (< 0.90), in primary prevention. Material and methods. Cross-sectional study performed in the primary care general population, aged 50-79 years. CVD risk and ABI were measured in persons without known arterial disease with MetS and in a control group. MetS was defined by Adult Treatment Panel III. CVD risk was estimated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Results. A total of 581 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 30.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.0-34.5). For the CVD risk and ABI studies 217 individuals were included (138 with MetS and 49 with diabetes). Average CVD risk was high (5%) on patients with MetS and twice as much as those without MetS. ABI was low (< 0.90) on 15 subjects [6.9% (95% CI), 3.5-10.2], with higher frequency in the MetS group: 14 patients (10.1%) vs 1 patient (1.3%). The frequency of low ABI in patients with and without diabetes was 18.3% and 3.6% respectively. Low ABI was associated to MetS, diabetes, inactivity, high risk of SCORE and less alcohol habit. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for the association MetS/low ABI was 14.7 (95% CI, 1.7-123.6). Conclusion. MetS is related to asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Thus, the measure of ABI in those patients with this syndrome is recommended


Assuntos
Humanos , Arteriosclerose/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Tornozelo , Braço , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos
5.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 207(11): 555-558, dic. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-058928

RESUMO

Introducción. Evaluar la utilidad de un hospital de día llevado por un equipo multidisciplinar integrado por enfermería especializada en insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), un geriatra y médicos internistas en la reducción de ingresos de pacientes ancianos con IC no preseleccionados por fracción de eyección (FEVI). Material y métodos. Se incluyeron 182 pacientes con una edad media de 76 años con IC descompensada que requirieron ingreso en Medicina Interna y Geriatría. Cincuenta y un pacientes recibieron seguimiento en el hospital de día, donde se realiza educación, optimización del tratamiento, acceso telefónico y tratamiento diurético parenteral ante descompensaciones. Se midió el reingreso por IC a los 3 meses posthospitalización. Se realizó un análisis bivariante usando pruebas paramétricas (p < 0,05) y el análisis de Kaplan Meier. Resultados. El 61% de los pacientes eran mujeres. La clase funcional media de los pacientes según la New York Heart Association (NYHA) fue de 2,75 ± 0,44 y la FEVI era < 45% en el 40% de los casos. La tasa de prescripción de bloqueante beta fue más alta en el grupo de intervención (n = 51) que en el grupo control (93% frente a 24%; p < 0,001), igualmente ocurrió con la prescripción de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina o antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II (96% frente a 72%; p = 0,002). Los pacientes del grupo de intervención tuvieron menor frecuencia de reingreso por IC a los 90 días de seguimiento (28% frente a 11%; p = 0,020). El tiempo libre de reingreso fue superior en estos pacientes que en aquéllos seguidos convencionalmente (85,12 días frente a 76; log rank; p = 0,026). Discusión. La intervención multidisciplinar de enfermeras junto con médicos generalistas en un hospital de día constituye una opción válida en el manejo de pacientes ancianos no preseleccionados por FEVI pues reduce el reingreso hospitalario por IC (AU)


Introduction. To evaluate the utility of a day hospital managed by a multidisciplinary heart failure (HF) team composed of nurses, geriatricians and internal physicians in the reduction of hospital readmission of elderly patients with HF who are not selected by their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Material and methods. 182 patients with mean age of 76 years and decompensated HP who required admission in internal medicine and geriatric wards were included. A total of 51 patients were followed up in a day hospital, where education, phone access, drug titration and use of parenteral diuretics were performed. Readmission due to HF at 3 months post-hospitalization was measured. A bivariate analysis was performed in both groups using parametrics test (p < 0.05) and a Kaplan Meier analysis using log rank. Results. A total of 61% were women. Mean NYHA class was 2.75 ± 0.44. LVEF < 45% was found in 40%. Prescription rate of beta blockers was significantly higher in the intervention group (93% vs 24%; p < 0.001) as well as ACE-inhibitors and ARB prescription rates (96% vs 72%, p = 0.002). Readmission rate due to HF in the first 90 days after discharge was lower in the intervention group (11% vs 28%; p = 0.020). HF admission free time was longer for these patient than those managed with conventional care (85.12 days versus 76; log rank; p = 0.026). Discussion. Multidisciplinary intervention carried out by generalist physicians and HF nurses in a day hospital is useful to reduce HF admission in elderly patients not selected by their LVEF (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Hospital Dia , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Seguimentos , Estudos Prospectivos
6.
Rev Clin Esp ; 207(11): 555-8, 2007 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18021643

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the utility of a day hospital managed by a multidisciplinary heart failure (HF) team composed of nurses, geriatricians and internal physicians in the reduction of hospital readmission of elderly patients with HF who are not selected by their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 182 patients with mean age of 76 years and decompensated HP who required admission in internal medicine and geriatric wards were included. A total of 51 patients were followed up in a day hospital, where education, phone access, drug titration and use of parenteral diuretics were performed. Readmission due to HF at 3 months post-hospitalization was measured. A bivariate analysis was performed in both groups using parametrics test (p < 0.05) and a Kaplan Meier analysis using log rank. RESULTS: A total of 61% were women. Mean NYHA class was 2.75 +/- 0.44. LVEF < 45% was found in 40%. Prescription rate of beta blockers was significantly higher in the intervention group (93% vs 24%; p < 0.001) as well as ACE-inhibitors and ARB prescription rates (96% vs 72%, p = 0.002). Readmission rate due to HF in the first 90 days after discharge was lower in the intervention group (11% vs 28%; p = 0.020). HF admission free time was longer for these patient than those managed with conventional care (85.12 days versus 76; log rank; p = 0.026). DISCUSSION: Multidisciplinary intervention carried out by generalist physicians and HF nurses in a day hospital is useful to reduce HF admission in elderly patients not selected by their LVEF.


Assuntos
Hospital Dia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos
7.
An Med Interna ; 24(4): 160-7, 2007 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17867898

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Some cases of HIV+ patients with unexplained vascular disease have been reported and many studies are being performed to determine whether HIV infected individuals have an increased cardio-vascular risk (CVR). We propose: to describe lipid profile of untreated HIV+ patients and to compare it with the HIV- and to assess whether any of the lipid abnormalities influence in CVR estimation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 407 homosexual males: 251 untreated HIV+ and 156 HIV-. Biochemistry parameters: Total cholesterol (CHOL), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), apolipoproteins A1 and B (ApoA1 y ApoB) and lipoprotein A. Atherogenic rates: CHOL/HDL, LDL/HDL and log (TG/HDL). HIV+ patients were classified into three groups according to CD4 lymphocytes number. RESULTS: HIV+ patients had lower CHOL, HDL, and ApoA1 and higher CVR rates. These differences showed also between each HIV+ group according to CD4 number and control group HIV-. 76% of the HIV+ patients showed low levels of HDL (less than 40 mg/dL) as compared with 31% of HIV- subjects. CONCLUSION: Untreated HIV+ patients' lipid profile is different from the HIV- subjects; one. There are decreases in HDL and ApoA1 from the beginning of the infection that persis along all the CD4 levels. HDL decrease in HIV infection multiplies global CVR in HIV infected individuals, independently of other risk factors.


Assuntos
Soronegatividade para HIV , Soropositividade para HIV/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangue
8.
Rev Clin Esp ; 207(6): 278-83, 2007 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17568515

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease currently having great importance in the daily clinical practice in Spain. Some cases of active tuberculosis are not identified until after the patient had died and an autopsy has been performed. This study has analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with active tuberculosis in the autopsy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We reviewed all the autopsies performed in the University Hospital 12 de Octubre of Madrid between 1974 and 2002. The autopsy reports and clinical records were examined in those cases in which active tuberculosis was found. RESULTS: We found 92 cases of active tuberculosis, 57% corresponding to men. Mean age of this group was 64 years. A total of 20% of the patients died within 48 hours after admission. Predisposing factors were identified in 90% of the cases. Dyspnea (24% of cases) and wasting syndrome (23%) were the main symptoms that motivated patients to request medical attention. Up to 30% of cases had normal chest X-ray. Tuberculosis was suspected in only 46% of patients before death. Principal cause of death was tuberculosis in 61% of patients, 52% of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis, 28% suffered from miliary tuberculosis and 20% from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The lungs were the most frequently affected organ. Epithelioid granulomas were found in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis is an uncommon finding in the autopsy as the cause of death. The presence of unspecific symptomatology, insufficient cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic tests and precocious death, are identified as the most frequent causes of undiagnosed tuberculosis.


Assuntos
Autopsia , Tuberculose/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
9.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 207(6): 278-283, jun. 2007. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-057698

RESUMO

Fundamento y objetivo. En España, la tuberculosis es una enfermedad con importante relevancia en la práctica clínica diaria. En ocasiones su diagnóstico sorprende como hallazgo en la necropsia. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar las características clínico-anatomopatológicas que presentan los pacientes diagnosticados de tuberculosis activa en la necropsia. Material y método. Se revisaron retrospectivamente todas las autopsias de adultos realizadas en el Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid entre los años 1974 y 2002. En aquellos pacientes en los que se llegó al diagnóstico de tuberculosis activa se revisó la historia clínica y el informe anatomopatológico según protocolo establecido previamente. Resultados. Se encontraron 92 casos de tuberculosis activa. El 57% correspondía a hombres. La edad media de los pacientes era de 64 años. El 90% de los casos presentaba alguno de los factores predisponentes controlados. El 20% falleció en las primeras 48 horas tras el ingreso. Los motivos de consulta más frecuentes fueron la disnea (24% de los casos) y el síndrome constitucional (23%). Hasta el 30% de los casos presentaba una radiografía de tórax normal a su ingreso. Sólo en el 46% de los casos se sospechó la tuberculosis previa al fallecimiento y en el 61% fue ésta la causa del éxitus. El 52% presentaba una tuberculosis pulmonar, el 28% una tuberculosis miliar y el 20% extrapulmonar. El órgano más frecuentemente afectado fue el pulmón. En los 92 casos se encontraron granulomas epitelioides. Conclusiones. La tuberculosis es en España una causa poco frecuente de muerte en la autopsia. La presencia de sintomatología inespecífica, la escasa rentabilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas y el fallecimiento precoz hacen que un importante porcentaje de casos de tuberculosis lleguen sin diagnóstico a la necropsia (AU)


Background and objective. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease currently having great importance in the daily clinical practice in Spain. Some cases of active tuberculosis are not identified until after the patient had died and an autopsy has been performed. This study has analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with active tuberculosis in the autopsy. Material and method. We reviewed all the autopsies performed in the University Hospital 12 de Octubre of Madrid between 1974 and 2002. The autopsy reports and clinical records were examined in those cases in which active tuberculosis was found. Results. We found 92 cases of active tuberculosis, 57% corresponding to men. Mean age of this group was 64 years. A total of 20% of the patients died within 48 hours after admission. Predisposing factors were identified in 90% of the cases. Dyspnea (24% of cases) and wasting syndrome (23%) were the main symptoms that motivated patients to request medical attention. Up to 30% of cases had normal chest X-ray. Tuberculosis was suspected in only 46% of patients before death. Principal cause of death was tuberculosis in 61% of patients, 52% of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis, 28% suffered from miliary tuberculosis and 20% from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The lungs were the most frequently affected organ. Epithelioid granulomas were found in all patients. Conclusions. Tuberculosis is an uncommon finding in the autopsy as the cause of death. The presence of unspecific symptomatology, insufficient cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic tests and precocious death, are identified as the most frequent causes of undiagnosed tuberculosis (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Autopsia , Tuberculose/patologia , Espanha , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
10.
An. med. interna (Madr., 1983) ; 24(4): 160-167, abr. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-055502

RESUMO

Introducción: La publicación de casos de pacientes VIH (+) con enfermedad vascular inexplicada, ha puesto en marcha múltiples estudios para tratar de conocer si los pacientes VIH (+) presentan un incremento del Riesgo Cardiovascular (RCV). Nos hemos propuesto: caracterizar el perfil lipídico de pacientes VIH (+) no tratados comparándolo con el que presentan sujetos VIH (-) y valorar si alguna de las alteraciones halladas influye de forma directa sobre la estimación del RCV. Pacientes y métodos: 407 varones homosexuales: 251 VIH (+) no tratados, y 156 VIH (-). Determinaciones bioquímicas: colesterol total (COL), HDL-colesterol (HDL), VLDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol (LDL), triglicéridos (TG), apolipoproteínas A1 y B (ApoA1 y ApoB) y Lipoproteína a. Cocientes de aterogénicos: COL/HDL, LDL/HDL y log (TG/HDL). Los pacientes VIH (+) se dividieron en 3 grupos según recuento de linfocitos CD4. Resultados: Los pacientes VIH (+) presentaron COL, HDL, y ApoA1 menores y cocientes de RCV mayores. Estas diferencias también se mostraron entre cada grupo de pacientes VIH (+) según recuento de CD4 y el grupo control VIH (-). Un 76% de los pacientes VIH (+) presentaban concentraciones bajas de HDL (menor de 40 mg/dL), frente a un 31% de los sujetos VIH (-). Conclusiones: El perfil lipídico de los pacientes VIH (+) no tratados difiere del que presentan sujetos VIH (-). Desde los estadios mas inmunoconservados de la infección existe una disminución marcada del HDL, paralela a la disminución de ApoA1 que se mantiene a lo largo de todos los niveles de CD4. El descenso de HDL en la infección VIH multiplica el RCV global de los sujetos infectados, independientemente de la presencia de otros factores de riesgo


Introduction: Some cases of HIV (+) patients with unexplained vascular disease have been reported and many studies are being performed to determine whether HIV infected individuals have an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). We propose: to describe lipid profile of untreated HIV (+) patients and to compare it with the HIV (-) and to assess whether any of the lipid abnormalities influence in CVR estimation. Material and Methods: 407 homosexual males: 251 untreated HIV (+),and 156 HIV (-). Biochemistry parameters: Total Cholesterol (CHOL), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL), VLDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), Apolipoproteins A1 and B (ApoA1 y ApoB) and Lipoprotein a. Atherogenic rates: CHOL/HDL, LDL/HDL and log (TG/HDL). HIV (+) patients were classified into three groups according to CD4 lymphocytes number. Results: HIV (+) patients had lower CHOL, HDL, and ApoA1 and higher CVR rates. These differences showed also between each HIV (+) group according to CD4 number and control group HIV (-). 76% of the HIV (+) patients showed low levels of HDL (less than 40 mg/dL) as compared with 31% of HIV (-) subjects. Conclusion: Untreated HIV(+) patients´lipid profile is different from the HIV (-) subjects´one. There are decreases in HDL and Apo A1 from the beginning of the infection that persist along all the CD4 levels. HDL decrease in HIV infection multiplies global CVR in HIV infected individuals, independently of other risk factors


Assuntos
Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco , Lipídeos/análise , Lipídeos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/complicações , Hiperlipidemias/diagnóstico , Lipoproteínas/análise , Lipoproteínas HDL/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico
11.
Rev Clin Esp ; 207(1): 6-12, 2007 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17306146

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in patients in Internal Medicine. To describe the changes of corporal composition depending on body mass index (BMI). To evaluate validity of the different screening tools for the estimation of body composition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational cross-sectional study of the prevalence of malnutrition in 300 patients (sample 1); these were chosen 136 patients (sample 2), classifying in four groups: BMI < 20: 30 patients; BMI = 20-25: 46 patients; BMI = 25-30: 30 patients, and BMI > 30: 30 patients. In the patients of sample 2, we carried out a protocol of nutritional evaluation with anthropometry, laboratory and bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of desnutrition was 9.3% and the obesity was 22.3%. In undernourished patients, the measure of body compartments with bioelectrical impedance, expressed in percentage of body weight, were: fat mass 20.5%, fat-free mass 79.4% and total body mater 58.3%. The body composition in obeses was: fat mass 40.1%, fat-free mass 60.6% and total body water 44.3%. The patients with normal BMI, the meta index (impedance at 50 kHz/BMI) was 25.9 +/- 5.21; in undernourished the index was higher (36.7) and obeses lower (15.5). The meta index (30-20) estimates desnutrition-obesity with high sensibility and specificity. The prevalence of desnutrition varies from 6% to 69% and obesity from 23% to 74%, using different methods and criterions for the estimation of body composition. CONCLUSIONS: In Internal Medicine, the overweight (BMI > 25) is the most prevalent nutritional alteration. The bioelectrical impedance analysis helps for estimation of body composition and meta index is a very useful indicator of malnutrition (desnutrition-obesity).


Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Impedância Elétrica , Feminino , Humanos , Medicina Interna , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos
12.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 207(1): 6-12, ene. 2007. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-052688

RESUMO

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones de la nutrición en pacientes ingresados en Medicina Interna. Describir los cambios en la composición corporal según el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Evaluar la utilidad de los diferentes métodos de medición de la composición corporal. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo observacional transversal para determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición por IMC en 300 pacientes (muestra 1); de éstos se seleccionaron 136 pacientes (muestra 2), que se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos según el IMC: desnutridos (IMC 30): 30 pacientes. A todos los pacientes de la muestra 2 se les realizó un estudio de valoración nutricional con antropometría, laboratorio y análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica. Resultados. La prevalencia de desnutrición en los 300 pacientes fue del 9,3% y de la obesidad del 22,3%. El valor de los componentes corporales medidos por impedancia bioeléctrica, expresados en porcentaje del peso corporal, fue en los pacientes desnutridos: 20,5% de masa grasa, 79,4% de magro y 58,3% de agua corporal total. En los obesos: 40,1% de masa grasa, 60,6% de magro y 44,3% de agua corporal total. El índice meta (impedancia a 50 kHz/IMC) en los pacientes con IMC normal fue 25,9 ± 5,21; los desnutridos presentaron los valores más altos (36,7) y los obesos los más bajos (15,5). El índice meta (30-20) identifica desnutrición-obesidad con una alta sensibilidad y especificidad. La prevalencia de desnutrición varió entre un 6% y un 69% y la de obesidad entre un 23% y un 74%, dependiendo de los parámetros y criterios utilizados. Conclusiones. El exceso de peso (IMC > 25) fue la alteración del estado nutricional más prevalente en Medicina Interna. El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica facilita la medición de los componentes corporales y el índice meta es un indicador muy útil de malnutrición (desnutrición-obesidad)


Objectives. To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in patients in Internal Medicine. To describe the changes of corporal composition depending on body mass index (BMI). To evaluate validity of the different screening tools for the estimation of body composition. Material and methods. Prospective observational cross-sectional study of the prevalence of malnutrition in 300 patients (sample 1); these were chosen 136 patients (sample 2), classifying in four groups: BMI 30: 30 patients. In the patients of sample 2, we carried out a protocol of nutritional evaluation with anthropometry, laboratory and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. The prevalence of desnutrition was 9.3% and the obesity was 22.3%. In undernourished patients, the measure of body compartments with bioelectrical impedance, expressed in percentage of body weight, were: fat mass 20.5%, fat-free mass 79.4% and total body mater 58.3%. The body composition in obeses was: fat mass 40.1%, fat-free mass 60.6% and total body water 44.3%. The patients with normal BMI, the meta index (impedance at 50 kHz/BMI) was 25.9 ± 5.21; in undernourished the index was higher (36.7) and obeses lower (15.5). The meta index (30-20) estimates desnutrition-obesity with high sensibility and specificity. The prevalence of desnutrition varies from 6% to 69% and obesity from 23% to 74%, using different methods and criterions for the estimation of body composition. Conclusions. In Internal Medicine, the overweight (BMI > 25) is the most prevalent nutritional alteration. The bioelectrical impedance analysis helps for estimation of body composition and meta index is a very useful indicator of malnutrition (desnutrition-obesity)


Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Composição Corporal , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Estudos Transversais , Impedância Elétrica , Medicina Interna , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos
15.
An Med Interna ; 22(5): 222-6, 2005 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16001937

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Estimate the incidence and epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB), analyzing the influence of factors such as: HIV infection, immigration, chronic diseases and styles of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who have diagnosed of active TB (microbiological results positive) and latent tuberculosis (Mantoux positive) during the year 2001 in the Gregorio Marañon Hospital. The variables include epidemiological, microbiological, clinical and therapeutic features. RESULTS: We registered 78 patients with TB at hospital, with estimated incidence in health area of 11, 14 cases per 100,000 habitants. The mean age of were 41.98 years; with 43.6% HIV infected patients and 9% immigrants. The sputum was the sample most used for the microbiological diagnosis, we detected resistance in 30% of samples analyzed. The HIV infected patients had more frequent TB from reactivation (p=0,016). The primary site of disease was pulmonary (78%). One pulmonary infiltrate was more frequent in the thoracic X-ray. The 56% of our HIV infected patients had normal thoracic X-ray (p <0,05). The treatment more common was with four drugs and the 75% of our patients fulfilled the treatment; the HIV infected patients leaves the treatment more frequent. The global mortality was 9%. CONCLUSIONS: Actually, in Madrid, the persons with HIV infection, injection drug abuse, immigration and elders in residential home were higher risk of infection for TB. For strict control of disease is need early diagnosis and supervision of treatment .


Assuntos
Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Antibacterianos , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Comorbidade , Quimioterapia Combinada/uso terapêutico , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Reações Falso-Negativas , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hospitais Gerais/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Radiografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia
16.
An. med. interna (Madr., 1983) ; 22(5): 222-226, mayo 2005. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-039334

RESUMO

Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia y características clínicoepidemiológicas de la Tuberculosis (TB), analizando la influencia de factores predisponentes como la infección VIH, la inmigración, enfermedades crónicas y hábitos de vida. Material y métodos: Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de TB activa (confirmación microbiológica) y latente (presencia de Mantoux positivo) durante el año 2001, en el hospital Gregorio Marañón. Las variables incluidas se referían a datos epidemiológicos, bacteriológicos, clínicos y terapéuticos. Resultados: Se detectaron 78 pacientes con TB en hospital, con una incidencia estimada en el área de salud de 11,14 casos por 100.000 habitantes. La edad media fue de 41,98 años; con 43,6% pacientes VIH positivos y 9% inmigrantes. La muestra microbiológica más utilizada fue el esputo, detectándose resistencias en 30% de los casos donde se realizo. De los 78 casos revisados, 64 (82%) tenían TB activa. En los pacientes VIH fue más frecuente la TB por reactivación (p = 0,016). La localización predominante fue la pulmonar (78%). El hallazgo radiológico más frecuente fue un infiltrado pulmonar. El 56% de los pacientes VIH presentaron radiografías normales (p 0,01). La mortalidad global fue del 9%. Conclusiones: En la actualidad, en Madrid, la población con mayor riesgo de TB son los sujetos con infección VIH, drogadicción, inmigrantes y ancianos institucionalizados. Para un adecuado control de la enfermedad es necesario un diagnóstico precoz y una supervisión del tratamiento


Objectives: Estimate the incidence and epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB), analyzing the influence of factors such as: HIV infection, immigration, chronic diseases and styles of life. Material and methods: Retrospective study of patients who have diagnosed of active TB (microbiological results positive) and latent tuberculosis (Mantoux positive) during the year 2001 in the Gregorio Marañon Hospital. The variables includes epidemiological, microbiological, clinicals and therapeutics features. Results: We were registered 78 patients with TB at hospital, with estimated incidence in health area of 11,14 cases per 100.000 habitants. The mean age of were 41,98 years; with 43,6% HIV infected patients and 9% immigrants. The sputum was the sample most used for the microbiological diagnosis, we detected resistance in 30% of samples analysed. The HIV infected patients had more frequent TB from reactivation (p=0,016). The primary site of disease was pulmonary (78%). One pulmonary infiltrate was more frequent in the thoracic X-ray. The 56% of our HIV infected patients had normal thoracic X-ray (p<0,05). The treatment more common was with four drugs and the 75% of our patients fulfilled the treatment; the HIV infected patients leaves the treatment more frequent. The global mortality was 9%. Conclusions: Actually, in Madrid, the persons with HIV infection, injection drug abuse, immigration and elders in residential home were higher risk of infection for TB. For strict control of disease is need early diagnosis and supervision of treatment


Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , HIV/imunologia , HIV/fisiologia , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Tuberculose/patologia , Emigração e Imigração , Tuberculina/análise , Estudos Retrospectivos
17.
Med. mil ; 59(3): 7-11, jul.-sept. 2003. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-37498

RESUMO

Introducción: Según la European Respiratory Society faltan estudios para pronunciarse sobre la validez de los métodos radiográficos, como métodos de medición de la capacidad pulmonar total, en pacientes con trastorno ventilatorio restrictivo. Objetivo: Valorar la validez del método radiográfico planimétrico clásico y del programa de medición de superficies planas "autocad" a través del ordenador, para la medición de la capacidad pulmonar total en pacientes con trastorno ventilatorio restrictivo. Material y Métodos: A cada uno de los 25 pacientes diagnosticados previamente de trastorno ventilatorio restrictivo, y en seguimiento periódico en la consulta de neumología, se les midió la capacidad pulmonar total, primero, por pletismografía y, después, por los métodos radigráficos planimétrico y "autocad" a partir de sus radiografías de tórax. Para la comparación de los resultados obtenidos por los distintos métodos se ha seguido el análisis estadístico de correlación lineal y cálculo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para una confianza del 95 por ciento (p < 0'05). Resultados: La comparación de la media de la capacidad pulmonar total por pletismografía (4675cc) con la media de la capacidad pulmonar total por el método radiográfico planimétrico (4636cc) y con el programa "autocad" (4865cc), alcanzaron un coeficiente de correlación de (r = 0'888) y (r = 0'887), respectivamente. Conclusión: Según nuestros resultados el método radiográfico planimétrico y su variante el "autocad", son válidos para la medición de la capacidad pulmonar total en pacientes con trastorno ventilatorio restrictivo (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Insuficiência Respiratória , Capacidade Pulmonar Total/fisiologia , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Pletismografia/métodos
18.
Med. mil ; 59(3): 16-20, jul.-sept. 2003. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-37500

RESUMO

Objetivo: valorar respuesta virológica, inmunológica y clínica al tratamiento antirretrovírico (TAREA), establecido mediante adición de un inhibidor de proteasa (IP) a pacientes VIH seropositivos (VIH+) previamente tratados con Inhibidores de transcriptasa (IT). Diseño: estudio prospectivo abierto de intervención terapéutica. Lugar de realización: Hospital Central de la Defensa (1996-2000). Material y métodos: 68 pacientes VIH+ pretratados con dos IT; a todos se les añadió como tercer fármaco un IP: saquinavir (SQV=23), ritonavir (RTV=22) o indinavir (IDV=23). Valoración clínica y determinaciones trimestrales de carga viral plasmática (CV) de VIH y linfocitos CD4+ durante 12 meses. Análisis estadístico: comparación de medias (ANOVA y Newman-Keuls) de variables (CD4 y CV) determinadas a los 0, 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses de TAREA; comparación de frecuencias (X2) de la gravedad clínica inicial y final. Resultados: según intención de tratar, se obtuvo carga viral indetectable ( 1 Log10 (p200 cel/microL) a los 12 meses. La proporción de pacientes graves al iniciar el estudio (26/68=38 por ciento) se redujo significativamente (p<0,001) al final del mismo (6/68=9 por ciento). No hubo fallecimientos y el 88 por ciento de los pacientes mejoraron clínicamente o permanecieron asintomáticos durante los 12 meses de tratamiento. Conclusión: el TAREA con IP logró una respuesta virológica altamente eficaz en casi la mitad de los pacientes VIH pretratados con IT, con aumento significativo de linfocitos CD4+ e importante mejoría clínica (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Carga Viral/estatística & dados numéricos , Resultado do Tratamento , Estudos Prospectivos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Saquinavir/uso terapêutico , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , Indinavir/uso terapêutico
19.
An Med Interna ; 20(1): 10-5, 2003 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12666302

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the incidence and the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in a county hospital located in the north western area of the Autonomous Region of Madrid, to determine if there has been an increase due to immigration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tuberculosis cases from January, 1996 to June, 2001 were analysed, researched through the Microbiology and Pathologic Anatomy Laboratory, fetching information such as demographics, clinical studies and disease diagnostics from the different medical histories. RESULTS: A total of 66 tuberculosis cases were registered, ten of them among immigrants, with an incidence of 13/100,000 inhabitants in 1996, decreasing to a 7/100,000 incidence in 2000. The age average is 34 with double the incidence in males (31/100,000) than females (17/100,000). The main risk factor is alcoholism with 11 cases (16.7%). The most commonly used diagnostic tests were the thorax radiography (61/66, 92%) with 57 (93.4%) positive identifications, culture of esputo (47/66, 71%) with 32 (68%) positive ids, and the Mantoux test (28, 42%) with 20 (71.4%) positive ids. The location of the illness is mainly pleuro-pulmonar in 50 cases (75%). There were almost no atypical mycobacterium found (5 cases). Overall, response to treatment with 3 drugs (isoniacide, rifampicine, piracinamide) was good in 88% of patients, with the average treatment lasting 6.8 months (ED: 2.8). CONCLUSION: The incidence of tuberculosis in the north western area of Autonomous Community of Madrid is below that of the rest of our Community. It dipped in 1997 and has been stable around 9/100,000 inhabitants until 2000, even with the effect of immigration.


Assuntos
Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Saúde da População Urbana
20.
Med. mil ; 59(1): 17-21, ene.-mar. 2003. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-37488

RESUMO

Introducción: La dificultad a la hora de obtener una radiografía de tórax en inspiración, puede ser debida a fallo del paciente que no llega a inspiración máxima o a fallo del radiólogo o del técnico de rayos que no aprieta el interruptor en el momento preciso. Objetivo: Valorar si la incorporación de un inspirómetro al aparato de rayos corrige tanto los errores atribuibles al paciente, como los errores atribuibles al profesional que realiza la radiografía. Material y métodos: Se midieron la capacidad pulmonar total por el método radiográfico planimétrico, la distancia del espacio retroesternal y la altura del arco del hemidiafragma derecho. Estas mediciones se hicieron primero sobre las radiografías de tórax de 22 pacientes (doce EPOC y diez restrictivos), clínicamente estables, en las que se cuidó el grado de inspiración y después sobre radiografías de tórax de los mismos pacientes y en las mismas condiciones pero midiendo la inspiración máxima con un inspirómetro incorporado al aparato de rayos. Para el análisis de las diferencias se efectuó una comparación de medias de valores pareados y se calculó el valor y significación de 'T'. Resultados: La diferencia de las medias de la Capacidad Pulmonar total (p = 0'007), de la distancia del espacio retroesternal (p = 0'167) y de la altura del arco del hemidiafragma derecho (p = 0'849) fueron favorables, en el primer caso con significación estadística, a las radiografías de tórax obtenidas con el inspirómetro incorporado al aparato de rayos. Conclusión: Con el inspirómetro, incorporado al aparato de rayos, se consiguen radiografías de tórax con mayor volumen y grado de inspiración y se corrigen tanto los errores de técnica atribuibles al paciente como los errores atribuibles al radiólogo o técnico de rayos (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Ventilação Voluntária Máxima/fisiologia , Espirometria/métodos , Capacidade Pulmonar Total/fisiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Insuficiência Respiratória
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