Hemostasia con ácido tranexámico durante trasplante capilar / Tranexamic Acid for Bleeding Control During a Hair Transplant Procedure

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Introgression in peripheral populations and colonization shape the genetic structure of the coastal shrub Armeria pungens.

The coastal shrub Armeria pungens has a disjunct Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution. The historic range expansion underlying this distribution was investigated using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region, three plastid regions (namely trnL-F, trnS-fM and matK) and morphometric data. A highly diverse ancestral lineage was identified in southwest Portugal. More recently, two areas have been colonized: (1) Corsica and Sardinia, where disjunct Mediterranean populations have been established as a result of the long-distance dispersal of Portuguese genotypes, and (2) the southern part of the Atlantic range, Gulf of Cadiz, where a distinct lineage showing no genetic differentiation among populations occurs. Genetic consequences of colonization seem to have been more severe in the Gulf of Cadiz than in Corsica-Sardinia. Although significant genetic divergence is associated with low plastid diversity in the Gulf of Cadiz, in Corsica-Sardinia, the loss of plastid haplotypes was not accompanied by divergence from disjunct Portuguese source populations. In addition, in its northernmost and southernmost populations, A. pungens exhibited evidence for ancient or ongoing introgression from sympatric congeners. Introgression might have created novel genotypes able to expand beyond the latitudinal margins of the species or, alternatively, these genotypes may be the result of surfing of alleles from other species in demographic equilibrium into peripheral populations of A. pungens. Our results highlight the evolutionary significance of genetic drift following the colonization of new areas and the key role of introgression in range expansion.

The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 defines a novel autocrine loop in cancer cell proliferation.

Recently, the orphan receptor G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been proposed as a potential cannabinoid receptor, although controversy remains on its physiological roles. Current evidence suggests a role for GPR55 as a receptor for the lysophospholipid lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). In this study, we show that GPR55 is expressed in several prostate and ovarian cancer cell lines, both at the mRNA and at the protein level, and that it has a critical role in regulating proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. We further show that GPR55 mediates the effects of LPI in prostate and ovarian cancer cells. Indeed we demonstrate that LPI is able to induce calcium mobilization and activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in these cells and that both pharmacological blockade of GPR55 and its downregulation using specific small interfering RNA strongly inhibits these processes. We further identify an autocrine loop by which LPI is synthesized by cytosolic phospholipase A2, pumped out of the cell by the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCC1/MRP1, and is then able to initialize cascades downstream of GPR55. All together, these data demonstrate a role of LPI and its receptor GPR55 in cancer cells in activating an autocrine loop that regulates cell proliferation. These findings may have important implications for LPI as a novel cancer biomarker and for its receptor GPR55 as a potential therapeutic target.

Internationally adopted children: what vaccines should they receive?

It is of paramount importance to know the vaccination status in internationally adopted children, so that they can be correctly immunized. This study ascertains the seroprotection rate for vaccine-preventable diseases and the validity of the immunization cards in 637 adopted children. The absence of the immunization card (13% of children) correlated with a poor global vaccine protection. Children with immunization records (87%) had a better global seroprotection but the information obtained from the card did not accurately predict seroprotection for each particular antigen. The best variable to predict the status of seroprotection was the country of origin. The highest rate of protection was found in children from Eastern Europe and, in descending order, India, Latin America, China and Africa. General recommendations for immunization of internationally adopted children are difficult to establish. Actions for vaccination have to be mainly implemented on the basis of the existence of the immunization card and of the country of origin.

Estrategia SEMERGEN, SEEDO y SEEN para la prevención y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en Atención Primaria / The strategy of the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians (SEMERGEN), the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity (SEEDO) and the Spanish Society of Edocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) for the prevention and treatment of excess weight and obesity in Primary Care

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Lack of effect of the ghrelin gene-derived peptide obestatin on cardiomyocyte viability and metabolism.

Obestatin is a recently discovered peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene that opposes ghrelin effects on food intake and gastrointestinal function. The biological activity of obestatin depends on amidation at its carboxyl terminus and on its postulated binding to the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39). We have previously demonstrated that ghrelin is synthesized by cardiomyocytes and has direct effects on its viability. Our aim was to know if obestatin, derived from the same gene as ghrelin, also affects cardiomyocyte physiology. By RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry we have demonstrated that murine cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro and human atrial tissue express GPR39 receptor. Competitive binding studies with radioiodine 125I-labeled obestatin recognized specific binding sites for this peptide in the murine cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1. However, obestatin did not modify the cell cycle or viability of these cells, and it was not able to prevent the cytosine arabinoside-induced apoptosis of HL-1 cardiomyocytes, as assessed by Hoechst dye vital staining, flow cytometry analysis and determination of lactate dehydrogenase in the culture media. Finally, treatment with obestatin did not affect fatty acid or glucose uptake by HL-1 cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, obestatin is not a relevant metabolic or viability modifier for cardiomyocytes.

Prevención y promoción de la salud en atención primaria: comparación entre la visión de los médicos españoles y los médicos europeos / Preventive care and health promotion in primary care: comparison between the views of spanish and european doctors

Objetivo. Describir y comparar los conocimientos y las actitudes de los médicos de familia (MF) europeos con los de los MF españoles en la implantación de actividades preventivas y de promoción de la salud en atención primaria, describir las barreras para su implementación y evaluar la relación entre los estilos de vida propios de los MF y su influencia en las actividades realizadas en sus pacientes. Diseño. Estudio postal multinacional a través de un cuestionario durante los meses de junio de 2000 a mayo de 2001. Emplazamiento. Muestra de MF a partir de las bases de datos de las sociedades científicas de cada país europeo participante. Participantes. En total participaron 2.082 MF de 11 países europeos. En España, el número total de MF participantes fue de 270. Resultados. Los MF españoles realizaban en un porcentaje superior la mayoría de las actividades de prevención y de promoción de la salud, y realizaban menos aquellas actividades de prevención de escasa o dudosa evidencia científica con respecto al conjunto de MF europeos. El conjunto de MF del estudio consideraba que la excesiva carga de trabajo/escaso tiempo era la primera barrera para el desarrollo de las actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud. Los MF fumadores del conjunto europeo se sienten menos efectivos para ayudar a sus pacientes a reducir o abandonar el consumo de tabaco con respecto a los MF no fumadores (el 39,34 frente al 48,18%; p < 0,01). Los MF europeos que realizan ejercicio se sienten más eficaces para ayudar a sus pacientes a practicar ejercicio regularmente que los MF sedentarios (el 59,14 frente al 49,70%; p < 0,01). No se observaron diferencias significativas al respecto en los MF españoles. Conclusiones. Globalmente existe aún un vacío en los conocimientos y las actitudes de los MF con relación a las recomendaciones sobre prevención y promoción de la salud. Los MF españoles realizan en mayor porcentaje las actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud por grupos de edad y sexo de mayor evidencia científica

Objective. Disease prevention and health promotion are important tasks in the daily practice of all general practitioners (GPs). The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of European and Spanish GPs in implementing evidence-based health promotion and disease prevention recommendations in primary care, to describe GPs' perceived barriers to implementing these recommendations, and to assess how GPs' own health behaviors affect their work with their patients. Design. A postal multinational survey was carried out from June 2000 to May 2001. Setting. A random sample of GPs listed from national colleges of each country. Participants. A total of 2082 GPs from 11 European countries participated in the survey. In Spain a total of 270 GPs participated. Results. Spanish GPs carried out more frequently most of the health promotion or disease prevention activities than the European GPs. Spanish GPs carried out less often those no evidence-based activities. The most important barrier reported was heavy workload/lack of time. Associations between personal health behaviour and attitudes to health promotion or activities in prevention were found. GPs who smoked felt less effective in helping patients to reduce tobacco consumption than non-smoking GPs (39.34% vs 48.18%; P< .01). GPs who exercised felt that they were more effective in helping patients to practice regular physical exercise than sedentary GPs (59.14% vs 49.70%;P<.01). No differences were observed for Spanish GPs. Conclusions. Significant gaps between GP's knowledge and practices persist in the use of evidence-based recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention in primary care. Spanish GPs carried out more frequently evidence-base recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention by age and sex

Healthy diet in primary care: views of general practitioners and nurses from Europe.

BACKGROUND: Most of the national colleges of general practitioners (GPs) do not have their own dietary/nutritional tools, and GPs and nurses do not have the time, knowledge, or skills to advise their patients about desirable dietary practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of a simple and practical guide on healthy diet to be used by European GPs and nurses. DESIGN: A postal survey was mailed to 171 GPs and nurses from 12 European countries to obtain information about the usefulness of a guide on healthy diet developed by EUROPREV. RESULTS: The perception of health professionals is that the main source of information on healthy diet for the population was the media. In all, 95% of GPs and nurses reported that the guide was useful; 93, 95, and 82% reported that the concepts were concise, easy to understand, and realistic, respectively. Also, 77% reported that the type of counselling recommended was feasible and could be applied, 94% reported that the implementation measures proposed could be effective and 88% reported that the Traditional Mediterranean Diet Pyramid is useful, but some concerns about the content were mentioned. CONCLUSIONS: GPs and nurses from Europe think that a practical guide on healthy diet developed by EUROPREV could be used to advise patients in primary care, although the Traditional Mediterranean Diet Pyramid should be modified.

[Preventive care and health promotion in primary care: comparison between the views of Spanish and European doctors]. / Prevención y promoción de la salud en atención primaria: comparación entre la visión de los médicos españoles y los médicos europeos.

OBJECTIVE: Disease prevention and health promotion are important tasks in the daily practice of all general practitioners (GPs). The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of European and Spanish GPs in implementing evidence-based health promotion and disease prevention recommendations in primary care, to describe GPs' perceived barriers to implementing these recommendations, and to assess how GPs' own health behaviors affect their work with their patients. DESIGN: A postal multinational survey was carried out from June 2000 to May 2001. SETTING: A random sample of GPs listed from national colleges of each country. Participants. A total of 2082 GPs from 11 European countries participated in the survey. In Spain a total of 270 GPs participated. RESULTS: Spanish GPs carried out more frequently most of the health promotion or disease prevention activities than the European GPs. Spanish GPs carried out less often those no evidence-based activities. The most important barrier reported was heavy workload/lack of time. Associations between personal health behaviour and attitudes to health promotion or activities in prevention were found. GPs who smoked felt less effective in helping patients to reduce tobacco consumption than non-smoking GPs (39.34% vs 48.18%; P < .01). GPs who exercised felt that they were more effective in helping patients to practice regular physical exercise than sedentary GPs (59.14% vs 49.70%;P < .01). No differences were observed for Spanish GPs. CONCLUSIONS: Significant gaps between GP's knowledge and practices persist in the use of evidence-based recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention in primary care. Spanish GPs carried out more frequently evidence-base recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention by age and sex.

Effect of thiadiazine derivatives on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis

Current therapy for leishmaniasis is not satisfactory. We describe the in vitro antiproliferative effects of new thiadiazine derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis. The compounds were found to be active against the amastigote form of the parasite, inhibiting parasite growing, from 10 to 89 percent, at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. This activity suggests that thiadiazine derivatives could be considered as potential antileishmanial compounds(AU)

GH prevents apoptosis in cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro through a calcineurin-dependent mechanism.

The use of GH to treat heart failure has received considerable attention in recent years. Although the mechanisms of its beneficial effects are unknown, it has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in several cell types, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis is known to occur in heart failure. We therefore decided to investigate whether GH protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. Preliminary experiments confirmed the expression of the GH receptor (GHR) gene in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (PC), the specific binding of GH by HL-1 cardiomyocytes, and the GH-induced activation of GHR and its classical downstream effectors in the latter. That GH prevented the apoptosis of PC cells deprived of serum for 48 h was shown by DNA electrophoresis and by Hoechst staining assays in which GH reduced the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Similarly, the TUNEL-evaluated pro-apoptotic effect of cytosine arabinoside (AraC) on HL-1 cells was almost totally prevented by pre-treatment with GH. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis showed apoptosis in 9.7% of HL-1 cells growing in normal medium, 21.1% of those treated with AraC and 13.9% of those treated with AraC+GH, and that GH increased the percentage of AraC-treated cells in the S/G(2)/M phase from 36.9% to 52.8%. GH did not modify IGF-I mRNA levels or IGF-I secretion in HL-1 cells treated with AraC, and the protection afforded by GH against AraC-induced apoptosis in HL-1 cells was not affected by the presence of anti-IGF-I antibodies, but was largely abolished by the calcineurin-inhibiting combination cyclosporin+FK506. GH also reduced AraC-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (MAPK p38) in HL-1 cells. In summary, GH protects PC and HL-1 cells from apoptosis. This effect is not mediated by IGF-I and may involve MAPK p38 as well as calcineurin.

Altered hemodynamic responses in patients after subcortical stroke measured by functional MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is a promising method for defining brain recovery after stroke quantitatively. Applications thus far have assumed that the BOLD hemodynamic response in patients after stroke is identical to that in healthy controls. However, because of local vascular compromise or more diffuse vascular disease predisposing to infarction, this assumption may not be justified after stroke. We sought to test whether patients who have suffered a lacunar stroke show BOLD fMRI response characteristics identical to those of healthy controls. METHODS: We measured the BOLD fMRI signal time course in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the affected hand with finger- or hand-tapping tasks for minimally or mildly impaired right-handed patients (n=12) after lacunar strokes causing limb weakness and for healthy controls (n=20). RESULTS: With a right-handed sequential finger-tapping task, the rate of rise and maximum increase of the BOLD signal in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex were > 30% lower (P< or =0.01) in the stroke patients. Similar relative decreases were found for the same task performed with the left hand. These changes were found in patients both in the hemisphere affected by stroke and in the unaffected hemisphere, suggesting that the BOLD fMRI time course differences observed arise from a diffuse functional pathology. The difference between patients and controls is not a result of age alone, since differences were not found between the younger (n=10; aged 22 to 38 years) and the older (n=10; aged 56 to 83 years) healthy controls. The effect also does not seem to be dependent on the specific hand movement task used. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the BOLD fMRI response can be reduced in stroke patients even if infarcts do not involve the cortex. This may be a consequence of the stroke, but the observation that the BOLD signal time course is similar in the affected and unaffected hemispheres suggests that it also could result from preexisting pathophysiological changes in the cerebral microvasculature.

Vasorreactividad cerebral y respuesta funcional en el ictus:estudio con RM funcional / Cerebral vasoreactivity and functional response in stroke: a sudy with functional MR

Introducción. Los infartos lacunares se asocian habitualmente a una alteración anatómica y posiblemente funcional de la pared de los vasos de pequeño calibre (arterias penetrantes). Su impacto funcional es variado y se acompaña de cambios adaptativos/reorganizativos cerebrales. El contraste BOLD originado en la microvasculatura (especialmente con campos magnéticos ultra altos) depende en última instancia de cambios hemodinámicos y resulta útil para explorar los patrones de activación cerebral utilizando RMf. Objetivos. Comparar el comportamiento temporal de la señal BOLD y la distribución de la activación entre un grupo de pacientes sin secuelas funcionales tras sufrir un ictus y un grupo control, al utilizar RMf a 3 T. Resultados. El grupo `ictus' mostró un menor número de voxels activados no estadísticamente significativo. Los patrones de activación, tamaño de área sensitivomotora (SM o ASM) o índice de lateralidad fueron similares en ambos grupos. En SM la respuesta BOLD fue un 85 por ciento más lenta (p< 0,01) y un 25 por ciento menor (no estadísticamente significativo). Conclusiones. No encontramos diferencias en los patrones de activación de ambos grupos, lo que puede explicarse por la mínima lesión en el grupo `ictus', insuficiente para producir cambios reorganizativos/adaptativos o por la gran varianza de la respuesta. El curso temporal de la respuesta BOLD fue diferente en el grupo `ictus', probablemente como consecuencia de la alteración de la respuesta hemodinámica en relación con los procesos subyacentes que dañan las propiedades funcionales de la pared vascular. Esta diferencia en la respuesta BOLD hay que interpretarla con cautela y tenerla en cuenta a la hora de interpretar la activación en sujetos con patología vascular. Son necesarios más estudios para una mejor compresión de su significado (AU)

Functional MRI detects posterior shifts in primary sensorimotor cortex activation after stroke: evidence of local adaptive reorganization?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Further recovery from stroke can occur late, long after the end of the apparent evolution of pathological changes. This observation and evidence obtained from functional imaging for altered patterns of activation after brain injury suggest that cortical reorganization may contribute to recovery. Here, we have tested for potentially adaptive reorganization in the primary sensorimotor cortex. METHODS: We used functional MRI to study brain activation with dominant hand movement in right-handed healthy control subjects (n=20) and in patients after subcortical ischemic infarcts causing mild to moderate right hemiparesis (n=8). The numbers of pixels activated above threshold and the geometric centers of activation clusters were determined. RESULTS: Although random-effects analysis identified some differences in activation maxima, similar regions of the brain were activated with sequential finger tapping in the patient and control groups. However, consistent with the heterogeneity in the locations, sizes, and times after the infarcts, patterns and magnitudes of activation showed some heterogeneity between patients. Nonetheless, for the group as a whole, there was a decreased motor cortex lateralization index (-0.1+/-0.7 in patients and 0.7+/-0.3 in control subjects, P=0.05). The geometric center of activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex activation cluster contralateral to the affected hand in patients was also shifted posteriorly (mean 12 mm, P<0.04) relative to that of the control subjects. To confirm the latter observation, the activation response with a simple hand-tapping task was examined in some of the subjects. With this task, there was also a trend (mean 10 mm, P=0.07) toward a more posterior activation in patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm altered patterns of activation in the contralateral and ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortices after recovery from strokes causing hemiparesis. These (and other changes) suggest that modulation of widely distributed parts of the cortical network for motor control may contribute to adaptations leading to functional recovery after stroke.

[Functional magnetic resonance and the cerebral cortex. 1: Group analysis]. / Resonancia magnética funcional y el córtex motor. I: análisis de grupo.

INTRODUCTION: Various strategies are used to increase the sensitivity to activation in functional magnetic resonance (RMf) with bold contrast, including raised magnetic fields and group analysis. Although very important, study of the behaviour of the signal in a group (normal pattern) remains a problem in RMf. OBJECTIVES: To study the behaviour of the signal in response to the motor paradigm using RMf with bold contrast at 3T in a group, by random effect analysis. RESULTS: The areas of most solid activation were the somatomotor area, the contralateral SMA and ipsilateral cerebellar area. Other areas showed greater variability (the number of persons who activated them and their localization). Analysis of the group showed close correlation between individuals both in the areas mentioned and in the basal ganglia, and to a lesser extent in ipsilateral premotor and somatomotor areas. There was wide variability in prefrontal, frontal, dorsolateral and parietal areas. CONCLUSIONS: There is some variation in activation (number and position of the activated areas). SM, SMA and cerebellum have a high degree of inter individual anatomofunctional concordance. Activity in the basal ganglia, in spite of high inter individual anatomofunctional correlation, may not be easy to observe. Some areas are activated in certain persons but not on analysis of the group. This shows inter individual functional and/or anatomical variability. Such variation in activation should be remembered in subsequent analysis. Group analysis is useful for showing collective patterns which determine the most consistent areas on which to base subsequent individual analysis.

[Functional magnetic resonance and the motor cortex II: measurement of activity]. / Resonancia magnética funcional y el córtex motor. II. Cuantificación de la activación.

INTRODUCTION: Functional magnetic resonance (fMR) with BOLD contrast has been shown to be a useful tool for clinical investigation. It is still uncertain which is the best way to establish the measures of activation for subsequent comparisons and their physiological significance. OBJECTIVE: To explore the activation expressed as a function of different parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We did fMR with BOLD contrast at 3T and a motor paradigm in 14 healthy persons. The activation was expressed as the number of voxels activated within each area; their percentage in relation to the total number of voxels activated; z value; laterality index, speed and degree of temporal variation in the signal of these voxels. RESULTS: Somatomotor area (SM) activated 121% more voxels than supplementary motor area (SMA), but their variation expressed with their standard variation was very large. The percentage of voxels activated was 163.6% greater in SM than in SMA. The laterality index increased at the expense of activation outside SM. The variation of the two relative measurements was less than the total number of voxels. The z value did not correlate with the degree of activity. The time course of the SMA signal was slightly different to SM. CONCLUSIONS: Very high field fMR is very sensitive to changes in signal. The number of voxels activated varies considerably, so its use as a measurement of activity should be limited. Relative value, such as the index of laterality of the percentage of voxels may show less variability. The centre of mass and z value are stable figures but the physiological significance of the latter is not clear. The study of the temporal variation of the signal seems to be a potentially useful parameter with a certain degree of physiological significance, although better understanding and further analysis is necessary.

Resonancia magnética funcional y el córtex motor. II. Cuantificación de la activación / Functional magnetic resonance and the motor cortex. II. Measurement of activity

Introducción. La resonancia magnética funcional (RMf) con contraste BOLD se está consolidando como una herramienta útil en la investigación clínica. Está por determinar cuál es la mejor forma de establecer las medidas de la activación para posteriores comparaciones, así como cuál es la significación fisiológica de las mismas. Objetivos. Explorar la activación expresada en función de varios parámetros. Sujetos y métodos. Realizamos RMf con contraste BOLD a 3 T y paradigma motor en 14 sujetos sanos. La activación se expresó como número de voxels activados dentro de cada área, porcentaje de los mismos en relación con el número total de voxels activados, valor z, índice de lateralidad, y velocidad y cuantía de la variación temporal de la señal en dichos voxels. Resultados. El área somatomotora (SM) activó un 121 por ciento más voxels que el área motora suplementaria (SMA), pero su variación expresada con su desviación estándar fue muy grande. El porcentaje de voxels activados fue un 163,6 por ciento superior en SM que en SMA. El índice de lateralidad aumenta a expensas de la activación fuera del SM. La variación de ambas medidas relativas fue menor que con el número total de voxels. El valor z no fue correlacionable con el grado de actividad. El curso temporal de la señal en SMA fue ligeramente diferente a SM. Conclusiones. La RMf de muy alto campo es muy sensible a los cambios de señal. El número de voxels activados es un valor muy variable, por lo que su uso como medida de activación debe ser limitado. Valores relativos como el índice de lateralidad o el porcentaje de voxels pueden ofrecer menor variabilidad. El centro de masas y el valor z son medidas estables pero el significado fisiológico del segundo es incierto. El estudio de la variación temporal de la señal se presenta como un parámetro potencialmente útil y con cierto significado fisiológico, aunque necesita de una mejor comprensión y análisis (AU)

Resonancia magnética funcional y el córtex motor.I. Análisis de grupo / Functional magnetic resonance and the cerebral cortex I. Group analysis

Introducción. Para incrementar la sensibilidad a la activación en la resonancia magnética funcional (RMf) con contraste BOLD se utilizan varias estrategias, como campos magnéticos elevados o el análisis de grupo. Aunque de sumo interés, el estudio del comportamiento de la señal en un grupo (patrón de normalidad) es un problema todavía no bien resuelto en RMf. Objetivo. Estudiar el comportamiento de la señal en respuesta a un paradigma motor utilizando RMf con contraste bold a 3 T en un grupo, mediante el análisis del efecto aleatorio. Resultados. Las áreas con una activación más sólida fueron el área somatomotora (SM) y el área motora suplementaria (SMA) contralateral y cerebelo ipsilateral. Otras áreas mostraron una mayor variabilidad (número de individuos que las activaron y su localización).El análisis de grupo mostró una alta correlación entre todos los individuos tanto en las áreas antes mencionadas como en ganglios basales, y en menor medida en área premotoras y somatomotoras ipsilaterales, así como una gran variabilidad en áreas prefrontales, frontales dorsolaterales y parietales. Conclusiones. Existe una cierta variabilidad en la activación (número de áreas activadas y su posición). SM, SMA y cerebelo poseen un alto grado de concordancia anatomofuncional interindividual. La activación en los ganglios basales, aunque con alta correlación anatomofuncional interindividual, puede ser difícil de captar. Existen áreas que se activan en distintos individuos pero no en el análisis de grupo, lo que indica variabilidad funcional o anatómica interindividual. Esta variación en la activación debería tenerse en cuenta para posteriores análisis, siendo el análisis de grupo útil para poner de manifiesto patrones colectivos que determinen aquellas áreas más consistentes en las que centrar un posterior análisis individual (AU)