Evaluation and measurement of heliostat misalignment in solar power plant using vector model.

Heliostat alignment evaluation is among the main issues in solar tower concentration plant operation and maintenance. This paper describes a novel method used to evaluate heliostat misalignment and its experimental verification. This method provides a different way of visualizing beam centroid pointing errors by generating the complete deviation curve for each axis. This, for example, would be useful for verifying a heliostat's correct alignment by using a measurement performed out of the receiver target, using these traces to calculate its reflection's expected location, given a known misalignment. This measurement could be performed during operation simply by including a reflective element in the heliostat and two detector arrays on the tower's surface. This model has been tested for various types of misalignments of a heliostat at different hours, dates, and heliostat locations. The simulation results have been validated by using an experimental setup at a scale of 1:100.

The effect of isochoric freezing on mammalian cells in an extracellular phosphate buffered solution.

Isochoric (constant volume) freezing has been recently suggested as a new method for cell and organ preservation. As a first step in studying the effect of isochoric freezing on mammalian cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK), were frozen in an isochoric system, in a simple extracellular phosphate buffered solution to -10 °C (96.5 MPa), - 15 °C (162 MPa) and -20 °C (205 MPa) for 60 and 120 min. Cell membrane integrity and cell metabolism were studied with a Live/Dead cell vitality assay and flow cytometry. We found that cell survival decreases with an increase in pressure (lower temperatures) and time of exposure. For example, 60% of cells survived 60 min at - 10 °C and only 18% survived 120 min at this temperature. Negligible survival was measured at - 20 °C. This study may serve as the baseline towards further research on techniques to optimize the effects of isochoric freezing on living biological matter.

Complete Genome Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43 Isolated from Mexico.

We report the complete genome sequence of the first Mexican human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, obtained by new-generation sequencing and a metagenomic approach, isolated from a child hospitalized with pneumonia. The genome is closely related to the other OC43 genome sequences available, ranging from 99.8% to 98.2% nucleotide sequence identity.

Estudio comparativo de los hallazgos clínicos en la enfermedad orbitaria asociada a IgG4 con afectación unilateral vs. bilateral / Comparative study of clinical features between unilateral and bilateral orbital IgG4-related disease

OBJETIVO: Análisis descriptivo y comparativo de los pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad orbitaria asociada a IgG4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron y analizaron todos los casos diagnosticados de inflamación orbitaria asociada a IgG4 por el servicio de Patología del Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes. RESULTADOS: Encontramos un total de 9 casos. El 66% fueron mujeres, con una edad media de 48 años y tiempo medio de evolución al diagnóstico de 2 años. El 56% de los casos presentaron afectación unilateral: el 100% eran mujeres con clínica de dolor al ingreso y una respuesta óptima al tratamiento corticoideo en el 100% de los casos que precisaron tratamiento médico (un caso mostró resolución espontánea). En los casos bilaterales (44%) solo el 25% fueron mujeres y ninguno refirió dolor como síntoma de presentación. Además, el 25% de estos pacientes precisó de la combinación con inmunosupresores para conseguir el control del cuadro. CONCLUSIONES: La presentación clínica de los pacientes con inflamación orbitaria asociada a IgG4 difiere según sea una afectación uni- o bilateral

OBJECTIVE: Descriptive and comparative study of patients with orbital IgG4-related disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review and analysis of the cases diagnosed with inflammatory orbital lesion related to IgG4 by the Ophthalmic Pathology Service in the Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 9 cases were found, in which 66% were women, and with a mean age of 48 years and time to diagnosis of 2 years. Unilateral involvement was observed in 56% of cases. All the females experienced pain, and there was an optimal response to corticosteroid treatment in 100% of patients who required medical treatment (one case showed spontaneous resolution). In bilateral cases (44%), only 25% were female, and none had pain as a presenting symptom. Furthermore, 25% of these patients required a combination with immunosuppressants to control inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation of patients with unilateral orbital IgG4-related disease differs from those with bilateral involvement

[Comparative study of clinical features between unilateral and bilateral orbital IgG4-related disease]. / Estudio comparativo de los hallazgos clínicos en la enfermedad orbitaria asociada a IgG4 con afectación unilateral vs. bilateral.

OBJECTIVE: Descriptive and comparative study of patients with orbital IgG4-related disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review and analysis of the cases diagnosed with inflammatory orbital lesion related to IgG4 by the Ophthalmic Pathology Service in the Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 9 cases were found, in which 66% were women, and with a mean age of 48 years and time to diagnosis of 2 years. Unilateral involvement was observed in 56% of cases. All the females experienced pain, and there was an optimal response to corticosteroid treatment in 100% of patients who required medical treatment (one case showed spontaneous resolution). In bilateral cases (44%), only 25% were female, and none had pain as a presenting symptom. Furthermore, 25% of these patients required a combination with immunosuppressants to control inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation of patients with unilateral orbital IgG4-related disease differs from those with bilateral involvement.

Metástasis orbitaria pulsátil como signo de presentación de carcinoma renal de células claras metastásico / Orbital pulsatile metastasis as initial presenting sign of metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma

CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de un varón de 56 años con tumoración pulsátil en región temporal de la órbita izquierda como signo de presentación de un carcinoma metastásico de riñón, así como una revisión de todos los casos diagnosticados de metástasis orbitarias en nuestro hospital entre 1957 y 2012. DISCUSIÓN: El carcinoma es el tumor renal más frecuente, sin embargo, rara vez metastatiza a la órbita. Ya que estos tumores pueden confundirse con otras lesiones amelanóticas o vasculares, es necesario un alto grado de sospecha diagnóstica para la detección precoz y tratamiento del tumor primario

CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 56 year-old male with a pulsating lesion in the temporal region of the left orbit as presenting sign of a renal cell carcinoma. A review is also presented of all cases of orbital metastases diagnosed in our hospital between 1957 and 2012. DISCUSSION: Carcinoma is the most common malignancy involving the kidney but, only rarely does it metastasize to the orbit. As these tumors can be confused with other amelanotic or vascular tumors, a high index of suspicion is required for early detection and management of the primary tumor

Enfermedad de Mikulicz. A propósito de un caso / Mikulicz's disease. A case report

CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 48 años con afectación bilateral de las glándulas lacrimales y salivales que fue diagnosticado de enfermedad de Mikulicz mediante biopsia incisional de las glándulas lacrimales afectadas, presentando resolución completa del cuadro tras tratamiento corticoideo. DISCUSIÓN: La sialadenitis y/o dacrioadenitis esclerosante son enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas que, en la actualidad, se clasifican dentro de las enfermedades asociadas a IgG4. En concreto, la enfermedad de Mikulicz se define por agrandamiento persistente, bilateral y simétrico de las glándulas lacrimales y salivales junto a unas concentraciones elevadas de IgG4 sérica e infiltración tisular importante por células plasmáticas IgG4(+)

CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 48 year-old male with bilateral involvement of the salivary and lacrimal glands, which was diagnosed as Mikulicz's disease by incisional biopsy of the affected lacrimal glands, which was completely resolved after corticosteroid treatment. DISCUSSION: Sclerosing sialadenitis and/or dacryoadenitis are chronic inflammatory diseases that are currently classified into IgG4-related diseases. Specifically, Mikulicz's disease is defined by a persistent and symmetrical swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands together with elevated serum concentration of IgG4 and tissue infiltration by IgG4 (+) plasma cells

Tumores del saco lagrimal que se presentan como obstrucción de la vía lagrimal. Estudio retrospectivo en la población mexicana durante 2007-2012 / Lacrimal sac tumors presenting as lacrimal obstruction. Retrospective study in mexican patients 2007-2012

OBJETIVO: Conocer las características demográficas y clínicas de los tumores primarios del saco lagrimal, que debutan clínicamente como obstrucción de la vía lagrimal. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes operados por obstrucción baja de la vía lagrimal en el Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes, Asociación para evitar la Ceguera en México I AP, entre los años 2007-2012. RESULTADOS: Los tumores primarios del saco lagrimal representaron el 2,5% de todas nuestras obstrucciones lagrimales, siendo más frecuentes en mujeres (8:1). El 89% fueron de estirpe no epitelial, siendo las más frecuentes las lesiones de naturaleza linfoide. Los tumores benignos se presentaron a edades más tempranas (50 años) que los malignos (70 años). El 33% de nuestros casos resultaron hallazgos inesperados durante el procedimiento quirúrgico (100% lesiones benignas).El 55% se correspondían a tumores malignos (1,4% de las obstrucciones), todos ellos lesiones linfoproliferativas. La clínica más frecuente fue tumoración en canto interno asociada o no a epifora. El tiempo de evolución varió en función del grado de agresividad del linfoma (3 meses-10 años). CONCLUSIONES: Los tumores del saco lagrimal son raros pero debemos tenerlos en cuenta ante la clínica de obstrucción de la vía lagrimal para un tratamiento adecuado

OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic and clinical data of primary tumors of the lacrimal sac presenting as lacrimal obstruction. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study was conducted between the years 2007 to 2012 on all patients undergoing surgery for low lacrimal obstruction at Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes Hospital, an Association for the prevention of blindness in Mexico IAP. RESULTS: Primary tumors of the lacrimal sac represented 2.5% of all lacrimal obstructions, being more common in women than in men (8:1). The large majority (89%) of the cases were non-epithelial, with lymphoid lesions being the most frequent. Benign tumors were presented at a younger age (50 years old) than malignant (70 years old). One-third (33%) of cases were unexpected findings during surgery (100% benign). Just over half (55%) were malignant tumors (1.4% of obstructions), all of them lymphoproliferative lesions. The most frequent clinical tumor was in the inner edge, either with or without epiphora. The progression time varied according to the degree of aggressiveness of the lymphoma (3 months-10 years). CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal sac tumors are rare, but they must be taken into account in patients with an unusual clinical presentation of lacrimal obstruction

[Lacrimal sac tumors presenting as lacrimal obstruction. Retrospective study in Mexican patients 2007-2012]. / Tumores del saco lagrimal que se presentan como obstrucción de la vía lagrimal. Estudio retrospectivo en la población mexicana durante 2007-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic and clinical data of primary tumors of the lacrimal sac presenting as lacrimal obstruction. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study was conducted between the years 2007 to 2012 on all patients undergoing surgery for low lacrimal obstruction at Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes Hospital, an Association for the prevention of blindness in Mexico IAP. RESULTS: Primary tumors of the lacrimal sac represented 2.5% of all lacrimal obstructions, being more common in women than in men (8:1). The large majority (89%) of the cases were non-epithelial, with lymphoid lesions being the most frequent. Benign tumors were presented at a younger age (50 years old) than malignant (70 years old). One-third (33%) of cases were unexpected findings during surgery (100% benign). Just over half (55%) were malignant tumors (1.4% of obstructions), all of them lymphoproliferative lesions. The most frequent clinical tumor was in the inner edge, either with or without epiphora. The progression time varied according to the degree of aggressiveness of the lymphoma (3 months-10 years). CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal sac tumors are rare, but they must be taken into account in patients with an unusual clinical presentation of lacrimal obstruction.

Orbital pulsatile metastasis as initial presenting sign of metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma.

CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 56 year-old male with a pulsating lesion in the temporal region of the left orbit as presenting sign of a renal cell carcinoma. A review is also presented of all cases of orbital metastases diagnosed in our hospital between 1957 and 2012. DISCUSSION: Carcinoma is the most common malignancy involving the kidney but, only rarely does it metastasize to the orbit. As these tumors can be confused with other amelanotic or vascular tumors, a high index of suspicion is required for early detection and management of the primary tumor.

Mikulicz's disease. A case report.

CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 48 year-old male with bilateral involvement of the salivary and lacrimal glands, which was diagnosed as Mikulicz's disease by incisional biopsy of the affected lacrimal glands, which was completely resolved after corticosteroid treatment. DISCUSSION: Sclerosing sialadenitis and/or dacryoadenitis are chronic inflammatory diseases that are currently classified into IgG4-related diseases. Specifically, Mikulicz's disease is defined by a persistent and symmetrical swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands together with elevated serum concentration of IgG4 and tissue infiltration by IgG4 (+) plasma cells.

Historia natural de la hernia de disco lumbar. ¿Tiene el realce con gadolinio valor pronóstico? / Natural history of lumbar disc hernias: does gadolinium enhancement have any prognostic value?

Objetivos. Evaluar qué porcentaje de hernias de disco desaparece tras un año de seguimiento y a qué ritmo; valorar si el uso del realce con gadolinio en RM tiene valor predictivo de la desaparición de la hernia; y estudiar si el patrón del realce ayuda a predecir la desaparición del fragmento. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron en este estudio prospectivo 118 pacientes con clínica de lumbociática aguda y que presentaban una hernia de disco diagnosticada mediante TC. A 72 pacientes se les realizó una RM con gadolinio cada 6 meses hasta el año o hasta que la hernia de disco desaparecía, y se relacionó la presencia de protrusión, extrusión y el patrón de realce con la desaparición o persistencia del material discal. Se realizó un estudio estadístico univariable y multivariable. Resultados. Un 59% de las hernias de disco desaparecieron tras un año de seguimiento, y de ellas el 66% lo hicieron en los primeros 8 meses. Un 83% de las hernias extruidas desaparecieron, y este dato tiene significación estadística en el análisis multivariable (p < 0,005). La ausencia de realce tiene asociación con la persistencia de la hernia, con significación estadística en el análisis univariable. El patrón de realce no ayuda a predecir la desaparición de la hernia. Hubo 5 hernias que desaparecieron muy pronto, dentro de los primeros 2 meses. Conclusiones. Un alto porcentaje de hernias de disco desaparecen, se ha encontrado la asociación estadísticamente significativa entre extrusión y desaparición, y falta de correlación entre el patrón de captación de gadolinio y la desaparición de la hernia(AU)

Objectives. To evaluate the percentage of disc hernias that have disappeared after one year of follow-up and the time to disappearance. To determine whether gadolinium enhancement is useful for predicting whether the hernia will disappear. To analyze whether the pattern of enhancement can help predict whether the fragment will disappear. Material and methods. This prospective study included 118 patients with acute symptoms of lumbosciatica and a herniated disc diagnosed by CT. In 72 patients, we performed gadolinium-enhanced MRI every 6 months for one year or until the herniation disappeared; we related the findings of protrusion, extrusion, and the enhancement pattern with the disappearance or persistence of herniated disc material. We analyzed the results with univariate and multivariate statistics. Results. The 59% of the hernias disappeared within 1 year of follow-up and 66% disappeared within the first 8 months of follow-up. The 83% of the extruded hernias disappeared, and this was significant in the multivariate analysis (P<.005). The absence of enhancement was significantly associated with the persistence of the hernia in the univariate analysis. The enhancement pattern was not useful for predicting whether the hernia would disappear. Five hernias disappeared within the first two months. Conclusions. A high percentage of disc hernias disappear. We found a significant association between extrusion and disappearance but no correlation between the pattern of gadolinium uptake and the disappearance of the herni(AU)

Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a tertiary care hospital in Mexico over the past 13 years.

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii has evolved from an opportunistic pathogen into a common and persistent nosocomial bacterium capable of causing severe infections during endemic and epidemic periods. METHODS: The study period extended from January 1999 to December 2011 and involved patients hospitalized at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Jalisco, Mexico. From each patient, a single isolate was obtained, and a total of 3,680 unique isolates were collected. Susceptibility tests were performed according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS: A. baumannii has disseminated throughout the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, since 1999. A. baumannii isolates obtained from patients treated in the adult intensive care unit represent the majority of the isolates that have been collected. In addition, A. baumannii was isolated from the adult neurosurgical ward and the adult internal medicine ward, and these isolates were frequently obtained from secretions. A persistent decrease in the susceptibility of A. baumannii isolates to meropenem (92% in 1999 to 12% in 2011), imipenem and amikacin has been observed. CONCLUSIONS: A. baumannii became an endemic nosocomial pathogen during the study period at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, and has exhibited a persistent decrease in susceptibility to all categories of antimicrobial agents over the past 13 years.

[Natural history of lumbar disc hernias: does gadolinium enhancement have any prognostic value?]. / Historia natural de la hernia de disco lumbar. ¿Tiene el realce con gadolinio valor pronóstico?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the percentage of disc hernias that have disappeared after one year of follow-up and the time to disappearance. To determine whether gadolinium enhancement is useful for predicting whether the hernia will disappear. To analyze whether the pattern of enhancement can help predict whether the fragment will disappear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 118 patients with acute symptoms of lumbosciatica and a herniated disc diagnosed by CT. In 72 patients, we performed gadolinium-enhanced MRI every 6 months for one year or until the herniation disappeared; we related the findings of protrusion, extrusion, and the enhancement pattern with the disappearance or persistence of herniated disc material. We analyzed the results with univariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: The 59% of the hernias disappeared within 1 year of follow-up and 66% disappeared within the first 8 months of follow-up. The 83% of the extruded hernias disappeared, and this was significant in the multivariate analysis (P<.005). The absence of enhancement was significantly associated with the persistence of the hernia in the univariate analysis. The enhancement pattern was not useful for predicting whether the hernia would disappear. Five hernias disappeared within the first two months. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of disc hernias disappear. We found a significant association between extrusion and disappearance but no correlation between the pattern of gadolinium uptake and the disappearance of the hernia.

Extensive nonhomologous meiotic synapsis between normal chromosome axes of an rcp(3;6)(p14;q21) translocation in a hairless Mexican boar.

Due to its low fertility, expressed as small litter size, a Mexican hairless boar was subjected to cytogenetic investigation. Analysis of G-banded mitotic chromosomes revealed a reciprocal chromosome translocation, rcp(3;6) (p14;q21). Synaptonemal complex analysis showed a regular pairing behavior of the translocation chromosome axes, always resulting in a quadrivalent configuration. However, due to extensive nonhomologous pairing between the axes of nonderivative chromosomes 3 and 6, the quadrivalent mostly had an asymmetrical cross-shaped morphology. The nonhomologous pairing occurred not only at mid and late pachytene, but also at the earliest stage of pachytene. It seems that early pachytene heterosynapsis is a common phenomenon in the pairing behavior of pig reciprocal translocations. Therefore, heterosynapsis may reduce apoptosis of germ cells due to partial absence of homologous synapsis during the pairing phase of meiosis. The frequency of spermatocytes showing quadrivalent configurations with unpaired axial segments apparently did not affect germ cell progression in the boar, since fairly normal testicular histology was noticed.

Mexican anthropometric percentiles for ages 10-18.

OBJECTIVE: To elaborate Mexican growth charts based on international methodology. DESIGN: Data were obtained from the Mexican National Health Survey. The survey was stratified and probabilistic representative of all the country. SETTING: Nationwide open population living in urban and rural areas. SUBJECTS: Boys (8545) and girls (9983) from 10 to 18 years participating in the survey. METHODS: Age, weight and height were recorded. Empirical percentiles were calculated and smoothed. Smoothed curves were approximated using least-mean square estimation. RESULTS: Tables and figures for percentile values of weight, height and body mass index (BMI) for age, as well as percentile values of weight and BMI for height for both genders are presented. Regarding 50th BMI for age percentiles, Mexicans had higher levels than the Americans in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts; Mexicans were lower but had similar weights than the Americans. Owing to the high BMI, the percentile corresponding to an overweight level (25 kg/m(2)) at 18 years was 74.5 in boys and 72.5 in girls, whereas obesity level (30 kg/m(2)) at 18 years was 97.3 and 97.4 in boys and girls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present growth charts are snapshots of a Mexican population. Because of the high median BMI compared to US and World Health Organization standards, we must be cautious in establishing an upper normal cutoff for clinical normality, not merely selecting the 85th and 95th percentiles as equivalents of overweight and obesity, respectively. Therefore, we proposed percentiles 74.5 in boys and 72.5 in girls as the action points of overweight as they are the percentiles corresponding to BMI 25 kg/m(2) at 18 years. SPONSORSHIP: The survey was supported by the Mexican Minister of Health. Statistical analyses were sponsored by Dr Del-Rio-Navarro.

[Function vocal examination and acoustic analysis of 905 teaching staff of La Rioja, Spain]. / Examen de la función vocal y análisis acústico de 905 docentes de La Rioja.

OBJECTIVE: Examination of the vocal function and acoustic analysis in 905 teachers in La Rioja. DESIGN: A case control study: 576 cases and 329 controls. PATIENTS: 905 teaching staff of La Rioja: 589 female and 316 male. METHODS: All teachers filled in a standard questionnaire, ENT and vocal function examination, videolaryngostroboscopy and acoustic analysis with MDVP. RESULTS: The prevalence of voice disorders among teaching staff was 57%. The most prevalent lesions were: vocal overeffors (18%) nodular lesions (14%) and hyperfunctional dysphonia (8%). The prevalence of vocal symtoms was 79%. A pathological vocal function was found more frequent among dysphonic teachers than among normals. Frequency perturbations and amplitude perturbations were bigger among dysphonic teachers than among normals. Poor correlations were found between algorithms of acoustic análisis with MDVP and perceptual evaluation GRBAS. CONCLUSIONS: It is advisable to carry out a yearly clinical evaluation of all teaching staff because of the high prevalence of voice disorders among them.

Examen de la función vocal y análisis acústico de 905 docentes de La Rioja / Function vocal examination and acoustic analisys of 905 teaching staff of La Rioja. Spain

Objetivo: Examen de la función vocal y análisis acústico de 905 docentes. Diseño: Estudio de 576 casos y 329 controles. Pacientes: 905 docentes de La Rioja: 589 mujeres y 316 hombres. Método: Cuestionario estandarizado, examen ORL y de la función vocal, vídeolaringoestroboscopia y análisis acústico de la voz con MDVP. Resultados: La prevalencia de los trastornos de la voz en el personal docente de La Rioja fue de un 57%. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron: la sobrecarga vocal (18%) las lesiones nodulares (14%) y la disfonía hiperfuncional (8%). El examen funcional de la voz fue más patológico en los docentes disfónicos que en los docentes normales. Las perturbaciones de la frecuencia y de la amplitud eran mayores en los docentes disfónicos que en los docentes normales. Escasa relación entre los algoritmos del análisis de la voz MDVP y la valoración subjetiva de la voz GBRAS. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de la patología vocal en el personal docente aconseja realizar una revisión anual de todos los docentes

Objective: Examination of the vocal function and acoustic analysis in 905 teachers in La Rioja. Design: A case control study: 576 cases and 329 controls. Patients: 905 teaching staff of La Rioja: 589 female and 316 male. Methods: All teachers filled in a standard questionnaire, ENT and vocal function examination, videolaryngostroboscopy and acoustic analysis with MDVP. Results: The prevalence of voice disorders among teaching staff was 57%. The most prevalent lesions were: vocal overeffors (18%) nodular lesions (14%) and hyperfunctional dysphonia (8%). The prevalence of vocal symtoms was 79%. A pathological vocal function was found more frequent among dysphonic teachers than among normals. Frequency perturbations and amplitude perturbations were bigger among dysphonic teachers than among normals. Poor correlations were found between algorithms of acoustic análisis with MDVP and perceptual evaluation GRBAS. Conclusions: It is advisable to carry out a yearly clinical evaluation of all teaching staff because of the high prevalence of voice disorders among them

[Prevalence and incidence studies of voice disorders among teaching staff of La Rioja, Spain. Clinical study: questionnaire, function vocal examination, acoustic analysis and videolaryngostroboscopy]. / Incidencia y prevalencia de los trastornos de la voz en el personal docente de La Rioja. Estudio clínico: cuestionario, examen de la función vocal, análisis acústico y vídeolaringoestroboscopia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was calculate the prevalence and incidence of voice disorders among teaching staff of La Rioja, Spain. DESIGN: We carried out a transversal study of voice disorders in teaching staff of La Rioja (a random sample of 931 of 3113 teachers) and a longitudinal study (we collect the new cases during the 3 years which lasts the study). PATIENTS: 527 teachers of random sample took part of study: 332 female (63%) and 195 male (37%). METHODS: All of teachers fill in a standard questionnaire, ENT and function vocal examination, videolaryngostroboscopy and acoustic analysis with MDVP. RESULTS: The prevalence of voice disorders among La Rioja Teachers was 57%: 20.3% for organic lesions [nodular lesions (14%), polyps (2%), submucous suffusions (1.4%), edema Reinke (1.2%) Sulcus (0.4%), scalp (0.6%), leucoplasia (0.2%) vocal cord paralysis (0.2%)] 8.1% for chronic laryngitis [not specific (2.8%), smoke (3.9%) gastroe-sofageal reflux (2.5%)] and 29% for functional lesions [hyperfunctional dysphonia (7.5%) hypofunctional dysphonia (0.4%) vocal overefforts (18%) hyperplasia false cords (2.8)]. The incidence rate was 4 new cases each 1000 teachers and year. CONCLUSIONS: Organic lesions were more prevalent in women (25.4%) than in men (9.5%), but functional lesions and chronic laryngitis were more prevalent in men (36.5% and 13.2%) than in women (24% and 5%).

[Frequency and risk factors of voice disorders among teaching staff of La Rioja, Spain. Clinical study: questionnaire, function vocal examination, acoustic analysis and videolaryngostroboscopy]. / Frecuencia y factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la voz en el personal docente de La Rioja. Estudio transversal de 527 docentes: cuestionario, examen de la función vocal, análisis acústico y vídeolaringoestroscopia.

OBJECTIVE: To the analyse the risk factors of voice disorders among teaching staff of La Rioja, Spain. DESIGN: We carried out a transversal study of voice disorders in teaching staff of La Rioja (a random sample of 931 of 3.113 teachers). PATIENTS: 527 teachers of random sample took part of study: 332 female (63%) and 195 male (37%). METHODS: All teachers filled in a standard questionnaire and posteriorly they underwent an, ENT and functional vocal cord examination, videolaryngostroboscopy and acoustic analysis with MDVP. RESULTS: The prevalence of voice disorders among La Rioja Teachers was 57%: 20% for organic lesions, 8% for chronic laryngitis and 29% for functional disorders. Women compared with men did not have a higher prevalence of voice disorders (p > 0.05) (OR: 1.138). Professional and personal factors as well as classroom atmosphere were studied. The most relevant factors in the pathological group were previous vocal pathology, laryngeal surgery, gastroesophageal reflux and, classroom dryness and smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: The most relevant factor of voice disorders in teaching professional is the vocal overwork during their job. It is advisable to carry out a clinical evaluation of all the future teachers in their educational programs.