Changes in Compliance With Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality.

BACKGROUND: The effects of compliance with the US Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines and changes in compliance over time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are unknown. METHODS: Male participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 15,411; 18-100 y) reported leisure-time PA between 1970 and 2002. The frequency of and time spent in PA were converted into metabolic equivalent minutes per week. The participants were classified into remained inactive, became active, became inactive, or remained active groups according to their achievement of the PA guidelines along the follow-up, equivalent here to at least 500 metabolic equivalent minutes of PA per week. Cox regression adjusted for different models was used for the analyses, using age, body mass index, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of CVD. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 439 CVD deaths occurred. Consistently meeting the PA guidelines, compared with not meeting, was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.67) decreased risk of CVD mortality. After controlling for all potential confounders, the risk reduction was 47% (95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining adherence to the PA guidelines produces substantial reductions in the risk of CVD deaths in men. Furthermore, discontinuing compliance with the guidelines may offset the beneficial effects on longevity.

Phase Angle is Moderately Associated with Short-term Maximal Intensity Efforts in Soccer Players.

This study examined the relationship between PhA and short-term maximal intensity efforts in soccer players, and was conducted in 99 male soccer players, ages 19-36 years. Bioelectrical impedance was used to assess body fat, fat free mass (FFM) and PhA (phase angle). Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was used to evaluate physical performance. Food consumption was assessed through the 24-hour dietary recall method. Pearson correlation and multiple regressions were used for statistical analysis. Phase angle exhibited a positive relationship with maximum power (ß=0.66; P<0.001), even after adjustment for the co-variables FFM and body fat (ß=0.52; P=0.02). Phase angle was inversely related with fatigue index (ß=- 0.61; P=0.04), even after adjusting for FFM (ß=- 0.70; P=0.020). Our results indicated that independently of FFM and body fat, PhA was inversely associated with fatigue index and positively related with maximum power, revealing the PhA appeared as a valid predictor of fatigue.

Application of the Rosetta Stone to understand how much MVPA preschoolers accumulate: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This study illustrates the utility of the Rosetta Stone equations for comparing estimates of preschool-age children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across studies utilizing different cutpoints. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A search of online databases was conducted to identify studies that reported daily minutes of MVPA in preschoolers using the cutpoints from which Rosetta Stone equations have been developed. Mean MVPA minday-1 from each study and the transformed estimate using the Rosetta Stone equations were compared across 7 sets of cutpoints. The weighted mean was used to calculate absolute differences between the MVPA estimates of studies using the same cutpoints (e.g all studies that have used Pate cutpoint), and from all of the remaining studies using different cutpoints (e.g., all remaining studies that have not used Pate cutpoint), before and after the Rosetta Stone transformation. RESULTS: A total of 33 manuscripts met the eligibility criteria and reported MVPA for 12,178 preschoolers (50% girls). The mean MVPA for the total sample ranged from 21.1 (Puyau cutpoint) to 288.6 (Freedson cutpoints) minday-1. The difference between studies using the same cutpoint and estimates from remaining studies using different cutpoints was 82.4 and 80.0minday-1 for boys and girls, respectively. These differences were reduced to approximately 14minday-1 for boys and girls, after Rosetta Stone transformations. CONCLUSIONS: The Rosetta Stone equations substantially reduced the differences across studies that utilize different cutpoints and improved the ability to interpret findings across studies. Future equations should be developed for sedentary and total physical activity, as well as, comparisons across different devices and placements.

Estimativa do equivalente metabólico (MET) de um protocolo de exercícios físicos baseada na calorimetria indireta / Estimation of metabolic equivalent (MET) of an exercise protocol based on indirect calorimetry

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o gasto energético (GE) em termos de gasto calórico e equivalente metabólico (MET) de duas sessões de um protocolo de exercício. MÉTODOS: Quinze indivíduos adultos (51,0 ± 5,5 anos) realizaram as sessões de exercício (80min), compostas por (aquecimento, caminhada e flexibilidade; Sessão A) e (aquecimento, caminhada e resistência muscular local; Sessão B). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi medida durante cada parte da sessão. Em laboratório, foram medidos, em dias diferentes, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), durante repouso e exercício (usando a FC média obtida nas aulas), por calorimetria indireta. O MET dos exercícios foi obtido dividindo VO2 em exercício (mL.kg-¹. min-¹) pelo VO2 em repouso (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). O GE dos exercícios foi calculado por: MET x Peso (kg) x Tempo (min)/60. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA com teste post hoc de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: Um MET para este grupo foi de 2,7 ± 0.1mL.kg ¹. min-¹. O valor médio de MET nos exercícios foi de 4,7 ± 0,8 (aquecimento), 5,8 ± 0,9 (caminhada) e 3,6 ± 0,7 (flexibilidade) na sessão A, e 4,6 ± 1,2 (aquecimento), 5,6 ± 1,0 (caminhada) e 4,8 ± 1,0 (resistência muscular localizada) na sessão B. O custo de energia foi similar entre as sessões (A: 398 ± 86,7 kcal e B: 404 ± 45 kcal; p > 0,05). Nenhuma atividade foi classificada como vigorosa (> 7 METs). Não houve diferença no VO2 entre caminhada (15,6 ± 2,8 ou 15,4 ± 2,6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) e resistência muscular localizada (13,2 ± 2,9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) embora ambos tenham sido superiores (p > 0,05) aos exercícios de flexibilidade (10,1 ± 2,2 mL.kg-¹. min-¹). CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo proposto atinge a atividade física necessária para adultos saudáveis, para melhorar e manter a saúde, por sua estrutura, intensidade moderada, duração, frequência e gasto calórico.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the energy expenditure (EE) in terms of caloric cost and metabolic equivalents (METs) of two sessions of an exercise protocol. METHODS: Fifteen subjects (51.0 ± 5.5 years) performed the exercise sessions (80min), composed of warm-up, walking and flexibility exercises (Session A) and warm-up, walking and local muscular endurance exercises (Session B). Heart hate (HR) was measured during each part of the sessions. In laboratory environment, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and oxygen uptake at rest and exercise conditions (using mean HR obtained in classes) were measured on different days, using indirect calorimetry. Exercise METs were obtained by dividing VO2 in exercise (mL.kg-¹.min-¹) by VO2 at rest (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). The EE of the exercises was calculated by the formula: MET x Weight (kg) x Time (min)/60. The results were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: One MET for this group was 2.7 ± 0.1mL.kg-¹.min-¹. The METs means in the exercises were 4.7 ± 0.8 (warm-up); 5.8 ± 0.9 (walking) and 3.6 ± 0.7 (flexibility) in session A, and 4.6 ± 1.2 (warm-up); 5.6 ± 1.0 (walking) and 4.8 ± 1.0 (local muscular endurance exercises) in Session B. The training sessions showed similar energy cost (A: 398 ± 86.72 kcal and B: 404 ± 38.85 kcal; p > 0.05). None of the activities were classified as having vigorous intensity (> 7 METs). There were no differences in VO2 between walking (15.6 ± 2.8 or 15.4 ± 2.6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) and local muscular endurance exercises (13.2 ± 2.9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹), although both were higher (p > 0.05) than flexibility exercises (10.1 ± 2.2 mL.kg-¹.min-¹). CONCLUSION: The proposed protocol achieves the physical activity needed by healthy adults to improve and maintain health, by their structure, moderate intensity, duration, frequency and caloric expenditure.

Efeito do protocolo de mudança do estilo de vida sobre a aptidão física de adultos participantes de projeto de extensão universitária: influência da composição corporal / Effect of lyfestile modification program on physical fitness: influences of body composition

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercícios físicos supervisionados sobre os componentes da aptidão física de adultos e verificar a influência da variação da composição corporal nestes resultados. Participaram do estudo 45 homens e 64 mulheres, divididos de acordo com a freqüência ao protocolo: < 3x/ semana (G1) e > 3x/semana (G2). Foram avaliados Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), percentual de gordura (%G) e massa muscular (MM) e realizados testes motores para avaliação do VO2máx, força de membros inferiores (FMI), de preensão manual (FMS), equilíbrio e flexibilidade. O protocolo de exercícios teve duração de seis meses, envolveu exercícios aeróbios, de resistência muscular localizada, equilíbrio e flexibilidade em 5 sessões semanais, com duração de 80 minutos/sessão. O programa de exercícios não exerceu efeitos significativos para IMC, CA, %G, MM e equilíbrio. Não foram observadas variações significativas no VO2máx, no G2 em ambos os sexos, embora o sexo feminino tenha apresentado tendência a aumento. Houve melhora significativa na FMI após 3 e 6 meses do programa para os dois grupos e sexos. A FMS melhorou apenas no G2 após 3 meses de programa, no sexo feminino. Após 3 e 6 meses, as mulheres do G2 apresentaram valores superiores para flexibilidade, embora melhoras significativas ocorreram após 6 meses do programa apenas no G1. Conclui-se que o programa foi eficiente no aumento da FMI, provavelmente por envolver caminhadas e exercícios na posição ortostática e que a freqüência ao programa foi determinante para a melhora da FMS (entre as mulheres) sendo que o estado inicial determinou o aumento da flexibilidade.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise program on physical fitness in healthy adults and the influence of body composition on this results. Fifty five men and sixty four women subdivided according frequency to the program: <3 days/week (G1) and ³3 days/week (G2) were selected to the study. We assessed body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (%fat), muscle mass (MM), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx.), strength of lower limbs (SLL) and upper limbs (SUL), balance (B) and flexibility (FLEX). The program consisted of aerobic, localized muscular endurance, balance and flexibility exercises, performed 5 days/week, 80 minutes/session, during six months. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in BMI, WC, %fat, MM and balance after exercise program. In G2, the exercise program not produced significant increase in VO2máx., although women had show a trend toward to increase. There was significant increase on SLL after tree and six months, in both groups and gender, whereas SUL increased only in women of G2 of after 3 months. After 3 and 6 months of exercise program the women of G2 was significantly better for flexibility although significant improved occurred only in G2 after 6 months. In conclusion, the training program produced significant increases in SLL, probably by walking and other exercises in orthostatic position with the frequency to the program determining the improvement of SUL (among women), being the basal levels determinants of better results for the in flexibility.

Declínio do consumo maximo de oxigênio em função da idade em indivíduos adultos do sexomasculino submetidos ao teste ergoespirométrico / Age – associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in adults men determined from ergoespirometry test

O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar o declínio do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) em função das variações da idade e do peso corporal. Fizeram parte da amostra 119 indivíduos do sexo masculino, divididos em cinco grupos etários: G1 (20-29 anos, N=28), G2 (30-39 anos, N=32), G3 (40-49 anos, N=25), G4 (50-59 anos, N=27), G5 (60-69 anos, N=7). Todos foram submetidos à teste máximo realizado em esteira ergométrica e a determinação do índice de massa corpórea. A análise estatística utilizada para comparação entre os diferentes grupos etários foi a análise de variância “One-Way” e o teste de “post-hoc” de Scheffe para a localização da diferença entre os grupos, quando constatada. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Os valores mostraram que o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) não apresentou variação significativa entre os grupos (P<0,05), o que poderia descartar possíveis interferências das características físicas sobre os resultados. Houve queda de aproximadamente 10% no VO2max por década estudada sendo que a diferenciação estatística ocorreu de G1 até G3 (40-49 anos) estabilizando – se a seguir. Conclui-se que, as principais variações de aerobiose são mais perceptíveis antes da 5ª década de vida, quando o organismo estaria mais susceptível aos exercícios de condicionamento aeróbio.

The purpose of the study was to assess the age–associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2máx) related to body composition. There were an assessment of 119 males divided in five age-groups G1 (20 – 29 years, N=28), G2 (30 – 39 years, N=32), G3 (40 – 49 years, N=25), G4 (50 – 59 years, N=27), G5 (60 – 69 years, N=7). VO2máx were determined from a maximal exercise test on ergometric treadmill along with the body mass index (BMI) calculation. One–way ANOVA was used to determine differences among groups. When significance was indicated, the Scheffe method for multiple comparisons was used to detect differentiation among the means (p<0.05). The results showed no differences between groups for BMI whereas VO2max declined nearly 10% each decade statistically significant from G1 to G3, when reached the plateau. We concluded that the declining of cardiorespiratory fitness are more pronounced before the 5th decade, when the body would be more prone to respond to endurance exercises.