Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes in the health region of Lleida: a retrospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a very common metabolic condition during pregnancy. The number of cases increases with age and obesity. The prevalence of pre-gestational diabetes and gestational diabetes (GD) differs between different ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse the prevalence of pre-gestational diabetes and GD in the health region of Lleida. We also studied the GD risk factors during pregnancy according to the country of origin of the pregnant woman. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study among pregnant women between 2012 and 2018 in the health region of Lleida. A multivariate model was performed with the different variables analysed by calculating the regression coefficient and its 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: In our sample of 17,177 pregnant women, we observed a prevalence of pre-gestational diabetes and GD of 8.2% and 6.5%, respectively. We found a relationship of gestational diabetes with different factors: age, with 6.8% in 30-34 year-old women and 11.3% in women over 35 (OR 1.78 and 3.29, respectively); overweight, with 8.29% (OR 1.89); and obesity, with 12.9% (OR 3.15). Finally, women from Asia and the Middle East and the Maghreb had a higher risk of diabetes, with 12.2% (OR 2.1) and 9.91% (OR 1.3), respectively, and Sub-Saharan women had a lower risk of it 6.07% (OR 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: GD has different risk factors, such as age, overweight, and obesity. Non-related conditions include hypothyroidism, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. Finally, pregnant women from the Maghreb, and Asia and the Middle East, are at higher risk of developing diabetes during pregnancy; meanwhile, Sub-Saharan origin is protector factor.

Sex differences on anxiety and depression in older adults and their relationship with cognitive impairment / Diferencias por sexo en ansiedad y depresión en personas adultas mayores y su relación con el deterioro cognitivo

Introduction Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) in elderly adults could express cognitive decline in the future. A consensus has been reached about how these SMC relate to mood variables, but further research is required to determine which socio-demographic, cognitive, functional and occupational factors will act as predictors in elderly adults. Objetivo To analyze, through a descriptive observational study, the relationship between anxiety/depression and sex, age and occupation, with cognitive/functional performance in 367 older adults with SMC, but without objective cognitive impairment in a primary healthcare center. Methods The cognitive variables were measured by applying the Spanish version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) and Set-test for verbal fluency. To measure functional level, the Barthel index and Lawton and Brody scales were employed. Physical occupational status and mental occupational status were measured based on three levels, low, medium and high, according to the American Occupational Therapy Association. Results Low educational and occupational physical and mental levels were related to anxiety and depression. In addition, differences by sex were found on anxiety and depression related to different factors. In men, anxiety was related to higher cognitive level, and in women to higher functional performance in IADLs. On the contrary, depression in men was related to lower cognitive level and higher performance in ADLs. Conclusions It is important to maintain a sex-gender perspective on the study of anxiety and depression in elderly, taking into account social roles and the traints of the work environment, in order to avoid cognitive and functional impairment (AU)

Introducción Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (SMC) en adultos mayores podrían expresar un daño cognitivo en el futuro. Existe consenso sobre la relación de estas SMC con variables del estado de ánimo pero se necesita más investigación para determinar qué factores sociodemográficos, cognitivos, funcionales y ocupacionales serían los predictores en los adultos mayores. Objetivo Analizar la relación entre ansiedad y depresión con el sexo, edad y ocupación, así como con el desempeño cognitivo y funcional en 367 adultos mayores con SMC en un centro de atención primaria. Métodos Las variables cognitivas se midieron mediante la version Española del Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) y Set-Test para la fluidez verbal. Para medir el nivel funcional se utilizaron el índice de Barthel y la escala de Lawton y Brody. El estado ocupacional físico y mental fueron medidos en base a tres niveles (bajo, medio y alto) según la American Occupational Therapy Association. Resultados Los niveles educativos y ocupacionales físicos y mentales bajos se relacionaron con ansiedad y depresión. Además, se encuentran diferencias por sexo en los factores relacionados con la ansiedad y depresión. En los hombres, la ansiedad se relacionó con un mayor nivel cognitivo y en las mujeres con mayor desempeño funcional en las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). Por el contrario, la depresión en los hombres se relacionó con menor nivel cognitivo y un mayor desempeño en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD). Conclusiones Es importante mantener la perspectiva sexo-género en el análisis de la ansiedad y depresión en personas mayores, teniendo presentes los roles sociales y características del entorno laboral, para evitar el deterioro cognitivo y funcional (AU)

Sex differences on anxiety and depression in older adults and their relationship with cognitive impairment.

INTRODUCTION: Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) in elderly adults could express cognitive decline in the future. A consensus has been reached about how these SMC relate to mood variables, but further research is required to determine which socio-demographic, cognitive, functional and occupational factors will act as predictors in elderly adults. OBJETIVE: To analyze, through a descriptive observational study, the relationship between anxiety/depression and sex, age and occupation, with cognitive/functional performance in 367 older adults with SMC, but without objective cognitive impairment in a primary healthcare center. METHODS: The cognitive variables were measured by applying the Spanish version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) and Set-test for verbal fluency. To measure functional level, the Barthel index and Lawton and Brody scales were employed. Physical occupational status and mental occupational status were measured based on three levels, low, medium and high, according to the American Occupational Therapy Association. RESULTS: Low educational and occupational physical and mental levels were related to anxiety and depression. In addition, differences by sex were found on anxiety and depression related to different factors. In men, anxiety was related to higher cognitive level, and in women to higher functional performance in IADLs. On the contrary, depression in men was related to lower cognitive level and higher performance in ADLs. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to maintain a sex-gender perspective on the study of anxiety and depression in elderly, taking into account social roles and the traints of the work environment, in order to avoid cognitive and functional impairment.

Coroidopatía punctata interna complicada con desprendimiento neurosensorial exudativo: respuesta favorable al tratamiento con corticoides y ranibizumab intravítreo / Punctate inner choroidopathy complicated with exudative neurosensory detachment: A favourable response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids and intravitreal ranibizumab

Caso clínico: La coroidopatía punctata interna (CPI) es una modalidad de coroiditis multifocal que suele afectar a mujeres jóvenes sanas. Describimos un caso de dicha entidad en una paciente que consultó por presentar un escotoma. Cuatro meses después de realizársele el diagnóstico de CPI, desarrolló un desprendimiento neurosensorial exudativo asociado a un foco activo de coroiditis yuxtafoveolar. Finalmente, con corticoides sistémicos y ranibizumab intravítreo presentó una buena evolución. Discusión: Ranibizumab intravítreo, junto con corticosteroides sistémicos, puede ser un tratamiento efectivo para casos de desprendimiento neurosensorial exudativo que se presentan como complicación de la CPI (AU)

Case report: Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) is a variant of multifocal choroiditis that principally affects young and healthy women. A case of this condition is described in a woman who presented with a scotoma as the main complaint. Four months after the diagnosis of PIC, she developed an exudative neurosensory detachment associated with an active focus of juxtafoveal choroiditis. Finally, with systemic corticosteroids and intravitreal ranibizumab, she made excellent progress. Discussion: Intravitreal ranibizumab, associated with systemic corticosteroids, may be an effective treatment for exudative neurosensory detachment complicating PIC (AU)

Punctate inner choroidopathy complicated with exudative neurosensory detachment: A favourable response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids and intravitreal ranibizumab. / Coroidopatía punctata interna complicada con desprendimiento neurosensorial exudativo: respuesta favorable al tratamiento con corticoides y ranibizumab intravítreo.

CASE REPORT: Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) is a variant of multifocal choroiditis that principally affects young and healthy women. A case of this condition is described in a woman who presented with a scotoma as the main complaint. Four months after the diagnosis of PIC, she developed an exudative neurosensory detachment associated with an active focus of juxtafoveal choroiditis. Finally, with systemic corticosteroids and intravitreal ranibizumab, she made excellent progress. DISCUSSION: Intravitreal ranibizumab, associated with systemic corticosteroids, may be an effective treatment for exudative neurosensory detachment complicating PIC.

Reference curves for CD4 T-cell count response to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to provide a reference for the CD4 T-cell count response in the early months after the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-1-infected patients. METHODS: All patients in the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) cohort who were aged ≥ 18 years and started cART for the first time between 1 January 2005 and 1 January 2010 and who had at least one available measurement of CD4 count and a viral load ≤ 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL at 6 months (± 3 months) after cART initiation were included in the study. Unadjusted and adjusted references curves and predictions were obtained using quantile regressions. RESULTS: A total of 28 992 patients were included in the study. The median CD4 T-cell count at treatment initiation was 249 [interquartile range (IQR) 150, 336] cells/µL. The median observed CD4 counts at 6, 9 and 12 months were 382 (IQR 256, 515), 402 (IQR 274, 543) and 420 (IQR 293, 565) cells/µL. The two main factors explaining the variation of CD4 count at 6 months were AIDS stage and CD4 count at cART initiation. A CD4 count increase of ≥ 100 cells/mL is generally required in order that patients stay 'on track' (i.e. with a CD4 count at the same percentile as when they started), with slightly higher gains required for those starting with CD4 counts in the higher percentiles. Individual predictions adjusted for factors influencing CD4 count were more precise. CONCLUSIONS: Reference curves aid the evaluation of the immune response early after antiretroviral therapy initiation that leads to viral control.

Very low level viraemia and risk of virological failure in treated HIV-1-infected patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate whether very low level viraemia (VLLV) (20-50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) was associated with increased risk of virological failure (VF) as compared with persistent full suppression (< 20 copies/mL). METHODS: From the VACH Cohort database, we selected those patients who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) after January 1997 and who achieved effective viral suppression [two consecutive viral loads (VLs) < 50 copies/mL] followed by full suppression (at least one VL <20 copies/mL). We carried out survival analyses to investigate whether the occurrence of VLLV rather than maintaining full suppression at < 20 copies/mL was associated with virological failure (two consecutive VLs > 200 copies/mL or one VL > 200 copies/mL followed by a change of ART regimen, administrative censoring or loss to follow-up), adjusted for nadir CD4 cell count, sex, age, ethnicity, transmission group, type of ART and time on effective suppression at < 50 copies/mL. RESULTS: Of 21 480 patients who started ART, 13 674 (63.7%) achieved effective suppression at < 50 copies/mL, of whom 4289 (31.4%) further achieved full suppression at < 20 copies/mL after May 2009. A total of 2623 patients (61.1%) remained fully suppressed thereafter, while 1666 had one or more episodes of VL detection > 20 copies/mL (excluding virological failure). A total of 824 patients had VLLV after suppression at < 20 copies/mL. VLLV was not associated with virological failure as compared with persistent full suppression [hazard ratio (HR) 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-1.00], independently of the number of blips recorded (from one to 18). CONCLUSIONS: In our population of HIV-infected patients on ART who achieved viral suppression at < 20 copies/mL, the risk of virological failure was no different for patients who remained fully suppressed compared with those who experienced subsequent episodes of VLLV.

Acute prostatitis probably due to Listeria monocytogenes in an HIV-infected patient.

We report a unique case of acute bacterial prostatitis probably caused by Listeria monocytogenes in an HIV-infected patient. For the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a patient with this association. Our case illustrates the protean clinical presentations that L. monocytogenes infections may adopt, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Pandemic H1N1 influenza-associated myocarditis in a patient with Castleman's disease.

We report on a patient with longstanding multicentric Castleman's disease, hyaline-vascular type, who presented with nearly-fatal myocarditis associated with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection. This is the first case of such an association described in the literature.

Interobserver discrepancy in liver fibrosis using transient elastography.

Transient elastography is a useful method to assess liver fibrosis, but uncertainties still exist regarding reliability and reproducibility of the technique. We aimed to improve knowledge on interobserver variability with the procedure and tried to find factors associated with such variability. This was a cross-sectional study to compare the results of transient elastography performed by two different operators, one test made just after the other. We assessed both results with correlation tests and with repeated parametric or nonparametric tests, as needed. We also carried out a multivariate analysis to find factors associated with discrepancy in the results obtained by the two operators. We included a total of 333 pairs of transient elastography tests, belonging to 274 different patients. A total of 325 pairs of tests (97.6%) were valid. Results of the first and the second tests were, respectively, median (and interquartile range) of direct measurement 6.2 (4.6-10.6) and 6.0 (4.4-10.1) kPa (P = 0.012), and mean ± standard deviation of log(10) of direct measurement 0.892 ± 0.316 and 0.871 ± 0.324 (P = 0.001). In 87 pairs of tests (26.7%), a discrepancy of at least 2 kPa between both results was found, and in 15 pairs of tests (4.6%), a discrepancy of at least 10 kPa was found. Discordance of at least one stage between both measurements was noted in 74 pairs of tests (22.8%). An association was found between higher stiffness and discrepancy between both operators (P < 0.001). Although transient elastography is a very convenient test to assess liver fibrosis in clinical practice, interobserver discrepancy in results is common and represents a significant problem with the technique. Discrepant results are more common in patients with higher values of stiffness.

Morbilidad y costes en las tiroidectomías totales. Mejora del Valor del Proceso mediante el cambio de gestión / Morbidity and costs in complete thyroidectomies. Improvement in Value of the Process by a change in the management

Objetivos. 1) Presentar la morbilidad postoperatoria de las tiroidectomías totales y los resultados de su gestión clínica y costes obtenidos tras la cirugía. 2) Tras los cambios de gestión introducidos por la Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina (UCE), comparar en el Proceso de la tiroidectomía total, los resultados obtenidos en cuanto a morbilidad y costes. 3) Establecer si estos cambios mejoran el Valor del Proceso (relación beneficio/coste). Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohortes realizado en 529 tiroidectomías totales efectuadas entre 1998 y 2011. Presentamos sus características clinicopatológicas y comparamos los resultados clínicos y de gestión obtenidos tras la cirugía en 2 períodos de tiempo, 1998-2006 sin UCE (grupo 1, de 205 pacientes), y 2007-2011 con UCE (grupo 2, de 324 pacientes). Los resultados clínicos y el posible beneficio se valoraron mediante el estudio de la morbimortalidad (lesiones recurrenciales, hipocalcemia [<8 mgrs/dl], hematomas sofocantes y sangrado) y los de gestión por la valoración del tiempo de utilización de quirófano, de la estancia media y del coste total del Proceso. El estudio estadístico de comparación se hizo mediante la t de Student, para la comparación de medias y la Chi2 para comparar porcentajes aceptando como significativo p<0,05. Resultados. El porcentaje global de disfunciones recurrenciales transitorias (DRT) fue 6%. El de parálisis recurrenciales definitivas (PRD) de 1,5%. El de hipocalcemias, a las 24 horas, de 54,6%, al mes de 7%, a los 6 meses de 6,2% y el de hipoparatiroidismo definitivo de 1,3%. Se registraron 2,8% de hematomas sofocantes y 2% de secuelas. El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue de 98 minutos y la estancia media de 3,66 días. En la comparación de resultados de grupos, la UCE mejoró el índice de DRT en casi 7 puntos (10,2 vs 3,4%; p=0,002), el de PRD en 1,5 (2,4 vs 0,4%; p=0,3) hasta situarse por debajo del 1%, las cifras de sangrado a las 24 horas (53 vs 44 cc; p=0,002) y 48 horas (23 a 17 cc; p<0,001), la tasa de hematomas en otros 6 puntos (6,3 vs 0,6%; p<0,001), y la de hipocalcemias a las 24 horas (p=0,01). También mejoró la estancia media (4,79 vs 2,94 días; p<0,001), el tiempo de utilización de quirófanos (rebajado en 20 minutos/intervención; p<0,001), el coste total del Proceso, disminuyéndolo en más de 2.000€/Proceso (p<0,001), y produjo un ahorro total para el hospital, en el período de estudio, de 665.820€. Conclusiones. 1) Los resultados globales (morbilidad postoperatoria) de nuestras tiroidectomías totales se mantienen dentro de los estándares de calidad. 2) La especialización quirúrgica y los cambios introducidos por la UCE mejoraron los resultados clínicos (mayor beneficio) y los de gestión, acortando la estancia media, el tiempo de utilización del quirófano y disminuyendo los costes. 3) El cambio de gestión incrementó el Valor del Proceso(AU)

Objectives. 1) To present the postoperative morbidity of complete thyroidectomies and the results of their clinical management and costs obtained after surgery. 2) To compare the results obtained for the morbidity and costs in the complete thyroidectomy Process, after the management changes introduced by the Endocrine Surgical Unit (ESU). 3) To define whether these changes improve the Value (benefit/cost ratio) of the Process. Material and methods. Prospective study of cohorts conducted on 529 complete thyroidectomies performed between 1998 and 2011. We present their clinical-pathological characteristics and we compare the clinical and management results obtained after surgery in 2 time periods: 1998-2006 without ESU (group 1, 205 patients) and 2007-2011 with ESU (group 2, 324 patients). The clinical results and the possible benefits are assessed by studying the morbimortality (recurrent lesions, hypocalcaemia [<8mg/dl], suffocative haematomas and bleeding), and those of management, for the evaluation of the use of operating room time, the average stay and the total cost of the Process. The statistical comparison study was made using Student t test, for the comparison of means and the Chi2 to compare percentages, accepting P<.05 as significant. Results. The global percentage of transient recurrent dysfunctions (TRD) was 6%, and for definitive recurrent paralysis (DRP) it was 1.5%. Hypocalcaemia, at 24hours was 54.6%, at one month 7%, at six months 6.2% and that of definitive hypoparathyroidism 1.3%. There were 2.8% of suffocative haematomas and 2% adverse effects. The mean surgical time was 98minutes, and the average stay was 3.66 days. In the comparison of results of the groups, the ESU improved the TRD index by nearly 7 points (10.2 vs. 3.4%, P=.002), that of DRP by 1.5 (2.4 vs. 0.4%; P=.3) until reaching under 1%. The figures on bleeding at 24hours (53 vs. 44 cc; P=.002) and 48hours (23 to 17 cc; P<.001), the rate of haematomas by another 6 points (6.3 vs. 0.6%; P<.001), and that of hypocalcaemia at 24hours (P=.01). The average stay also improved (4.79 vs. 2.94 days; P<.001), the use of operating room time (reduced by 20minutes/operation; P<.001), the total cost of the Process, decreasing by more than € 2,000/Process (P<.001), and produced a total savings for the hospital in the period of study of € 665,820. Conclusions. 1) The global results (post-operative morbidity) of our total thyroidectomies are within the quality standards. 2) The surgical specialisation and the changes introduced by the ESU improved the clinical results (greater benefit) and those of management, cutting down the average stay and the operating room usage time and decreasing costs. 3) The change in management increased the Value of the Process(AU)

[Morbidity and costs in complete thyroidectomies. Improvement in Value of the Process by a change in the management]. / Morbilidad y costes en las tiroidectomías totales. Mejora del Valor del Proceso mediante el cambio de gestión.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To present the postoperative morbidity of complete thyroidectomies and the results of their clinical management and costs obtained after surgery. 2) To compare the results obtained for the morbidity and costs in the complete thyroidectomy Process, after the management changes introduced by the Endocrine Surgical Unit (ESU). 3) To define whether these changes improve the Value (benefit/cost ratio) of the Process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of cohorts conducted on 529 complete thyroidectomies performed between 1998 and 2011. We present their clinical-pathological characteristics and we compare the clinical and management results obtained after surgery in 2 time periods: 1998-2006 without ESU (group 1, 205 patients) and 2007-2011 with ESU (group 2, 324 patients). The clinical results and the possible benefits are assessed by studying the morbimortality (recurrent lesions, hypocalcaemia [<8 mg/dl], suffocative haematomas and bleeding), and those of management, for the evaluation of the use of operating room time, the average stay and the total cost of the Process. The statistical comparison study was made using Student t test, for the comparison of means and the Chi(2) to compare percentages, accepting P<.05 as significant. RESULTS: The global percentage of transient recurrent dysfunctions (TRD) was 6%, and for definitive recurrent paralysis (DRP) it was 1.5%. Hypocalcaemia, at 24 hours was 54.6%, at one month 7%, at six months 6.2% and that of definitive hypoparathyroidism 1.3%. There were 2.8% of suffocative haematomas and 2% adverse effects. The mean surgical time was 98 minutes, and the average stay was 3.66 days. In the comparison of results of the groups, the ESU improved the TRD index by nearly 7 points (10.2 vs. 3.4%, P=.002), that of DRP by 1.5 (2.4 vs. 0.4%; P=.3) until reaching under 1%. The figures on bleeding at 24 hours (53 vs. 44 cc; P=.002) and 48 hours (23 to 17 cc; P<.001), the rate of haematomas by another 6 points (6.3 vs. 0.6%; P<.001), and that of hypocalcaemia at 24 hours (P=.01). The average stay also improved (4.79 vs. 2.94 days; P<.001), the use of operating room time (reduced by 20 minutes/operation; P<.001), the total cost of the Process, decreasing by more than € 2,000/Process (P<.001), and produced a total savings for the hospital in the period of study of € 665,820. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The global results (post-operative morbidity) of our total thyroidectomies are within the quality standards. 2) The surgical specialisation and the changes introduced by the ESU improved the clinical results (greater benefit) and those of management, cutting down the average stay and the operating room usage time and decreasing costs. 3) The change in management increased the Value of the Process.

Nocardiosis complicated with Addison's disease.

A 77-year-old woman presented with subacute respiratory symptoms which were demonstrated to be due to nocardiosis. After initial improvement with antimicrobial therapy, new symptoms appeared, consisting of persistent vomits, abdominal pain and hypotension, which led to the diagnosis of Addison's disease.

Fiebre de origen desconocido y anemia como forma de presentación de un rabdomiosarcoma / Fever of unknown origin and anaemia as a form of presentation of a rhabdomyosarcoma

Describimos un caso de fiebre de origen desconocido, en su forma clásica de presentación. Numerosos estudios diagnósticos llevados a cabo mostraron resultados no concluyentes, pero finalmente la tomografía de emisión de protones/tomografía computarizada nos permitió llegar al diagnóstico de rabdomiosarcoma de la región pélvica (AU)

We report a case of fever of unknown origin, in its classical presentation. A wide range of studies were unrevealing, but finally a positron emission tomography/computed tomography allowed us to establish the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma in the pelvic region (AU)

The relationship between antiretroviral prescription patterns and treatment guidelines in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Reports have shown that the publication of practice guidelines does not guarantee their use in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement between antiretroviral treatments (ARTs) prescribed in clinical practice and the recommendations in published guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in ART-naïve adults of the Spanish Asociacion Medica Vach de Estudios Multicentricos (VACH) Cohort for the period from 2003 to 2006. RESULTS: A total of 945 patients initiated ART. Of these patients, 12.3% had a CD4 cell count above 350 cells/microL. A 'nonrecommended' antiretroviral regimen was prescribed to 5.3, 5.1 and 7.8% of patients with CD4 counts <200, 200-350 and >350 cells/microL, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that only a higher viral load was associated with the selection of a combination treatment that was recommended by the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients were prescribed initial treatments in agreement with the recommendations. Appropriate routine data collection in databases can be used to evaluate the level of antiretroviral guideline compliance. We propose that routine evaluations of the guidelines must be part of quality assessment to improve medical care.

Dolor en la cadera de etiología poco común / No disponible

No disponible

Sepsis y síndromes relacionados / No disponible

Cuando una infección no es adecuadamente controlada pueden ocurriruna serie de procesos que, ordenados de menor a mayor gravedad, sonlos siguientes: síndrome de la reacción infl amatoria sistémica, sepsis,sepsis grave, shock séptico, shock séptico refractario y fi nalmente síndromede la disfunción multiorgánica. Este último con frecuencia conducea la muerte. La patogenia de estos procesos es sumamente complejay su incidencia ha venido aumentando progresivamente a lo largo delas últimas décadas. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy variadas yel tratamiento consiste fundamentalmente en medidas generales demantenimiento y en el control de la infección desencadenante(AU)

When an infection is not properly controlled, a series of clinical manifestationscan occur, which, ordered from less to more severe, areas follows: systemic infl ammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severesepsis, septic shock, refractory septic shock, and multi-organ dysfunctionsyndrome. The last of these frequently leads to the death of thepatient. The pathogenesis of these processes is extremely complex, andthe incidence has progressively increased over recent decades. Clinicalmanifestations substantially vary from patient to patient, and treatmentbasically consists of general supportive measures and control of theinfection responsible(AU)