Validación, adaptación y traducción al castellano del MacCAT-T: herramienta para evaluar la capacidad en la toma de decisiones sanitarias / Validation, adaptation and translation of the MacCAT-T into Spanish: a tool to assess the ability to make health decisions

Introducción. La valoración de la capacidad es elemento esencial del proceso de consentimiento informado y un deber del médico. Una herramienta ampliamente desarrollada es el MacCAT-T que explora cuatro habilidades para consentir un tratamiento. No se dispone versión en español y el objetivo principal de este trabajo es validar, adaptar y traducir el MacCAT-T al castellano. Material y métodos. Se tradujo al español e inversamente al inglés. Se validó en su apariencia y contenido (a través de 15 expertos), en constructo (confiabilidad interevaluador y consistencia interna) y en criterio (la validez de un instrumento comparándola con algún criterio externo, en este caso el rendimiento cognoscitivo evaluado por el mini examen cognoscitivo de Lobo). Se incluyeron noventa pacientes ambulatorios médico-quirúrgicos, mayores de 18 años sin déficits de expresión y/o con graves alteraciones de conciencia que no permitieran la realización de la entrevista. Resultados. Los resultados han permitido valorar los diferentes tipos de validez. Su media de aplicación ha sido entre 9 y 13 minutos. Discusión. Los datos son coherentes con los obtenidos en otras aplicaciones del MacCAT-T en lengua inglesa y facilitan la disposición de una herramienta en castellano para valorar la capacidad en la toma de decisiones sanitarias(AU)

Introduction. Capacity assessment is an essential element of the informed consent process and is the duty of the physician. The MacCAT-T instrument explores four skills needed to consent a treatment. There is no Spanish version, and the main objective of this work is to validate, adapt and translate the MacCAT-T into Spanish. Material and methods. The MacCAT-T was translated into Spanish and then back-translated into English. It was validated as regards its appearance and content (by 15 experts), construct (inter-rater reliability and internal consistency) and criteria (the validity of an instrument by comparing it to some external criterion, in this case the Mini Examen Cognoscitivo de Lobo). Ninety medical and surgical outpatients over 18 years were included with no deficits of expression and/or severe disorders of consciousness that did not allow them to be interviewed. Results. They have been optimal considering different types of validity. The average application time was between 9 and 13minutes. Discussion. Data are consistent with those obtained in other applications of MacCAT-T in the English language and facilitate the provision of a Spanish tool for assessing capacity(AU)

[Validation, adaptation and translation of the MacCAT-T into Spanish: a tool to assess the ability to make health decisions]. / Validación, adaptación y traducción al castellano del MacCAT-T: herramienta para evaluar la capacidad en la toma de decisiones sanitarias.

INTRODUCTION: Capacity assessment is an essential element of the informed consent process and is the duty of the physician. The MacCAT-T instrument explores four skills needed to consent a treatment. There is no Spanish version, and the main objective of this work is to validate, adapt and translate the MacCAT-T into Spanish. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MacCAT-T was translated into Spanish and then back-translated into English. It was validated as regards its appearance and content (by 15 experts), construct (inter-rater reliability and internal consistency) and criteria (the validity of an instrument by comparing it to some external criterion, in this case the Mini Examen Cognoscitivo de Lobo). Ninety medical and surgical outpatients over 18 years were included with no deficits of expression and/or severe disorders of consciousness that did not allow them to be interviewed. RESULTS: They have been optimal considering different types of validity. The average application time was between 9 and 13minutes. DISCUSSION: Data are consistent with those obtained in other applications of MacCAT-T in the English language and facilitate the provision of a Spanish tool for assessing capacity.

Exploring the opinion of CKD patients on dialysis regarding end-of-life and Advance Care Planning.

Advance care planning (ACP) and the subsequent advance directive document (ADD), previously known as "living wills", have not been widely used in Spain. The Ethics Group from the Spanish Society of Nephrology has developed a survey in order to investigate the opinion of dialysis patients regarding the ADD and end-of-life care. Patients received documentation explaining ACP and filled out a survey about their familiarity with and approval of the ADD. Seven hospital dialysis centres participated in the study for a total of 416 active dialysis patients. Questionnaires were distributed to 263 patients, 154 of which answered (69.2% completed them without assistance). The rates for ADD implementation (7.9%) and designation of a representative person (6.6%) were very low. Most of the patients clearly expressed their wishes about irreversible coma, vegetative state, dementia and untreatable disease. More than 65% did not want mechanical ventilation, chronic dialysis, tube feeding or resuscitation if cardiorespiratory arrest occurred. They reported that an ADD could be done before starting dialysis but most thought that it should be offered only to those who requested it (65% vs 34%). In conclusion, patients have clear wishes about end-of-life care, although these desires had not been documented due to the very low implementation of the ADD.

Enfermedad renal ateroembólica: un análisis de los factores clínicos y terapéuticos que influyen en su evolución / Atheroembolic renal disease: analysis of clinical and therapeutic factors that influence its progression

El embolismo de colesterol es una enfermedad causada por la suelta de cristales de colesterol desde las placas arterioscleróticas ulceradas de la aorta. Esta suelta puede ocurrir de forma espontánea o más frecuentemente tras procedimientos vasculares invasivos o tras tratamientos anticoagulantes o fibrinolíticos. Entre 1989 y 2005, en tres hospitales españoles, se diagnosticaron 45 casos de embolismo renal de colesterol. El diagnóstico fue confirmado mediante biopsia de cualquier órgano afectado o hallazgos típicos en el fondo de ojo. La mayoría de los pacientes eran varones (93,3%), ancianos (el 55,7% era mayor de 70 años), fumadores (91,1%), hipertensos (95,6%) y con varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Todos los pacientes presentaron un fracaso renal agudo en el momento del diagnóstico. La creatinina media al inicio fue de 4,3 ± 2,4 mg/dl. El fracaso renal agudo se acompañó frecuentemente de eosinofilia (64,4%) y lesiones cutáneas (57,7%). El 20% de los casos ocurrieron espontáneamente y el 46,7% tras manipulación endovascular (cateterismo/arteriografía); tan sólo un 8,9% ocurrió tras cambios en la anticoagulación. Tras un seguimiento de 12 ± 16,3 meses, el 55,6% (25) de los pacientes requerían diálisis crónica y un 64,4% (29) había fallecido, ocho de ellos tras haber entrado en diálisis crónica. Se observó una recuperación parcial de función renal en 9 pacientes (20%), que presentaban una creatinina media al final del seguimiento de 3 ± 1,7 mg/dl. La comorbilidad cardiovascular y la gravedad clínica del embolismo de colesterol no tuvieron impacto sobre la supervivencia renal o del individuo. La supervivencia renal (Kaplan-Meier) fue mayor en los casos de ateroembolismo espontáneo que en los iatrogénicos. 15 de los 45 pacientes recibieron esteroides. En los tratados se observó una mayor incidencia de fallecimientos (73,3% frente a 60%) y un menor porcentaje de recuperación de función renal (13,3% frente a 23%), aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El tiempo medio de evolución a la diálisis fue significativamente más corto entre los tratados con esteroides (p = 0,017). El uso de estatinas no se asoció con una mejoría en el pronóstico renal o vital del individuo. En conclusión, la enfermedad renal ateroembólica constituye un tipo de fracaso renal agudo con unas características clínicas muy determinadas. La supervivencia renal y del paciente es mala, pero existe un porcentaje significativo de recuperaciones espontáneas de la función renal. La supervivencia renal fue significativamente mejor en los casos espontáneos y no observamos efectos beneficiosos del tratamiento esteroideo (AU)

Cholesterol embolism is a disease caused by distal showering of cholesterol crystal released from disintegration of arterial atheromatous plaques. It may occur spontaneously or more often after invasive vascular procedures or thrombolytic/anticoagulant agents. Forty five cases were diagnosed between 1989 and 2005 in three Spanish hospitals. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology or diagnostic ophthalmoscopic findings. The majority were male (93.3%), elder (55.5% were older than 70 years), smoker (91.1%), had hypertension (95.6%), with high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. At the time of diagnosis all patients presented acute renal failure. Mean serum creatinine at diagnosis was 4.3± 2.4mg/dl. The acute renal failure was accompanied with eosinophilia (64.4%) and cutanous lesions (57.7%). 20% of cases occur spontaneously and 46.7% after endovascular manipulation (coronary angiography/arteriography) and only 8% after changes in anticoagulant treatment. After a follow-up of 12 ± 16.3 months the 55.6% of patients need chronic dialysis, 64.4% died, 8 of them after the beginning of dialysis. Nine patients recovered renal function, with a mean creatinine of 3 ± 1.7 mg/dl at the end of follow-up. The cardiovascular comorbididy and the clinical severity of the embolism don´t have impact in the renal or patient survival. Renal survival (Kaplan-Mier) were better in spontaneous than in iatrogenic cholesterol embolism. Fifteen of 45 patients were treated with steroids. In treated patients we observed a high incidence of death (73.3% versus 60%) and fewer recovery of renal function (13.3% versus 23%), without statistical significance. The mean time to dialysis was shorter in treatment patients (p= 0.017). Statins treatment was not associated with outcome (renal or individual). In summary, atheroembolic renal disease represents an acute renal failure with special characteristics. Renal and individual outcome is poor, but some patients have spontaneous recovery of renal function. Renal survival was significantly better in spontaneous disease. We don´t observe beneficial effect of steroid treatment (AU)

[Atheroembolic renal disease: analysis of clinical and therapeutic factors that influence its progression]. / Enfermedad renal ateroembólica: un análisis de los factores clínicos y terapéuticos que influyen en su evolución.

Cholesterol embolism is a disease caused by distal showering of cholesterol crystal released from disintegration of arterial atheromatous plaques. It may occur spontaneously or more often after invasive vascular procedures or thrombolytic/anticoagulant agents. Forty five cases were diagnosed between 1989 and 2005 in three Spanish hospitals. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology or diagnostic ophthalmoscopic findings. The majority were male (93.3%), elder (55.5% were older than 70 years), smoker (91.1%), had hypertension (95.6%), with high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. At the time of diagnosis all patients presented acute renal failure. Mean serum creatinine at diagnosis was 4.3+/- 2.4 mg/dl. The acute renal failure was accompanied with eosinophilia (64.4%) and cutanous lesions (57.7%). 20% of cases occur spontaneously and 46.7% after endovascular manipulation (coronary angiography/arteriography) and only 8% after changes in anticoagulant treatment. After a follow-up of 12 +/- 16.3 months the 55.6% of patients need chronic dialysis, 64.4% died, 8 of them after the beginning of dialysis. Nine patients recovered renal function, with a mean creatinine of 3 +/- 1.7 mg/dl at the end of follow-up. The cardiovascular comorbididy and the clinical severity of the embolism don t have impact in the renal or patient survival. Renal survival (Kaplan-Mier) were better in spontaneous than in iatrogenic cholesterol embolism. Fifteen of 45 patients were treated with steroids. In treated patients we observed a high incidence of death (73.3% versus 60%) and fewer recovery of renal function (13.3% versus 23%), without statistical significance. The mean time to dialysis was shorter in treatment patients (p= 0.017). Statins treatment was not associated with outcome (renal or individual). In summary, atheroembolic renal disease represents an acute renal failure with special characteristics. Renal and individual outcome is poor, but some patients have spontaneous recovery of renal function. Renal survival was significantly better in spontaneous disease. We don t observe beneficial effect of steroid treatment.

[Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: clinico-pathological characteristics]. / Fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática: características clínico-patológicas.

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare disease often causing obstructive uropathy because the fibrosis entraps the ureters. The retroperitoneal tissue is constituted by a fibrous component and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate with the former characterized by miofibroblasts. The infiltrate displayed perivascular. Last years, the immunosuppressive therapy and the decompression of obstructive renal failure have improved the prognostic. We reported 9 patients with Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis in a Centre. We evaluate clinical symptoms at the presentation with the signs of renal and non-renal involvement. We evaluate the achieved therapy and the follow-up. All 9 patients had a radiological and/or histological diagnosis in the absence of malignancy, previous radiotherapy or gadolinium's administration with severe renal failure. The patients were treated with 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone three months and possibly the insertion of ureteral catheters. 89% patients have a high rate of initial success without renal failure, despite frequent disease relapse. A patient developed progression of the fibrosis.

[Gadolinium-induced systemic fibrosis in advanced kidney failure]. / Fibrosis sistémica por gadolinio en insuficiencia renal avanzada.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a debilitating disease occurring exclusively in patients with severe renal failure. Originally it was described as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet known, but the observations suggest a close association with the exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents. These agents cause systemic fibrosis by releasing free gadolinium into tissues. International commissions in drug control recommend avoiding gadolinium based contrast agents ion patients with GFR <30 ml/min. The prevention is the best treatment because the observations are series with limited patients, or a case-report communication. So, we report a case with a fatal evolution, the first case in Spain, with a multisystemic involvement showed in the autopsy. The patient had repeated exposure to gadodiamide; it increases the possibility of the systemic fibrosis. We review the recent literature of the nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: clinico-pathological characteristics

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare disease often causing obstructive uropathy because the fibrosis entraps the ureters. The retroperitoneal tissue is constituted by a fibrous component and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate with the former characterized by miofibroblasts. The infiltrate displayed perivascular. Last years, the immunosuppressive therapy and the decompression of obstructive renal failure have improved the prognostic. We reported 9 patients with Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis in a Centre. We evaluate clinical symptoms at the presentation with the signs of renal and non-renal involvement. We evaluate the achieved therapy and the follow-up. All 9 patients had a radiological and/or histological diagnosis in the absence of malignancy, previous radiotherapy or gadolinium’s administration with severe renal failure. The patients were treated with 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone three months and possibly the insertion of ureteral catheters. 89% patients have a high rate of initial success without renal failure, despite frequent disease relapse. A patient developed progression of the fibrosis (AU)

Introducción: La fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática es una entidad clínica de presentación poco frecuente, que suele cursar con uropatía obstructiva por atrapamiento ureteral por el tejido fibroso e inflamatorio crónico, constituido por miofibroblastos de disposición perivascular. En los últimos años, el pronóstico parece haber mejorado con el tratamiento médico inmunosupresor y con las intervenciones urológicas de liberación de los uréteres. Hemos revisado los pacientes diagnosticados de fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática en nuestro centro con el objetivo de revisar el motivo de presentación clínica, de afectación renal y extrarrenal, el tratamiento realizado y la evolución clínica seguida. Han sido nueve enfermos no neoplásicos, no tratados previamente con radioterapia y sin administración previa de gadolinio en presencia de insuficiencia renal avanzada. Seis de ellos tienen diagnóstico histológico y tres radiológico. Han sido tratados con prednisona, 1 mg/kg/día durante tres meses, y la posibilidad de colocación de catéteres endoluminales doble J. El89% de estos pacientes ha seguido una buena evolución sin insuficiencia renal crónica progresiva. Las recidivas han sido frecuentes a lo largo de su seguimiento (AU)

Gadolinium-induced systemic fibrosis in severe renal failure

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a debilitating disease occurring almost exclusively in patients with severe renal failure. Originally it was described as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet known, but the observations suggest a close association with the exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents. These agents cause systemic fibrosis by releasing free gadolinium into tissues. International commissions in drug control recommend avoiding gadolinium based contrast agents ion patients with GFR <30 ml min prevention appears to be the best therapeutic option as date there is no effective treatment and observations are based on series with limited number of patients case-report communications we report first fatal case in Spain which multisystemic involvement was found at autopsy patient had repeated exposure gadodiamide increasing possibility systemic fibrosis review recent literature nephrogenic (AU)

La fibrosis nefrógena sistémica es una entidad clínica descrita inicialmente como dermopatía esclerodermiforme, en pacientes con insuficiencia renal avanzada, cuya etiopatogenia no está esclarecida. En los últimos años se ha podido comprobar la importancia del gadolinio como agente etiológico, administrado como contraste en las angiorresonancias magnéticas. El depósito de radicales libres de gadolinio sería el causante de desarrollar una fibrosis sistémica. Las guías terapéuticas aconsejan no administrar derivados con gadolinio, especialmente gadodiamida, en pacientes con filtrados glomerulares inferiores a 30 ml/min. No existe tratamiento efectivo para la enfermedad, la cual tiene muy mal pronóstico: la prevención es el arma terapéutica más efectiva por el momento, pues no existen grandes series con un número importante de enfermos tratados. Presentamos un caso con muy mala evolución, el primero descrito en España, con afectación sistémica grave, contrastada en el estudio necrópsico. Recibió repetidas exposiciones a gadolinio, principalmente gadodiamida, factor que influyó probablemente en esa mala evolución. Revisamos los aspectos más actuales de la enfermedad (AU)

[Advance directives in chronic dialysis patients]. / Documento de voluntades anticipadas de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal en tratamiento sustitutivo mediante diálisis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of the life-sustaining treatment preferences of the dialysis patients would be extremely helpful to substitute decision-makers and nephrologists in deciding whether to continue or stop a treatment. The population of the Mediterranean countries show this opinion with less frequency. The objective of this study is: 1) the knowledge of the patient's view for the advance directives; it may increase the likelihood to get the correct decisions of the staff when complications break the normal course of chronic dialysis, and 2) the statement of the advance directives. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We distributed 135 questionnaires to patients with chronic renal failure in dialysis treatment of the Sabadell's Hospital to explore demographic information about responders and not-responders and explore the rate of questionnaires was completed about the cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respirator, tube feeding and dialysis in case of coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia and terminal illness. We explore about the representative of patients and in case of not-responders about the cause to not answer. RESULTS: Sixty-four of 135 patients (47,8%) did not want cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respirator, tube feeding or dialysis in case of coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia or terminal illness. Compared with patients who wanted the treatments, those who did not were older (71,2 versus 62,2 years; p = 0.002). There was no difference in the other demographic questions, including sex (p=0.674), cause of kidney failure (p=0.815), comorbid conditions (p=0.824), and social status (language of questionnaire -0.155- and standard of education -0.288-). Advance care planning does not occur solely within the context of the physician-patient relationship; the respondents reported the representative in the family, essentially. The patients not-responders doesn t want to think in those situations and also they show doubt about the interpretation of their answers. CONCLUSIONS: near 50% patients in chronic dialysis want to stop certain treatments in case of resuscitation cardiopulmonary, coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia or terminal illness. The older patients want the limitation of treatments more frequently.

[Choosing not to dialysis in chronic renal failure in stage V (Renal Failure). Evolution of the characteristics of patients between 1992-1995 and 2000-2003]. / Elección de no diálisis en insuficiencia renal crónica en estadio V (fallo renal). Evolución de las características de los pacientes entre 1992-1995 y 2000-2003.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic renal failure increase with the age. The selection of patient to dialysis has been increasing in spite of the high comorbidity. Moreover, in our clinical practice the aged patient is not contraindicated to dialysis. However, in the nephrology clinical practice not all the patients start the treatment with dialysis. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study has been to compare the characteristics of the patients who had not been dialyzed between the periods 1992-1995 and 2000-2003 to analyze the trend of the nephrology clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comparative study of the characteristics and the evolution of patients with chronic renal failure in stage V, (renal failure) not incorporated to dialysis in one hospital during four years between the periods the 1992-1995 ( period A) and 2000-2003 (period B). RESULTS: Start dialysis (period A versus period B): 116 patients, age 59.9+15.5 years vs. 229 patients, age 64.0+15.8 years (p<0.05). Non-dialysis (period A versus period B): 38 patients, age 77.5+9.3 years vs. 37 patients, age 81.7+6.2 years (p<0.01). Renal function: serum creatinina 7.4+2.4 mg/dl vs. 5.3+1.2 mg/dl (p<0.001), MDRD estimate glomerular filtration 6.9+2.4 mg/dl ml/min/1.73 m2 vs. 10.0+2.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p<0.001). Primary renal disease: unknown etiology 31.5 % vs. 24.3 %, nephroangiosclerosis 23.6 % vs. 32.4 %, diabetes 28.9 % vs. 21.6 %. Functional status: dependent patients 34.2 % vs 83.8 % (p<0.001). The principal reason for non-dialysis were: personal decision: 26.3 % vs. 35.1 %, dementia 15.8 % vs. 29.7 %, brief life expectancy because of serious co-existing diseases 13.1 % vs. 21.7 % and serious chronic illness with inability for themselves care 44.7 % vs. 13.1 %. Comorbid conditions: 2.3+1.0 vs. 3.0+1.5 (p<0.05). Survival: 55+168 days vs. 168+236 days (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Most of the patients that don't begin dialysis are elderly together with a poor functional capacity and with more autonomy in their decisions. The identification of patients with renal failure (stage V) was detected early in the last period than in the following one. The conservative management of non-dialyzed uremic patients is a significative nephrology clinical practice due to more survival of those persons.

[Secondary amyloidosis (AA-type) due to localized cutaneous vasculitis]. / Amiloidosis secundaria asociada a vasculitis cutánea localizada.

We report a case of a 49 year old man, diagnosed soon after the outcome of casual proteinuria, of AA-type amyloidosis in relation to small and medium vessel cutaneous vasculitis without systemic involvement. This combination is a rare entity and only two cases of cutaneous hypersensibility vasculitis complicated with AA-type amyloidosis had been reported. We describe the results of the use of several immunosuppressive drugs during four years follow up with temporally total remission of the disease.

Elección de no diálisis en insuficiencia renal crónica en estadio V (fallo renal). Evolución de las características de los pacientes entre 1992-1995 y 2000-2003 / Choosing not to dialysis in chronic renal failure in stage V (renal failure). Evolution of the characteristics of patients between 1992-1995 and 2000-2003

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) es una patología que aumenta su incidencia con la edad. La aceptación de pacientes para diálisis ha ido aumentando en los últimos años a pesar del incremento de la comorbilidad, no considerándose la edad como contraindicación para el tratamiento sustitutivo renal. No obstante, en la práctica clínica nefrológica hay pacientes que no son incluidos en diálisis. Objetivo: Comparar las características de los pacientes con IRC no incluidos en diálisis en los períodos 1992-1995 y 2000-2003 para analizar las tendencias evolutivas de la práctica clínica nefrológica. Material y método: Estudio comparativo de las características basales y la evolución de los pacientes con IRC en estadio de fallo renal (estadio V) en quienes se decidió la elección de No-Diálisis atendidos en un sólo hospital durante 4 años entre los períodos de 1992-1995 (período A) y 2000-2003 (período B). La elección de No-Diálisis fue por decisión del paciente si era autónomo o de sus representantes legales en caso contrario. Resultados: SI-Diálisis: (período A versus período B): n:116 pacientes, edad: 59,9 + 15,5 años vs n: 229 pacientes, edad: 64,0 + 15,8 años (p < 0,05). NO-Diálisis: (período A versus período B): n: 38 pacientes, 24,6% de la IRC que inició diálisis, edad: 77,5 + 9,3 años vs n: 37 pacientes, 13,9% de la IRC que inició diálisis, edad: 81,7 + 6,2 años (p < 0,01). Funcionalismo renal: creatinine sérica 7,4 + 2,4 mg/dl vs 5,3 + 1,2 mg/dl (p < 0,001); filtrado glomerular estimado por MDRD abreviado: 6,9 + 2,4 ml/min/1,73 m2 vs 10,0 + 2,3 ml/min/1,73 m2 (p < 0,001). Enfermedad renal primaria principales: etiologia no aclarada 31,5% vs 24,3%, nefroangiosclerosis 23,6% vs 32,4%, diabetes 28,9 vs 21,6. Los motivos principales de la elección de no diálisis fueron: decisión personal 26,3% vs 35,1%, incompetencia mental persistente 15,8% vs 29,7%, pronóstico mortal a corto plazo 13,1% vs 21,7% y deterioro crónico severo con incapacidad de cuidarse 44,7% vs 13,5%. Autonomia funcional: pacientes dependientes 34,2% vs 83,8% (p < 0,001). Comorbilidades: 2,3 + 1,0 vs 3,0 + 1,5 procesos (p < 0,05), insuficiencia cardíaca 36,8% vs 48,8%, enfermedad cerebro-vascular 47,3% vs 51,3%, artropatía invalidante 13,1% vs 43,2%. Supervivencia media 55 + 168 días vs 168 + 236 días (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Los pacientes que no inician diálisis en los últimos años son más viejos, tienen peor capacidad física y son más autónomos en su capacidad de decisión. La identificación de los pacientes con IRC en estadio V se hace de forma más precoz y el seguimiento es más prolongado en el último período. El manejo nefrológico conservador de la IRC estadio V es una práctica clínica nefrológica significativa debido a la mayor supervivencia de estos pacientes

Background: The incidence of chronic renal failure increase with the age. The selection of patient to dialysis has been increasing in spite of the high comorbidity. Moreover, in our clinical practice the aged patient is not contraindicated to dialysis. However, in the nephrology clinical practice not all the patients start the treatment with dialysis. Objective: The aim of our study has been to compare the characteristics of the patients who had not been dialyzed between the periods 1992-1995 and 2000- 2003 to analyze the trend of the nephrology clinical practice. Material and met- hods: Comparative study of the characteristics and the evolution of patients with chronic renal failure in stage V (renal failure) not incorpored to dialysis in one hospital during four years between the periods the 1992-1995 (period A) and 2000-2003 (period B). Results: Start dialysis (period A versus period B): 116 patients, age 59.9 + 15.5 years vs 229 patients, age 64.0 + 15.8 years (p < 0.05). Non-dialysis (period A versus period B): 38 patients, age 77.5 + 9.3 years vs 37 patients, age 81.7 + 6.2 years (p < 0.01). Renal function: serum creatinina 7.4 + 2.4 mg/dl vs 5.3 + 1.2 mg/dl (p < 0.001), MDRD estimate glomerular filtration 6.9 + 2.4 mg/dl ml/min/1.73 m2 vs 10.0 + 2.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p < 0.001). Primary renal disease: unknown etiology 31.5% vs 24.3%, nephroangiosclerosis 23.6% vs 32.4%, diabetes 28.9% vs 21.6%. Functional status: dependent patients 34.2% vs 83.8% (p < 0.001). The principal reason for non-dialysis were: personal decision: 26.3% vs 35.1%, dementia 15.8% vs 29.7%, brief life expectancy because of serious co-existing diseases 13.1% vs. 21.7% and serious chronic illness with inability for themselves care 44.7% vs 13.1%. Comorbid conditions: 2.3 + 1.0 vs 3.0 + 1.5 (p < 0.05). Survival: 55 + 168 days vs 168 + 236 days (p < 0.001). Conclusión: Most of the patients that don’t begin dialysis are elderly together with a poor functional capacity and with more autonomy in their decisions. The identification of patients with renal failure (stage V) was detected early in the last period than in the following one. The conservative management of non-dialyzed uremic patients is a significative nephrology clinical practice due to more survival of those persons

Documento de voluntades anticipadas de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal en tratamiento sustitutivo mediante diálisis / Advance directives in chronic dialysis patients

Fundamento y objetivo: En la cultura latina no hay experiencia sobre estudios que definan la opinión de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas acerca de cómo quisieran ser tratados en caso de complicaciones severas que inhabiliten su calidad de vida y su capacidad para decidir. El objetivo del estudio es: 1) tener el conocimiento de esas opiniones que podrían facilitar las decisiones de los médicos que tratan a estos enfermos, en el caso especial de surgir complicaciones que alteren esa capacidad de decidir de los pacientes, y 2) la invitación a la verdadera elaboración de un documento de voluntades anticipadas. Material y método: Se facilita un cuestionario a 135 pacientes de la Unidad de Hemodiálisis del hospital de Sabadell, en el que se les pregunta si desearían limitaciones terapéuticas (resucitación cardiopulmonar en caso de paro cardiorrespiratorio, ventilación mecánica, alimentación artificial, seguir en proceso de diálisis) en caso de estar en coma profundo, estado vegetativo, demencia profunda irreversible o enfermedad crónica en fase terminal. Se establecen diferencias epidemiológicas entre los pacientes que manifiestan desear esas limitaciones en esas circunstancias y los que no lo hacen. Se pregunta sobre el representante en caso de incapacidad y acerca de los motivos por los que no contestan a los pacientes que no responden el cuestionario. Resultados: Entre los dos grupos de pacientes, tan sólo la edad les diferencia significativamente (p = 0,002) pues el promedio de edad de los enfermos que quisieran limitaciones es de 71,2 años y el del que no manifiestan querer limitaciones es de 62,2 años. El sexo (p = 0,674), comorbilidad (p = 0,824), estudios (p = 0,288), factores culturales como el idioma (p = 0,155) y nefropatía primaria (p = 0,815) no ofrecen diferencias entre ambos grupos. Un 47,8% de los pacientes de nuestro medio tratados con diálisis crónica, se manifiestan abiertamente partidarios de limitar esfuerzos terapéuticos en alguna de las circunstancias mencionadas. La mayoría de pacientes que realizan voluntades anticipadas tienen como representante un familiar, especialmente hijos. Los que no responden al cuestionario no lo hacen principalmente por rechazar la posibilidad de pensar en ello y también por desconfianza. Conclusiones: En nuestro medio, casi el 50% de los pacientes tratados mediante hemodiálisis periódica son partidarios de limitar ciertos tratamientos en circunstancias de pronóstico infausto, siendo los enfermos más ancianos los más partidarios a manifestar la voluntad sobre esas limitaciones

Background and objective: Knowledge of the life-sustaining treatment preferences of the dialysis patients would be extremely helpful to substitute decision-makers and nephrologists in deciding whether to continue or stop a treatment. The population of the Mediterranean countries show this opinion with less frequency. The objective of this study is: 1) the knowledge of the patient´s view for the advance directives; it may increase the likelihood to get the correct decisions of the staff when complications break the normal course of chronic dialysis, and 2) the statement of the advance directives. Material and method: We distributed 135 questionnaires to patients with chronic renal failure in dialysis treatment of the Sabadell´s Hospital to explore demographic information about responders and not-responders and explore the rate of questionnaires was completed about the cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respirator, tube feeding and dialysis in case of coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia and terminal illness. We explore about the representative of patients and in case of notresponders about the cause to not answer. Results: Sixty-four of 135 patients (47,8%) did not want cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respirator, tube feeding or dialysis in case of coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia or terminal illness. Compared with patients who wanted the treatments, those who did not were older (71,2 versus 62,2 years; p = 0.002). There was no difference in the other demographic questions, including sex (p = 0.674), cause of kidney failure (p = 0.815), comorbid conditions (p = 0.824), and social status (language of questionnaire —0.155— and standard of education —0.288—). Advance care planning does not occur solely within the context of the physician-patient relationship; the respondents reported the representative in the family, sons and daughters, particulary. The patients not-responders doesn´t want to think in those situations and also they show doubt about the interpretation of their answers. Conclusions: Near 50% patients in chronic dialysis want to stop certain treatments in case of resuscitation cardiopulmonary, coma, persistent vegetative state, severe dementia or terminal illness. The older patients want the limitation of treatments more frequently

Amiloidosis secundaria asociada a vasculitis cutánea localizada / Secondary amyloidosis (AA-type) due to localized cutaneous vasculitis summary

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 49 años de edad, diagnosticado a raíz del hallazgo de proteinuria aislada, de amiloidosis AA asociada a vasculitis de mediano y pequeño calibre con afectación exclusivamente cutánea. Esta asociación es muy poco frecuente y sólo se han descrito dos casos de vasculitis por hipersensibilidad y amiloidosis AA. Comentamos la evolución a lo largo de cuatro años en que ha sido tratado con distintos inmunosupresores, consiguiendo algún período de remisión completa de la enfermedad

We report a case of a 49 years old man, diagnosed soon after the outcome of casual proteinuria, of AA-type amyloidosis in relation to small and medium vessel cutaneous vasculitis without systemic involvement. This combination is a rare entity and only two cases of cutaneous hipersensiblility vasculitis complicated with AA-type amyloidosis had been reported. We describe the results of the use of several inmunossupressive drugs during four years follow up with temporally total remission of the disease

Diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad ateroembólica / Diagnosis and prognosis of atheroembolic disease

La enfermedad ateroembólica suele desencadenarse a partir de técnicas diagnósticasy terapéuticas vasculares invasivas, o a partir del tratamiento con anticoagulanteso fibrinolíticos. Se caracteriza por la oclusión de arteriolas desde placasateromatosas, con componente de colesterol, liberadas en general desde la aorta.El riñón es probablemente el órgano que más se afecta por su localización próximaa la aorta abdominal, y por la cantidad de flujo sanguíneo que recibe.Describimos los factores epidemiológicos de 19 casos diagnosticados por criterioshistológicos en 18 de ellos, resaltando la eosinofilia y la insuficiencia renalprogresiva como datos clínicos orientativos de la enfermedad, en pacientes connefropatía isquémica y arteriosclerosis generalizada. Un 53% de los pacientes sepresentan con el antecedente de cateterismo o maniobra quirúrgica vascular; un26% de manera totalmente espontánea.Resaltamos la importancia de la biopsia renal en el diagnóstico de la enfermedadateroembólica, y su mal pronóstico general con una mortalidad del 63% enun seguimiento medio de 18 meses. Resaltamos el fallo multiorgánico como causade fallecimiento en los pacientes que se presentan con formas similares a una vasculitissistémica. Y resaltamos la insuficiencia renal con requerimiento de diálisis,como índice de mal pronóstico en los enfermos que se presentan de forma subaguda.El conocimiento de la enfermedad y su prevención resultan las terapéuticasmás eficaces

Atheroembolic disease is recognized as an iatrogenic complication from an invasivevascular procedure, such as manipulation of the aorta during angiographyor vascular surgery, and after anticoagulant and fibrinolytic therapy. Cholesterolcrystal embolism is caused by showers of cholesterol crystals from an atheroscleroticaorta that occlude small arteries. The kidney is a frequent target organ for cholesterol emboli because of proximity of the renal arteries to abdominal aortaand it receive an enormous amount of blood flows.We describe the epidemiologic agents of 19 cases that were diagnosed by histologicsections of the affected tissues; the eosinophilia and the renal failure arethe clinical features that guide to the diagnosis, in patients with ischemic nephropathyand general atherosclerosis. 53% among patients had a previous invasiveprocedure and 26% occurred spontaneously.We remark the importance of the kidney’s biopsy in diagnosis of the atheroembolicdisease and their bad prognosis with 63% of death rate in 18 months ofaverage follow-up. We report patients with the multiple cholesterol emboli syndromemimicking systemic vasculitis: they died by multivisceral acute failure. Thesubacute presentation of atheroembolic disease with progressive renal failure treatedwith hemodialysis is a sign of bad prognosis. The knowledge of the diseaseand their prevention are the better treatment

[Ischemic renal disease: revascularization or conservative treatment?]. / Nefropatía isquémica: revascularización o tratamiento médico conservador?

Ischemic nephropathy is recognized as a distinct cause of renal insufficiency and it is defined as a significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate in patients with hemodynamically significant renovascular occlusive disease. We argue the epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic renovascular disease, and we evaluate the pronostic agents. Published studies of the outcome of revascularization for renal-artery stenosis have been excellent, offering a durable patency and functional improvement but they have had numerous limitations. The atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and it provides the general prognosis of patients. We conclude that ischemic renal disease is a nephropathy of smoker men, with proteinuria excretion similar to nephropathy with unilateral stenosis. The age of patients is the clinical feature that decide the treatment: surgery, angioplasty/stent or medical management. Comparative analysis of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and operation for renal revascularization and medically treated patients have proved that the advanced chronic renal insufficiency is associated with an unfavourable response of treatment of the ischemic nephropathy. But, in this nephropathy the revascularization can be the better therapy for selected patients. The revascularization with angioplasty/stent for patients with unilateral renal stenosis and chronic renal insufficiency has a doubtful effectiveness, as the chronic renal failure is result of nephroangiosclerosis.

Nefropatía isquémica: ¿revascularización o tratamiento médico conservador? / Ischemic renal disease: revascularization or conservative treatment?

La nefropatía isquémica es la enfermedad renal que origina insuficiencia renala través de la reducción de filtrado glomerular, a consecuencia de la alteraciónsignificativa del flujo arterial renal principal.Se valoran los factores etiopatogénicos de la nefropatía isquémica y de otrasnefropatías vasculares como la nefroangiosclerosis. Se revisan también sus factorespronósticos.La revascularización tendría que ser el mejor tratamiento de la nefropatía isquémica.Sin embargo, cuando las estenosis de las arterias renales son consecuenciade lesiones arteriosclerosas, al incidir esta enfermedad de manera generalen todo el organismo, no está tan claro que la revascularización sea la mejoropción terapéutica.Partiendo de poblaciones seleccionadas, no equiparables entre sí, nos proponemosestablecer el mejor tratamiento para cada una de ellas. Hemos podidocomprobar que la afectación arteriosclerosa de las arterias renales en nuestro contextoes una enfermedad predominante en pacientes varones con hábito tabáquico,y que el daño parenquimatoso renal atendiendo a la determinación de proteinuriaes parecido entre la verdadera nefropatía isquémica y la nefropatía vascularcon afectación arterial unilateral.Nuestros datos muestran que la edad es el único factor determinante de la opciónterapéutica a seguir y que el grado de insuficiencia renal crónica en el momentodel diagnóstico es índice pronóstico independiente de la nefropatía isquémica.La revascularización renal tiende a ser la mejor opción terapéutica enpoblación seleccionada afecta de nefropatía isquémica. La revascularización renalendovascular, en casos de afectación renal unilateral con insuficiencia renal, ofreceresultados más dudosos de efectividad, ya que dicha insuficiencia renal crónicasería atribuible a la afectación renal intraparenquimatosa

Ischemic nephropathy is recognized as a distinct cause of renal insufficiencyand it is defined as a significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate in patientswith hemodynamically significant renovascular occlusive disease.We argue the epidemiologic and clínical manifestations of atherosclerotic renovasculardisease, and we evaluate the pronostic agents.Published studies of the outcome of revascularization for renal-artery stenosishave been excellent, offering a durable patency and functional improvement butthey have had numerous limitations. The atherosclerosis is a systemic disease andit provides the general prognosis of patients.We conclude that ischemic renal disease is a nephropathy of smoker men, withproteinuria excretion similar to nephropathy with unilateral stenosis. The age ofpatients is the clinical feature that decide the treatment: surgery, angioplasty/stentor medical management.Comparative analysis of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and operation forrenal revascularization and medically treated patients have proved that the advancedchronic renal insufficiency is associated with an unfavourable response oftreatment of the ischemic nephropathy. But, in this nephropathy the revascularizationcan be the better therapy for selected patients. The revascularization withangioplasty/stent for patients with unilateral renal stenosis and chronic renal insufficiencyhas a doubtful effectiveness, as the chronic renal failure is result ofnephroangiosclerosis

[Diagnosis and prognosis of atheroembolic disease]. / Diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad ateroembólica.

Atheroembolic disease is recognized as an iatrogenic complication from an invasive vascular procedure, such as manipulation of the aorta during angiography or vascular surgery, and after anticoagulant and fibrinolytic therapy. Cholesterol crystal embolism is caused by showers of cholesterol crystals from an atherosclerotic aorta that occlude small arteries. The kidney is a frequent target organ for cholesterol emboli because of proximity of the renal arteries to abdominal aorta and it receive an enormous amount of blood flows. We describe the epidemiologic agents of 19 cases that were diagnosed by histologic sections of the affected tissues; the eosinophilia and the renal failure are the clinical features that guide to the diagnosis, in patients with ischemic nephropathy and general atherosclerosis. 53% among patients had a previous invasive procedure and 26% occurred spontaneously. We remark the importance of the kidney's biopsy in diagnosis of the atheroembolic disease and their bad prognosis with 63% of death rate in 18 months of average follow-up. We report patients with the multiple cholesterol emboli syndrome mimicking systemic vasculitis: they died by multivisceral acute failure. The subacute presentation of atheroembolic disease with progressive renal failure treated with hemodialysis is a sign of bad prognosis. The knowledge of the disease and their prevention are the better treatment.

[Arteriovenous fistula: complication of renal biopsy. Superselective embolization]. / Fístula arteriovenosa: complicación de biopsia renal. Embolización supraselectiva.

The arteriovenous fistula can be a major and late complication of percutaneous renal biopsies of native kidneys. The incidence of arteriovenous fistulas appears to be low and has been infrequently mentioned in large series of biopsies although there are a number of individual reports. In most part of cases, no systemic effects of the arteriovenous fistulas were observed, so they close by themselves. Optimization of renal biopsy techniques aims not only at obtaining kidney tissue technically adequate for diagnosis, but at reducing biopsy-induced complications. When these complications are done, the new transvascular techniques can get the healing of fistula with the embolism by catheters. We describe the case of a 37-year-old woman who had chronic renal failure by a possible chronic glomerulonephritis. She developed deterioration of renal function after the percutaneous renal biopsy. An arteriovenous fistula of high flow was detected by Doppler ultrasound. Then, it was confirmed angiographically and closed by embolism's catheter without damage of renal tissue.