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1.
Nefrologia ; 31(5): 587-90, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21959726

RESUMO

Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent commonly used in diabetic patients. It is very effective and is able to reduce the plasma glucose and HbA1C. However, in some patients, specially those with comorbidities, metformin can provoke severe lactic acidosis with high morbimortality. Treatment of the lactic acidosis induced by metformin is based on the use of supportive general measures; in severe cases, procedures of extrarrenal purification like hemodialysis or continuous hemodiafiltration have been successfully used.


Assuntos
Acidose Láctica/induzido quimicamente , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Metformina/efeitos adversos , Nefrologia , Papel do Médico , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Coma/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Emergências , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Ibuprofeno/efeitos adversos , Ibuprofeno/farmacologia , Ibuprofeno/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metformina/administração & dosagem , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimedicação
2.
Nefrología (Madr.) ; 30(6): 646-652, nov.-dic. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-104631

RESUMO

Introducción: La anorexia es un trastorno frecuente en el enfermo tratado con hemodiálisis periódica, y factor contribuyente de la malnutrición. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comprobar la eficacia del acetato de megestrol, un estimulador del apetito utilizado en enfermos con cáncer, como tratamiento de la anorexia del enfermo sometido a diálisis. Material y métodos: En el año 2009, 16 enfermos de nuestra unidad de hemodiálisis, tres de ellos con diabetes mellitus, fueron tratados con acetato de megestrol (160 mg/día en dosis única), por anorexia definida según una escala Likert de apetito. La pauta y la dosis de diálisis no fueron modificadas durante el estudio. Resultados: Al tercer mes de tratamiento se objetivó, en el grupo total, un aumento del peso seco (60,8 frente a 58,9 kg; p <0,01), de la concentración de albúmina (4,02 frente a 3,8 g/dl; p <0,05), de la concentración de creatinina (9,73 frente a 8,26 mg/dl; p <0,01) y de la tasa de catabolismo proteico (1,24 frente a 0,97 g/kg/día; p <0,001). No hemos constatado variaciones significativas en la concentración de hemoglobina, dosis de eritropoyetina y concentración de lípidos. En un enfermo con diabetes mellitus hubo que aumentar la dosis de insulina y en otros 2 enfermos se detectó una hiperglucemia leve. El acetato de megestrol no suprimió la secreción de hormonas sexuales hipofisarias, pero en 3 de 10 enfermos estudiados se constató una inhibición de la secreción de corticotropina. La respuesta no fue homogénea: un enfermo no respondió y disminuyó su peso seco, en cinco el incremento de peso fue discreto (inferior a 1 kg) y en los 10 restantes la respuesta fue buena, con un incremento de peso seco que osciló entre 1,5 y 5,5 kg. Conclusiones: El acetato de megestrol puede mejorar el apetito y los parámetros nutricionales en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis periódica que refieran anorexia. El acetato de megestrol puede inducir hiperglucemia e inhibir la secreción de corticotropina en algunos pacientes. Estos efectos secundarios deben ser valorados cuando se administre este tratamiento (AU)


Background: Anorexia is a common disorder in patients treated with regular haemodialysis and is a contributing factor to malnutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of megestrol acetate, an appetite stimulant used in cancer patients, as a treatment for anorexia in dialysis patients. Material and method: In 2009, 16 patients in our haemodialysis unit, three with diabetes mellitus, were treated with megestrol (160 mg/day single dose) for anorexia defined according to a Likert scale of appetite. The schedule and dialysis dose were not changed during the study. Results: In the third month of treatment there was, in the overall group, an increase in dry weight (60.8 vs 58.9 kg, P<.01), in albumin concentration (4.02 vs 3.8 g/dl, P<.05), in creatinine concentration (9.73 vs 8.26 mg/dl, P<.01), and protein catabolic rate (1.24 vs. 0.97 g/kg/day, P<.0001). Non-significant variations in the concentration of haemoglobin, erythropoietin dose, and lipid concentrations were found. One patient with diabetes mellitus had to increase the dose of insulin and two other patients suffered mild hyperglycaemia. Megestrol acetate did not suppress the secretion of pituitary sex hormones, but in 3 of 10 patients studied inhibition of ACTH secretion was found. The response was not homogeneous: one patient did not respond and reduced his dry weight, in 5 the weight gain was minimal (less than 1 kg) and in the remaining ten the response was good, with an increase in dry weight ranging between 1.5 and 5.5 kg. Conclusions: Megestrol acetate can improve appetite and nutritional parameters in patients treated with periodic haemodialysis who report anorexia. Megestrol acetate may induce hyperglycaemia and inhibit the secretion of ACTH in some patients. These side effects should be assessed when administering this treatment (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Uremia/complicações , Anorexia/etiologia , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Acetato de Megestrol/farmacocinética , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Hiperglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Inquéritos Nutricionais
3.
Nefrologia ; 30(6): 646-52, 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21113214

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Anorexia is a common disorder in patients treated with regular haemodialysis and is a contributing factor to malnutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of megestrol acetate, an appetite stimulant used in cancer patients, as a treatment for anorexia in dialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In 2009, 16 patients in our haemodialysis unit, three with diabetes mellitus, were treated with megestrol (160 mg/day single dose) for anorexia defined according to a Likert scale of appetite. The schedule and dialysis dose were not changed during the study. RESULTS: In the third month of treatment there was, in the overall group, an increase in dry weight (60.8 vs 58.9 kg, P<.01), in albumin concentration (4.02 vs 3.8 g/dl, P<.05), in creatinine concentration (9.73 vs 8.26 mg/dl, P<.01), and protein catabolic rate (1.24 vs. 0.97 g/kg/day, P<.0001). Non-significant variations in the concentration of haemoglobin, erythropoietin dose, and lipid concentrations were found. One patient with diabetes mellitus had to increase the dose of insulin and two other patients suffered mild hyperglycaemia. Megestrol acetate did not suppress the secretion of pituitary sex hormones, but in 3 of 10 patients studied was found inhibition of ACTH secretion. The response was not homogeneous: one patient did not respond and reduced his dry weight, in 5 the weight gain was minimal (less than 1 kg) and in the remaining ten the response was good, with an increase in dry weight ranging between 1.5 and 5.5 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Megestrol acetate can improve appetite and nutritional parameters in patients treated with periodic haemodialysis who report anorexia. Megestrol acetate may induce hyperglycaemia and inhibit the secretion of ACTH in some patients. These side effects should be assessed when administering this treatment.


Assuntos
Anorexia/tratamento farmacológico , Estimulantes do Apetite/uso terapêutico , Acetato de Megestrol/uso terapêutico , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Uremia/complicações , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/metabolismo , Anorexia/sangue , Anorexia/etiologia , Estimulantes do Apetite/administração & dosagem , Estimulantes do Apetite/efeitos adversos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatinina/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Nefropatias Diabéticas/complicações , Nefropatias Diabéticas/terapia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Acetato de Megestrol/administração & dosagem , Acetato de Megestrol/efeitos adversos , Proteínas/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Albumina Sérica/análise , Uremia/sangue , Uremia/terapia
4.
Nefrologia ; 30(5): 544-51, 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20882093

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In 2007 the Scientific Quality-technical and Improvement of Quality in Peritoneal Dialysis was edited. It includes several quality indicators. As far as we know, only some groups of work had evaluated these indicators, with inconclusive results. AIM: To study the evolution and impact of guidelines in Peritoneal Dialysis. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of each incident of patients in Peritoneal Dialysis, in a regional public health care system (2003-2006). We prospectively collected baseline clinical and analytical data, technical efficacy, cardiovascular risk, events and deaths, hospital admissions and also prescription data was collected every 6 months. RESULTS: Over a period of 3 years, 490 patients (53.58 years of age; 61.6% males.) Causes of ERC: glomerular 25.5%, diabetes 16%, vascular 12.4%, and interstitial 13.3%. 26.48% were on the list for transplant. Dialysis efficacy: Of the first available results, the residual renal function was 6.37 ml/min, achieving 67.6% of all the objectives K/DOQI. 38.6% remained within the range during the entire first year. Anaemia: 79.3% received erythropoietic stimulating agents and maintained an average Hb of 12.1 g/dl. The percentage of patients in the range (Hb: 11-13 g/dl) improved after a year (58.4% vs 56.3% keeping in the range during this time of 25.6%). Evolution: it has been estimated that per patient-year the risk of: 1) mortality is 0.06 IC 95% [0.04-0.08]; 2) admissions 0.65 [0.58-0.72]; 3) peritoneal infections 0.5 [0.44-0.56]. CONCLUSION: Diabetes Mellitus patients had a higher cardiovascular risk and prevalence of events. The degrees of control during the follow-up in many topics of peritoneal dialysis improve each year; however they are far from the recommended guidelines, especially if they are evaluated throughout the whole study.


Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Diálise Peritoneal , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/etiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Nefropatias Diabéticas/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diálise Peritoneal/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem
5.
Nefrología (Madr.) ; 27(supl.3): 17-26, 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-057379

RESUMO

Hasta los años noventa, el estudio de la epidemiología de la IRA fue muy limitado. Desde entonces disponemos de más información aunque no siempre uniforme. El primer análisis sobre la incidencia de la IRA en una región española lo publicaron Sánchez Rodríguez y cols. en Nefrología en 19921. Como ocurre en general con la IRA (ver Definiciones y terminología del FRA), la mayor dificultad con que nos encontramos al analizar su epidemiología son los criterios empleados para definirla, pues no suelen ser homogéneos (tabla I). De manera similar, hay que considerar el tipo de pacientes incluidos en los estudios epidemiológicos de la IRA, ya que algunas series excluyen ciertas formas del síndrome como los casos de etiología prerrenal, los obstructivos y los individuos con enfermedad renal crónica que han sufrido una IRA sobreañadida, mientras que otras sólo analizan los enfermos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) o los que requieren diálisis. Aunque la epidemiología del fracaso renal agudo depende también de factores económicos y geográficos2,3, en esta guía nos limitaremos, en general, a considerar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con nuestro entorno


The epidemiology of acute renal failure is reviewed. The causes affecting its incidence, particularly that of the definition criteria used, are discussed. Depending on the criteria chosen the incidence can vary between 200 and 600 per million in-habitants in the adult population. The epidemiological information related with the need of dialysis in acute renal failure is analysed. The different incidences in geographical areas where the acute renal failure develops are reviewed. The present general trend to a higher incidence in acute renal failure is commented


Assuntos
Humanos , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Risco Ajustado/métodos , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
6.
Nefrología (Madr.) ; 27(supl.3): 27-36, 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-057380

RESUMO

Tres factores son los que subrayan la importancia de la insuficiencia renal aguda tanto para el enfermo, como para la sociedad donde vive: 1) La alta incidencia del fracaso renal agudo en los países industrializados, en España 209 casos por millón de población adulta1. 2) Su elevada mortalidad que oscila entre el 40 y el 80 por ciento de los casos, dependiendo fundamentalmente de que el fallo renal se presente de forma aislada o asociado al de otros órganos en el seno de un síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica2, y 3) El elevado coste que genera la atención de los enfermos afectos de este síndrome3. Como en cualquier contexto médico, pero en especial en procesos graves como los que se atienden en la medicina intensiva, en la insuficiencia renal aguda la necesidad de informar al paciente, o a su familia, sobre sus expectativas de supervivencia; junto con la necesidad de los médicos de estimar la gravedad de un grupo de enfermos para poder valorar la eficacia de distintos tratamientos conllevó, ayudados por la difusión informática, al desarrollo de sistemas de estimación pronóstica. Además de los dos objetivos indicados, los sistemas pronósticos deberían satisfacer otros fines que se especifican en la tabla I. Los métodos de estimación pronóstica se basan en la interrelación que existe entre tres conceptos: la gravedad, la evolución y el pronóstico de un proceso dado. Mientras que la evolución es el curso real que sigue la enfermedad y depende de la gravedad de la misma, el pronóstico es la estimación de la evolución antes de que ésta se cumpla5. A su vez el pronóstico será tanto más certero cuanto mejor sea capaz de valorar algo tan sutil como es la gravedad de la enfermedad5. La figura 1, donde se representa la interdependencia de los tres conceptos, explica porque muchas veces se utilizan como sinónimos entre sí. Adicionalmente, un índice o sistema pronóstico ideal debería ser4: 1) Eficaz, lo que implica valores elevados de sensibilidad y especificidad. 2) Precoz, esto es que su estimación sea adecuada desde los momentos iniciales del proceso. 3) Sencillo de calcular. 4) Sin generar gastos al estimarlo. 5) Reproducible fuera del lugar donde fue diseñado. 6) Universal, entendiendo por tal que sea útil en todo tipo de enfermos dentro de una patología, tanto en los enfermos muy graves como en los menos graves. 7) Dinámico, para lo que debe funcionar, estimando un pronóstico exacto, en diversos momentos evolutivos de la enfermedad, y 8) Capaz de discriminar aquellos enfermos que no sobrevivirán al proceso patológico


A review of prognosis and its relationship with severity of acute kidney injury and outcome is given. Different prognosis systems, specific for acute renal failure and ofr more general scores used in the intensive care setting, are discussed. The general attirbutes that prognosis scores should have as well as the main indications for their use are analysed. Particular insight is given with respect to ISI (Individual Severity Index), CCF (Cleveland Clinic Foundation), SHARF (Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Renal Failure), APACHE II, SOFA and SAPS II scores in the acute kidney injury field


Assuntos
Humanos , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Risco Ajustado/métodos , Prognóstico , Fatores Epidemiológicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
7.
Nefrologia ; 26 Suppl 4: 1-184, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16953544

RESUMO

In Spain and in each of its autonomous communities, the dialysis treatment of chronic renal disease stage 5 is totally covered by public health. Peritoneal dialysis, in any of its modalities, is established as the preferred home dialysis technique and is chosen by high percentage of patients as their choice in dialysis treatment. The Spanish Society of Nephrology has promoted a project of creation of performance guides in the field of peritoneal dialysis, entrusting a work group composed of members of the Spanish Society of Nephrology a with the development of these guides. The information offered is based on levels of evidence, opinion and clinical experience of the most relevant publications of the topic. In these guides, after defining the concept of << peritoneal dialysis>>, the obligations and responsibilities of the sanitation team of the peritoneal dialysis unit are determined, and protocols and performance procedures that try to include all the aspects that concern the patient with chronic renal disease in substitute treatment with this technique are developed. They propose prescription objectives based on available clinical evidence and, lacking this, on the consensus of the experts' opinions. The final aim is to improve the care and quality of the of the patient in peritoneal dialysis, optimizing in this way the survival of the patient and of the technique. In Spain, as in other neighbouring countries, peritoneal dialysis has an incidence and prevalence that is much lower than that of hemodialysis, ranging in the last evaluation by the Spanish Society of Nephrology between 5 and 24% in the different autonomous communities. The great majority of peritoneal dialysis units form part of the public network of the Spanish state, with special representation as a Satellite Unit or Concerted Center related to the public hospital of reference, on which it must depend.


Assuntos
Diálise Peritoneal/normas , Humanos
13.
Med. mil ; 56(1): 16-18, ene.-mar. 2000. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-37445

RESUMO

La glomerulonefritis aguda es un cuadro cada vez menos frecuente con el desarrollo de tratamientos antibióticos adecuados. Sin embargo, en los últimos años encontramos casos más graves, en pacientes con peor pronóstico y más comprometidos. Suele asociarse a infecciones de distinto origen, pero la glomerulonefritis secundaria a la infección de los cables de un marcapasos permanente es muy infrecuente y en la literatura sólo hemos encontrado dos casos previos (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Marca-Passo Artificial/microbiologia , Glomerulonefrite/etiologia , Endocardite/etiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Púrpura/patologia , Biópsia , Cloxacilina/uso terapêutico , Gentamicinas/uso terapêutico
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