Changes in the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation associated with Helicobacter pylori in humans coinfected with intestinal helminths.

BACKGROUND: Though a few studies in animal models suggest that intestinal helminths (IH) favorably affect evolution of gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) the studies supporting this concept in humans are only a few and are based on serological data. METHODS: To evaluate the possible influence of IH on the human gastric mucosa, three groups of Venezuelan adults with gastropathy (endoscopically diagnosed) were studied: H. pylori-/IH- (n = 17), H. pylori+/IH- (n = 18), and H. pylori+/IH+ (n = 11). Histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemical staining (peroxidase) for cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were undertaken in gastric antral biopsies. RESULTS: Expression of the four cytokines was detected in all individuals in varying degrees, but proinflammatory cytokines were expressed in a higher degree in the H. pylori+/IH- group, mainly IL-1ß (Th1-dominant immune response), associated with a higher degree of both histological inflammation and gastric cancer risk index (GCRI), as compared to the H. pylori-/IH- group. In contrast, an increased expression of IL-4 and a reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Th2-dominant response), plus the tendency to a lower degree of mononuclear infiltration, mucosal atrophy in gastric corpus, and GCRI, were evidenced in the coinfected group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study is perhaps the first histological evidence of a possible modulatory effect of IH on the gastric mucosal inflammatory response due to H. pylori infection in humans.

Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin in a cat.

An 8-year-old, female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented to the Auburn University Emergency and Critical Care service for evaluation of pleural effusion and a suspected intrathoracic mass. Computed tomography was performed which confirmed the presence of a large intrathoracic mass, likely heart-based. Fine-needle aspirates were obtained and a cytologic diagnosis of a neuroendocrine tumor was made. Treatment with toceranib phosphate was briefly attempted at home by the owners. The cat died at home approximately 6 weeks after diagnosis. Necropsy and subsequent histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin. Aortic body tumors are extremely rare in cats and to the authors' knowledge, a neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin with distant metastases has not yet been reported in a cat.

Influencia de la microbiota intestinal en la enfermedad hepática crónica. Su rol en el hepatocarcinoma / Microbiota intestinal their influence on chronic liver disease. Role in hepatocellular carcinoma

El incremento de la traslocación de bacterias intestinales es característico en pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica y favorece la inflamación y la fibrosis del hígado.1-3 Se ha implicado a la microbiota intestinal en la patogénesis y progresión de enfermedades hepáticas como Enfermedad Grasa Hepática No alcohólica, Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, Colangitis Esclerosante Primaria, Enfermedad hepática por Falla intestinal y el Hepatocarcinoma. Numerosas investigaciones al respecto, vienen señalando que la microbiota intestinal y los receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) promueven el Hepatocarcinoma (HCC).1,4 La Hepatocarcinogenesis involucra a los TLR4 y a la microbiota intestinal, pero estos, no son requeridos para la iniciación del HCC sino para su promoción, mediante el incremento de la proliferación, expresión de la epiregulina hepatomitogena y la prevención de la apoptosis.4,5 La esterilización del intestino en etapas tardías de la hepatocarcinogenesis , previenen el HCC , por lo que de allí se desprenden que tanto la microbiota como estos receptores tipo Toll, representan blancos terapéuticos para la prevención del HCC en pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada.4-6.

The increase of the translocation of intestinal bacteria is characteristic of patients with chronic liver disease and promotes inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.1-3 Has been involved in the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of liver diseases such as liver disease Fat Non-alcoholic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver disease by intestinal failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous investigations into the matter, come by noting that the intestinal microbiota and the toll-like receptors (TLRs) promote the Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).1-4 The Hepatocarcinogenesis involves TLR4 and the intestinal microbiota, but these, are not required for the initiation of the HCC but for their promotion, through the increase of the proliferation, expression of the epiregulina hepatomitogena and the prevention of apoptosis.4-6.

Age-dependent immune responses and immune protection after avian coronavirus vaccination.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an endemic disease of chickens and a major contributor to economic losses for the poultry industry despite vaccination. Recent observations indicated that chicks may have an immature immune system immediately after hatching when vaccinated for IBV. Therefore we hypothesized that early IBV vaccination will generate an immature, poorly protective IBV-specific immune response contributing to immune escape and persistence of IBV. To test this hypothesis the IBV-specific immune response and immune protection were measured in chicks vaccinated at different ages. This demonstrated a delayed production of IgG and IgA plasma antibodies in the 1, 7 and 14-day-old vaccination groups and also lower IgA antibody levels were observed in plasma of the 1-day-old group. Similar observations were made for antibodies in tears. In addition, IgG antibodies from the 1-day-old group had lower avidity indices than day 28 vaccinated birds. The delayed and/or lower antibody response combined with lower IgG avidity indices coincided with increased tracheal inflammation and depletion of tracheal epithelia cells and goblet cells upon IBV field strain challenge. The lack of vaccine-mediated protection was most pronounced in the 1-day-old vaccination group and to a lesser extent the 7-day-old group, while the 14-day-old and older chickens were protected. These data strongly support IBV vaccination after day 7 post hatch.

Coagulopatia en enfermedad hepática severa. Intervención de factores anticoagulantes, pro­coagulantes y fibrinoliticos

El Hígado es un órgano que participa en la síntesis de facto­res procoagulantes, anticoagulates y fibrinoliticos, de lo cual depende el balance en la coagulación. En pacientes con cirro­sis hepática se pierde este balance por trastornos en el meta­bolismo de estos factores, así mismo, se presentan fallas en la función de síntesis hepática, disfunción del endotelio debido al estado hiperdinamico en cirrosis y significativas alteracio­nes tanto en el numero como en la función de las plaquetas. Por estas razones los pacientes con enfermedad hepática avanzada/cirrosis, pueden presentar episodios de sangrado por mucosa , órganos u otros tejidos o bien eventos tromboem­bolicos en el sistema venoso profundo de miembros inferiores, a nivel pulmonar o Trombosis de Vena Porta. Para tratar la coagulopatía de pacientes con enfermedad hepática se requiere una cuidadosa interpretación de la fisio­patología y una clara intervención terapéutica.

The liver is an organ that is involved in the synthesis of procoa­gulant factors, anticoagulates and fibrinolytic, which depends on the balance sheet in blood clotting. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver is lost this balance by disorders of the metabolism of these factors, as well same, failures occur in the function of hepatic synthesis, dysfunction of the endothelium state due to the LV hyperdynamic in cirrhosis and significant alterations in both the number and the function of platelets. For these reasons the patients with advanced liver disea­se/cirrhosis, may have episodes of bleeding from mucosa, or to other tissues or thromboembolic events in the deep venous system, pulmonar or portal vein thrombosis. To treat coagulo­pathy in patients with liver disease requires careful interpreta­tion of pathophysiology and a clear therapeutic intervention.

La dieta hiperproteica: su repercusión sobre albúmina sérica, líquido ascítico y estado nutricional en cirrosis / Hyperproteic diet: its impact on serum albumin, ascitic fluid and nutritional status in cirrhosis

Los pacientes con cirrosis hepática por cualquier etiología y muy especialmente alcohólica, presentan malnutrición proteico calórica, lo cual pudiera contribuir a la progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue correlacionar el efecto del consumo de una dieta hiperproteica sobre los niveles de albúmina sérica y los niveles de albúmina del líquido ascítico con la ingesta dietética previa y posterior a la intervención nutricional en pacientes con cirrosis hepática; así como su repercusión sobre el estado nutricional. En este estudio prospectivo, experimental, longitudinal se evaluaron 10 pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática, Child Pugh B, (8 hombres y 2 mujeres) (30 - 70 años). Se realizó evaluación antropométrica (IMC), bioquímica sérica y del líquido ascítico e indicadores dietéticos. El análisis se realizó mediante el programa SPSS 15 y Test de Wilcoxon (P=< 0,05). La albúmina sérica al inicio=3,6 + 1,3g/dl y 3,5 + 1,1gr/dl al final y la albúmina del líquido ascítico= 1,4 + 0,7g/dl antes y 2,5 + 0,8 g/dl después. En cuanto al estado nutricional al inicio 7 (70%)= normales, 1 (10 %) = desnutrición grado I y 2 (20%) obesidad. Al final: 6 pacientes (60%)= normales, 2 (20%) obesidad, 1 (10%) sobrepeso y 1 (10%) desnutrición grado I. La dieta hiperproteica contribuyó a aumentar los niveles de proteínas y albúmina del liquido ascítico, e igualmente influyó en el estado nutricional

The patients with cirrhosis for all etiology, have malnutrition and more risk of progression of the disease. The objective of this study was to correlate the effect of hyperproteic diet on levels of serum albumin and albumin levels in the ascitic fluid with dietary intake before and after nutritional intervention in patients with cirrhosis of the liver; as well as their impact on nutritional status. This prospective, experimental and longitudinal study assessed 10 patients with diagnosis of liver cirrhosis Child Pugh B, (8 men and 2 women) (30-70 years). Were practicated an anthropometric evaluation (BMI), serum biochemistry and the ascitic fluid and dietary indicators. The analysis was performed using the program SPSS 15 and Wilcoxon Test (P = < 0,05). Serum albumin at the beginning = 3. 6 + 1.3 g/dl and 3.5 + 1.1gr/dl albumin to the end of the liquid ascitic = 1.4 + 0. 7 g/dl before and 2.5 + 0.8 g/dl then. In terms of nutritional status at the beginning 7 (70%) = normal, 1 (10%) = malnutrition grade I and 2 (20%) obesity. At the end: 6 patients (60%) = normal, 2 (20%) obesity, overweight 1(10%) and 1 (10 per cent) malnutrition grade I. We concluded that hyperproteic diet contributed to increase protein and albumin levels from the ascitic fluid, and also influenced on the nutritional status

Nutrición en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease

La malnutrición es una característica común de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) crónica, por lo que la intervención nutricional juega un papel fundamental en el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una actualización sobre los fundamentos y los efectos de la terapia nutricional de acuerdo a la evidencia. Se debe realizar el cribado nutricional para la prevención o el tratamiento de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad e incluir el control del peso corporal, la determinación de los parámetros antropométricos, de las proteínas de síntesis visceral, determinación de vitaminas y minerales y una densitometría. La terapia nutricional oral, enteral y parenteral puede ser necesaria durante las diferentes fases. Para el soporte nutricional especializado, utilizar la nutrición enteral (NE) de elección, y la nutrición parenteral en los pacientes con contraindicación absoluta de NE o que no la toleren. El paciente debe recibir las calorías y nutrientes de acuerdo a la evaluación del estado nutricional, evitando el uso de dietas restrictivas salvo en los casos necesarios. Se ha estudiado en la dietoterapia la intolerancia a los alimentos, los probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos, antioxidantes, elementos bioactivos, el tipo de grasas y la inmunomodulación pero la evidencia disponible es limitada. Se concluye que la nutrición debe considerarse un componente integral en el manejo de los pacientes con EII, con la finalidad de evitar y o controlar la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad para disminuir su morbimortalidad y mejorar su calidad de vida; asimismo. Se recomienda continuar estudios que permitan demostrar el beneficio de la inmunomodulación nutricional.

Malnutrition is a common feature of the chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), so nutritional intervention plays an important role in the treatment of these patients. This work was intended to perform an update on fundamentals and the effects of nutritional therapy according to the evidence. We should make the nutritional screening for the prevention or treatment of malnutrition related disease and include control of body weight, the determination of anthropometric parameters and visceral proteins synthesis, determination of vitamins and minerals and a densitometry. Oral, enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy may be needed during the different phases. For the nutritional specialized support, of choice uses the enteral nutrition (EN), and the parenteral nutrition (PN) in the patients with EN's absolute contraindication or that do not tolerate it. The patient should receive the calories and nutrients according to the assessment of the nutritional status, avoiding the use of restrictive diets except when it is necessary. Has been studied in the diet therapy intolerance to foods, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, antioxidants, bioactive elements, the type of fat and immunomodulation but the available evidence is limited. It is concluded that nutrition should be considered an integral component in the management of patients with IBD, in order to avoid self control disease-related malnutrition to decrease morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life also. recommended further studies to demonstrate the benefit of nutritional immunomodulation.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: rectocolitis úlcerosa idiopática y enfermedad de Crohn / Inflammatory bowel disease: idiopathic ulcerative proctocolitis and Crohn`s Disease

Objetivo General Este artículo proporciona una revisión de la Enfermedad inflamatoria Intestinal, su fisiopatología, manifestaciones intestinales y extraintestinales, evaluación de la actividad de la enfermedad , complicaciones comunes, diagnóstico y los principios generales que guían el manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes. Introducción La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII) comprende un grupo de trastornos inflamatorios intestinales crónicos de etiología desconocida, que incluye a la Rectocolitis Úlcerosa Idiopática (RCUI) y la Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) como las dos enfermedades más importantes de este grupo. Ambas se caracterizan por la aparición de una inflamación aguda recurrente, que afecta en grado y extensión variables las capas y segmentos del intestino, con diversas manifestaciones clínicas tanto digestivas como extra digestivas que, con frecuencia, siguen un curso recidivante. La RCUI afecta al recto y colon y se caracteriza por un proceso inflamatorio continuo de predominio mucoso. La EC es un proceso inflamatorio transmural y discontinuo que puede afectar de forma segmentaria a todo el tubo digestivo, desde la boca hasta el ano.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) comprises a group of chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders of unknown etiology, which includes Ulcerative Colitis Idiopathic (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) as the two most important diseases of this group. Both are characterized by the appearance of recurrent acute inflammation, which affects the degree and extent variables layers and segments of the intestine, with various clinical manifestations both digestive and extra digestive often follow a relapsing course. UC affects the rectum and colon and is characterized by a continuous inflammatory process predominantly mucosal. The CD is a transmural inflammation and discontinuous segmental can affect the entire digestive tract from mouth to anus.

Comparison of three methods based on endoscopic gastric biopsies for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection in a clinical setting.

CONTEXT: The correct diagnosis and effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection are essential in controlling this infection. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of three tests based in endoscopic gastric biopsies histopathological evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, urease rapid test and microbiological culture for detecting Helicobacter pylori active infection, in order to make recommendations for daily clinical practice. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from 115 adult patients (85 female/30 male) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and studied by histopathological evaluation with H-E (antrum-corpus), urease test in 2 hours (antrum) and microbiological culture (antrum). RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori active infection was diagnosed in 67% of patients. Helicobacter pylori active infection was detected by histopathological evaluation with H-E, urease test and microbiological culture in 87%, 79% and 70% of the positive cases, respectively. There were significant differences when histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test rapid test when compared with microbiological test (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test (P = 0.7). The kappa index of agreement for histopathological evaluation with H-E/urease test was 0.56, histopathological evaluation with H-E/microbiological culture 0.6, and urease test/microbiological culture 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital setting like the one studied, histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test are the most recommended tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection based in endoscopic biopsies. If pathological information of gastric lesions will be required, histopathological evaluation with H-E is essential. Urease test is mandatory if a prompt diagnosis is necessary. Microbiological culture can be used in cases of persistent or complicated infection, which may require studies on Helicobacter virulence or antimicrobial susceptibility. Selected cases might demand a combination of several tests. The three tests exhibit a good concordance level for Helicobacter pylori active infection diagnosis.

Comparison of three methods based on endoscopic gastric biopsies for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection in a clinical setting / Comparação de três métodos baseados em biopsias gástricas endoscópicas para o diagnóstico da infecção ativa pelo Helicobacter pylori em um ambiente clínico

CONTEXT: The correct diagnosis and effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection are essential in controlling this infection. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of three tests based in endoscopic gastric biopsies histopathological evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, urease rapid test and microbiological culture for detecting Helicobacter pylori active infection, in order to make recommendations for daily clinical practice. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from 115 adult patients (85 female/30 male) were obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and studied by histopathological evaluation with H-E (antrum-corpus), urease test in 2 hours (antrum) and microbiological culture (antrum). RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori active infection was diagnosed in 67 percent of patients. Helicobacter pylori active infection was detected by histopathological evaluation with H-E, urease test and microbiological culture in 87 percent, 79 percent and 70 percent of the positive cases, respectively. There were significant differences when histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test rapid test when compared with microbiological test (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test (P = 0.7). The kappa index of agreement for histopathological evaluation with H-E/urease test was 0.56, histopathological evaluation with H-E/microbiological culture 0.6, and urease test/microbiological culture 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital setting like the one studied, histopathological evaluation with H-E and urease test are the most recommended tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori active infection based in endoscopic biopsies. If pathological information of gastric lesions will be required, histopathological evaluation with H-E is essential. Urease test is mandatory if a prompt diagnosis is necessary. Microbiological culture can be used in cases of persistent or complicated infection, which may require studies on Helicobacter virulence or antimicrobial susceptibility. Selected cases might demand a combination of several tests. The three tests exhibit a good concordance level for Helicobacter pylori active infection diagnosis.

CONTEXTO: O diagnóstico correto e o tratamento eficaz da infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori são essenciais no controle desta infecção. OBJETIVO: Comparar o valor de três testes de diagnóstico baseado em biopsias gástricas endoscópicas: avaliação histopatológica com hematoxilina-eosina (H-E), teste da urease e cultura microbiológica para a detecção da infecção ativa pelo H. pylori, com a finalidade de recomendações para a clínica diária prática. MÉTODOS: Biopsias gástricas de 115 pacientes (85 mulheres e 30 homens) foram obtidas por endoscopia digestiva alta e estudadas por avaliação histopatológica com H-E (antro-corpo), teste de urease em 2 horas (antro) e cultura microbiológica (antro). RESULTADOS: Infecção ativa pelo H. pylori foi diagnosticada em 67 por cento dos pacientes e detectada pela avaliação histopatológica com H-E, pelo teste de urease e pela cultura microbiológica em 87 por cento, 79 por cento e 70 por cento dos casos positivos, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas quando a avaliação histopatológica com H-E e o teste rápido de urease quando comparadas com a cultura microbiológica (P<0,01). Não houve diferença significativa entre a avaliação histopatológica com H-E e o teste de urease (P = 0,7). O índice kappa para avaliação histopatológica com H-E/teste de urease foi de 0,56, avaliação histopatológica com H-E/cultura microbiológica 0,6, e teste de urease/cultura microbiológica 0,64. CONCLUSÕES: Em condições similares ao estudado, avaliação histopatológica com H-E e teste de urease são os testes mais recomendados para o diagnóstico de infecção ativa pelo H. pylori com base em biopsias endoscópicas. A avaliação histopatológica com H-E é essencial quando exigido o estudo de lesões gástricas. O teste de urease é obrigatório no caso de diagnóstico precoce rápido. A cultura microbiológica pode ser usada em casos de infecção persistente ou complicada, que podem exigir estudos sobre a virulência ou susceptibilidade do Helicobacter aos antimicrobianos. Os casos selecionados podem exigir a combinação de vários testes. Os três testes apresentam bom nível de concordância para o diagnóstico da infecção ativa pelo H. pylori.

Instruir y educar con el pensamiento martiano en la docencia médica / Using Marti's thought for medical teaching

El trabajo consta de una recopilación de frases de José Martí sobre la salud y el organismo humano, con ellas se confeccionó un folleto utilizado desde el curso 2002 2003 en los Politécnicos de la Salud de la Provincia, hoy Facultades de Enfermería y de Tecnología de la Salud y Sedes Universitarias Municipales. Las frases son utilizadas en las diferentes asignaturas que se imparten para elevar el nivel político ideológico de nuestros estudiantes y destacar una faceta poco conocida del Apóstol. Con la finalidad de desarrollar el pensamiento ético en el alumno y con él de inculcar valores, el trabajo consta de un total de 433 frases del pensamiento martiano que nos sirven para instruir y educar durante las actividades curriculares y extracurriculares del centro (AU)

The work consists of a summary of phrases of José Martí about the health and the human organism; it has been used since the course 2002. The Marti's phrases are used in the different subjects that are imparted to elevate the ideological political level of our students. With the purpose of developing the ethical thought in the student and to inculcate values with it, the work consists of a total of 433 phases of Marti's thought which are very useful for us and to educate during the teaching and extra-teaching activities of the center (AU)

Proteína C reactiva como marcador de severidad en pacientes con Pancreatitis Aguda

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la utilidad de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) como marcador de severidad en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda (PA), evaluados en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo. Durante los meses de Marzo a Diciembre de 2006. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio prospectiva, descriptiva, correlacional, Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, formas clínicas, etiología, criterios de Ranson, grados de Baltazar y valores de PCR. La PCR se determinó mediante técnica cuantitativa, utilizando reactivo de látex. Resultados: Se estudiaron 35 pacientes con predomino del sexo femenino 20 (57,14%) y mas frecuente entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida. En relación a los criterios de Ranson 25 (71,43%) presentaron menos de 3 criterios de Ranson, con valores de PCR entre 8 y 128 mg/dl, 10 (28,57%) obtuvieron º 3 criterios de Ranson y el rango de PCR entre 128 a 256 mg/dl, (p= 0,0011).Se demostró asociación positiva entre las cifras de PCR y criterios de Ranson (r= 0,871, p=0,0001) y no se observó entre PCR y Baltazar. Predominó la PA de etiología biliar en 16 (45,71%) El promedio 146,28μ80,22 de PCR encontrados en pacientes con PA alcohólica fue ligeramente superior al compararlo con las otras causas. Conclusión: La PCR es una prueba de laboratorio útil para determinar la severidad de PA.

The objective of this study was to establish the utility of c- reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), evaluated in the Gastroenterology service at the University Hospital of Maracaibo between March and December of 2006. Methods: This was a Prospective, descriptive and correlational study. The variables analyzed were age, sex, clinical presentation, etiology, Ranson´s criteria, Baltazar score and CRP values. CRP was determined through the quantitative technique, using the latex reagent. Results: We studied 35 patients, predominantly female 20 (57.14%), in the thirth and fourth decade of their lives. Regarding Ranson´s criteria, 25 (71.43%) presented less than 3 items, with CRP values between 8 and 128 mg/dl, 10 (28.57%) had º 3 with a CRP range between 128 and 256 mg/ dl, (p= 0.0011). A strong association between CRP and Ransom´s criteria was demonstrated (r= 0.871, p=0,0001), not observed between CRP and Balthazar score. AP of biliary etiology predominated in 16 (45.71%) The average 146,28μ80,22 CRP found in patients with alcoholic AP was higher when compared to the other etiologies. Conclusion: CRP is an useful laboratory test in order to determine the severity of AP.

Características epidemiológicas, endoscópicas e histológicas de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal

La enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal: (Rectocolitis Ulcerosa Idiopática y Enfermedad de Crohn) presenta diferentes características epidemiológicas, endoscópicas e histológicas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal retrospectivo ? prospectivo, donde se aplicó un formulario desde enero hasta noviembre 2006 para determinar las características epidemiológicas, endoscópicas, e histológicas de los pacientes. Resultados: Se encontró 28 pacientes con Rectocolitis Ulcerosa Idiopatica y 6 pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn. En RCUI predominó el sexo femenino (53.6%), raza mezclada (92.9%), antecedentes familiares ausentes (78.6%) sin antecedentes personales de importancia (82.1%), con Pancolitis (53.6%) y duración de la enfermedad entre 6 meses y 5 años el (60.8%). En Crohn se presentó similar distribución de sexo, la raza predominante fue la mezclada (83.3%), ningun antecedente familiar, habito tabáquico y localización solo en Colon (50%) y 66.6% tenían menos de 1 año del diagnostico. En Rectocolitis el grupo etáreo mas frecuente (35.7%) de 30 ? 39 años, en Crohn 33.3% en grupos etáreos de 30-39 y 40-49 años. Los síntomas mas frecuentes fueron similares en ambas dolor abdominal y diarrea con o sin sangre. Los hallazgos endoscopicos 53.6% enfermedad moderada con reporte histológico de ulceras, abscesos o distorsión de las criptas 82.4% en rectocolitis y Ulceraciones lineales o serpenginosas en segmentos efectuando recto en 100%, histología de conglomerado de macrófagos (83.3%) y granulomas no caseosos o epiteloides en 66.7% en Crohn. Conclusiones: Los resultados coinciden en su mayoría con los reportados en la literatura internacional y deben servir como base de datos para la realización de estudios prospectivos.

The aim of this study was to determine epidemiologic characteristics, endoscopic and histologic findings of Inflamatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn`s disease (CD) performed in outpatients in the Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo between January and November 2006. Through a descriptive, retrospective-prospective, transversal. study the information was recorded with a cuestionary, 28 pacients had UC and 6 CD, female was most frequent in 53.6%, Hispanic race (92.9%), without any family(78.6%) or personal past history (82.1%). Pancolitis was present in 53.6%. The time of illness was between 6 months to 5 years (60.8%). CD had similar sex distribution, Hispanic race was predominant in 83.3%, no tabaco habit and colon only presentation in 50%. 66.6% had one year or less with the diagnosis. UC was more frequent between 30-39 years of age (35.7%), CD more frequent between 30-39 and 40-49 years of age (33.3%). The most frequent clinical feature was abdominal pain, diarrhea with/ without blood. Endoscopic features were moderate illness 53.6%, with crypt architectural distortion, abscess, and ulcers (82.4%) in UC. CD segmental involment with skip areas, deep linear ulcerations rectum spared 100% and epitheloid granulomas 66.7% and infiltration of macrophages 83.3%. This report was similar in current issue and could be used in prospective studies.

Enteroscopia de doble balón reporte preliminar servicio de gastroenterología hospital universitario de Maracaibo-Venezuela

La experiencia de enteroscopia doble balón como abordaje del intestino delgado en su totalidad, data del año 2001 y pocos han sido los reportes en Venezuela. Nos propusimos presentar la experiencia con este novedoso método, del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo „Centro Regional de Referencia de Gastroenterología, Endoscopia y Hepatología‰. Métodos: se realizaron 32 procedimientos de enteroscopia doble balón en 27 pacientes, 24 por abordaje anterógrado, 8 abordaje retrógrado y 4 por abordaje combinado. Se revisaron las indicaciones, los hallazgos, la realización de procedimientos terapéuticos y las complicaciones. Resultados: la inserción del enteroscopio más allá del ligamento de Treitz fue de 100% y de la válvula ileocecal (62,5%). La observación de la totalidad del intestino delgado fue posible en 4 (12,5%) de los pacientes con acceso combinado. Se encontraron hallazgos positivos en 20 (62,5%) de 32 procedimientos. Se realizó terapia endoscópica en 9 con sangrado de origen oscuro con presencia de malformaciones. Se tomaron 8 biopsias. No hubo complicaciones. Conclusiones: la enteroscopia doble balón es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro que permite la evaluación completa del intestino delgado con la posibilidad de tomar biopsias para diagnóstico y realizar terapia endoscópica, con buena tolerancia y pocas complicaciones.

The experience of double balloon enteroscopy in the approach of the small bowel dates from 2001, and few have been the reports in Venezuela. We proposed to investigate our experience of this novel method in the Gastroenterology Service of The University Hospital of Maracaibo „Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Hepatology Regional Center of Referral‰. Methods: we performed 32 procedures of double balloon enteroscopy 24 anterograde approaches, 8 retrograde approaches and 4 combined approaches. We reviewed the indications, the findings, the therapeutic procedures and the complications. Results: the insertion of the enteroscope beyond the ligament of Treitz, was possible in all of the procedures; the insertion in the ileocecal valve was possible in 62.5%. The entire small bowel was observed in 4 of 32 procedures. There were positive findings in 20 of 32 procedures, 9 vascular malformations and 1 polipectomy. We took 8 biopsies. No complications occurred. Conclusions: Double balloon enteroscopy allows the visualization of the entire small bowel with the possibility of taking biopsies for diagnostic endoscopy treatment purposes, with good tolerance and few complications.

Pólipos de colon: Una revisión de 1 año de experiencia en un centro de referencia

Los pólipos colorectales son lesiones elevadas de origen epitelial. Pueden ser pediculados, subpediculados y sésiles. Se clasifican en lesiones neoplásicas y no neoplásicas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo donde se revisaron los informes de colonoscopia y de anatomía patológica año 2004, teniendo en cuenta datos de identificación, motivo del estudio, características endoscópicas, anatomopatológicas, hallazgos endoscópicos asociados y técnicas de polipectomía empleada. Resultados: se encontraron pólipos colorectales en 49 informes de pacientes de 799 estudios endoscopicos realizados (6,13%) con predominio del sexo femenino (73,5%) y mayor frecuencia desde la quinta década de la vida. El motivo de consulta fue variado: desde dolor abdominal, hemorragia digestiva inferior e indicación de polipectomía. En cuanto a las características endoscópicas los pólipos sésiles fueron los más frecuentes y se localizaron en su mayoría en el recto. El tamaño preponderante fue de 5 a 10mm y su presentación generalmente fue única. El tipo histológico predominante es el hiperplásico con 42,9%, con un 40,8% de adenomatosos. El 100% de los pólipos adenomatosos presentaron algún grado de displasia. Las técnicas de polipectomía empleada fueron de pinza fría y asa de diatermia. Conclusiones: los pólipos no neoplásicos hiperplásicos y adenomatosos son los mas frecuentes por lo que es necesario realizar polipectomía y estudio histológico de todas estas lesiones.

Colorectal polyps are elevated epithelial lesions and can be pediculate, subpediculate or sessile. They are classified in non neoplastic and neoplastic polyps. Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study. Endoscopies reports and pathological anatomies reports from 2004, we reviewed personal data, endoscopic and pathologic characteristics of the polyps, endoscopic associate findings and technique of polipectomies. Results: Colorectales polyps in 49 patients from 799 endoscopies (6.13%) corresponding most prevalence to the female sex (73.5%) with more frequency in the fifth decade of life. The reason of consult varied from abdominal pain to lower gastrointestinal bleeding and polipectomy indication. The polyp endoscopic characteristics showed that sessile were more frequent, located in their majority in the rectum, the preponderant size was from 5 to 10 mm and mostly unique. The histopathology type of the polyps was hyperplasic with a42.9% and adenomatous 40.8%. 100% The adenomatous polyps had some grade of dysplasia. The techniques for endoscopy polipectomy were cold biopsy forced and diathermic snare . Conclusions: hiperplastic and adenomatous polyps are the most common, lesions, these lesions justify endoscopic polypectomy and histological examination.

Relación del factor de crecimiento insulina tipo I y la malnutrición en pacientes adultos con enfermedad hepática crónica compensada

Los pacientes con hepatopatía crónica presentan malnutrición en grados variables. Uno de los factores implicados en la malnutrición es la deficiencia del factor de crecimiento insulina tipo I. Objetivo: determinar la relación del factor de crecimiento insulina I y la mal nutrición en pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica compensada. Materiales y métodos: grupo A, formado por 31 pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica Child Pugh A y grupo B, 16 controles sanos. A los pacientes se les realizó historia clínica, laboratorio, evaluación antropométrica y se determinó el FCI-1 por técnica de inmunoensayo enzimático. Se aplicó T student con el programa computarizado SPSS y un valor de p < 0,05 fue estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: grupo A: 31 pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica alcohólica y no alcohólica edad entre 40 y 66 años; grupo B: control 16 sujetos en edades entre 30 y 62 años. En el grupo A se encontró un 41,94% de pacientes normales, 38,71% con sobrepeso, 12,9% con obesidad tipo 1 y 6,45% con déficit. En el grupo B todos los controles eran nutricionalmente sanos. El FCI-1 en el grupo A fue de 47+22ng/ml y en controles 79+33 ng/ml p < 0,05. Conclusión: los niveles sericos de F CI-1 son estadísticamente menores (p < 0,05) en pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica compensada que en controles sanos, y parecen relacionarse con el grado de malnutrición.

Patients with chronic liver disease have malnutrition in variable degrees. One of the factors implied in malnutrition is the deficiency of insulin growth factor type 1. Objective: to determine the relationship of insulin-like growth factor 1 and malnutrition in patients with compensated chronic liver disease. Materials and methods: group A: 31 patients with chronic liver disease Child Pugh A and group B: 16 healthy controls. The patients were submitted to a clinical history, laboratory, anthropometric evaluation and IGF-1 was determined by enzymatic immunoassay technique. T student was applied with the SPSS online program and a value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: group A: 31 patients with chronic liver disease, alcoholic and non alcoholic, ages between 40 and 66 years, group B: control 16 healthy individuals, with ages between 30 and 62 years. In group A 41.94% of patients were normal, 38.71% with overweight, 12.9% with obesity type 1 and 6.45% with deficit. In group B all the controls were healthy, nutritionally. IGF- 1 in group A was 47 + 22ng/ml and in controls 79 + 33ng/ml p < 0.05. Conclusion: The serum levels of IFG-1 are statistically lower (p< 0.05) in patients with compensated chronic liver disease than in healthy controls and they seem to be related with the malnutrition degree.