Salivary testosterone and immunoglobulin A were increased by resistance training in adults with Down syndrome.

This study was designed to assess the influence of resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and hormone profile in sedentary adults with Down syndrome (DS). A total of 40 male adults with DS were recruited for the trial through different community support groups for people with intellectual disabilities. All participants had medical approval for participation in physical activity. Twenty-four adults were randomly assigned to perform resistance training in a circuit with six stations, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Training intensity was based on functioning in the eight-repetition maximum (8RM) test for each exercise. The control group included 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched adults with DS. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Work task performance was assessed using the repetitive weighted-box-stacking test. Resistance training significantly increased salivary IgA concentration (P=0.0120; d=0.94) and testosterone levels (P=0.0088; d=1.57) in the exercising group. Furthermore, it also improved work task performance. No changes were seen in the controls who had not exercised. In conclusion, a short-term resistance training protocol improved mucosal immunity response as well as salivary testosterone levels in sedentary adults with DS.

Ecuación predictora de masa grasa corporal en deportistas con lesión medular crónica: estudio piloto / Predictive equation of body fat percentage in athletes with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study

La determinación del porcentaje de masa grasa en pacientes con lesión medular crónica (LMC) resulta de interés por la alta morbimortalidad cardiovascular que presenta este grupo. En el caso de deportistas, además, permitiría optimizar su rendimiento deportivo. Por consiguiente, el presente estudio se planteó como primer objetivo comparar diferentes métodos de estudio del porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. Y como objetivo secundario, identificar alguna ecuación que permita predecir los niveles de masa grasa de manera más económica, sencilla, rápida y no invasiva. Se diseño un estudio observacional y transversal en el que participaron voluntariamente 8 deportistas varones con LMC a nivel o por debajo de T5 que compiten a nivel nacional. El porcentaje de masa grasa corporal de los participantes se determinó mediante tres metodologías: densitometría (DEXA), antropometría convencional (Ecuación de Siri) e impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA). Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. El porcentaje de masa grasa presentado por jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas tras someterse al método de referencia (DEXA) fue del 28,76±9,16%. El análisis de concordancia de Bland-Altman entre métodos sugiere que tanto la antropometría convencional como la BIA subestiman el porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. la ecuación de predicción obtenida fue: Masa Grasa (%)= 1,9197 (pliegue tríceps (mm)) + 6,5063. Tanto las técnicas antropométricas convencionales como la propia BIA subestiman la masa grasa en deportistas con LMC. Asimismo se ha identificado una ecuación de regresión para la predicción del porcentaje de masa grasa de bajo coste y aplicable en cualquier entorno.

The assessment of fat mass (FM) is of great interest for people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) given that morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are greater and occur earlier in this group. Furthermore, it may play a key role improving physical performance in athletes with SCI. For the reasons already mentioned, the current study was designed to compare different methods for assessing FM in athletes with SCI. A secondary objective was to identify a predictive equation for FM in this group that is easily reproducible elsewhere. A total of 8 male athletes with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) competing in a national league volunteered for this study. The percentage of FM was assessed by three different methods: conventional anthropometry (Siri equation), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and densitometry (DEXA). This research was conducted in full accordance with ethical principles, including the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (version, 2002). Furthermore, the present protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Mean percentage of FM assessed by DXA was 28.76±9.16%. Moreover, Bland-Altman plots suggested conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass percentage in this group. Lastly, a predictive equation for fat mass was established as follows: FM (%)=1.9197 (triceps skinfold thickness (mm))+6.5063. It was concluded that both conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass in athletes with chronic SCI. Furthermore, a predictive equation of fat mass was recommended for this group due to its low cost and wide availability in any clinical setting.

Correlaciones entre marcadores de grasa abdominal obtenidos por densitometría y técnicas antropométricas convencionales en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico / Correlations between markers of abdominal fat obtained by dxa and anthropometric conventional techniques in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome

El presente estudio pretende identificar correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre parámetros de masa grasa abdominal obtenidos por densitometría (DXA) y otros de tipo cineantropométrico (índices de distribución de masa grasa) y bioquímico (perfil lipídico) en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico. Se diseño un estudio de cohortes histórico que incluyó a un total de 1326 mujeres post-menopausicas con edad > 45 años que se habían sometido rutinariamente a DXA para conocer su densidad mineral ósea entre Enero de 2006 y Enero de 2011. Se utilizó un DXA tipo Lunar DPX-L para determinar la masa grasa abdominal en las regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4. Además del DXA, se obtuvo de cada participante la correspondiente anamnesis, bioquímica, tensión arterial e índices de distribución de masa grasa mediante técnicas antropométricas convencionales. Se utilizó la clasificación NCEP-ATP-III para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. La mayor fuerza de asociación se estableció entre el porcentaje de masa grasa L1-L4 obtenido por DXA y el perímetro de la cintura (r= 0,77; p= 0,0016) además de con colesterol-HDL (r= -0,58; p= 0,0290). Finalmente se concluye que el perímetro de la cintura y los niveles de colesterol-HDL podrían recomendarse como predictores del comportamiento de la masa grasa abdominal de regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4 obtenidas por DXA en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico.

The current study was conducted to identify potential correlations between abdominal fat mass obtained by DXA and several parameters obtained by anthropometric conventional techniques as well as lipid profile in postmenopausal women with MS. This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between January 2006 and January 2011. The regions of interest envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurements and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATP-III). This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Several significant correlations were found between DXA and indices of body fat distribution as well as lipid profile. The strongest correlations were found between fat mass L1-L4 and waist circumference (r= 0.77; p= 0.0016) and levels of HDL-cholesterol (r= -0.58; p= 0.0290). It was concluded that waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol may be recommended to predict fat mass in regions of interest L1-L4 and L3-L4 in postmenopausal women with MS.

Incremento de la glucosa-6-fosfato-deshidrogenasa eritrocitaria en jóvenes con sindrome de Down tras un programa de actividad física de 12 semanas / A 12-week physical activity program increases glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity in Down syndrome adolescents

Recientemente se ha publicado que las células trisómicas presentan una mayor sensibilidad al daño oxidativo, que podría justificar la frecuente asociación de síndrome de Down a aterosclerosis, envejecimiento precoz, etc. Para conocer el posible papel de la actividad física moderada en la mejora de la capacidad antioxidante se estudió el comportamiento de la enzima glucosa-6-fosfato-deshidrogenasa (G6PDH) eritrocitaria en 31 adolescentes varones (16.3 ± 1.1 años) tras desarrollar un programa de 12 semanas con tres sesiones (45-60 minutos) y una intensidad del 60-75% frecuencia cardíaca máxima teórica. Nuestros resultados indican una mayor actividad de G6PDH en individuos con síndrome de Down cuando se compara con controles sin trisomía ajustados a su sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal. Asimismo observamos un incremento significativo de su actividad tras completar nuestro programa de 12 semanas. Podemos concluir que la actividad física moderada mejora la capacidad antioxidante en jóvenes con síndrome de Down.

In recent years it has been claimed that trisomic cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress since there is an imbalance in the hydrogen peroxide metabolism. We designed the present study to assess the activity level of antioxidant enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) of erythrocytes in 31 male adolescents with Down syndrome (mean age 16.3 +/- 1.1) after performing a 12 week aerobic training program. First of all, a significant increase of 14.9% in the catalytic activity of G6PDH was observed in male adolescents with Down syndrome when compared with age, sex and body mass-matched controls without trisomy. After 12-wk program its activity increased significantly compared to baseline value in Down syndrome individuals. Our data are consistent with previous evidence of the existence of higher oxidative stress in adolescents with Down syndrome when compared to the general population. We may also conclude that G6PDH activity was significantly increased after a 12 week exercise program.

Incremento de la glucosa-6-fosfato-deshidrogenasa eritrocitaria en jóvenes con sindrome de Down tras un programa de actividad física de 12 semanas / A 12-week physical activity program increases glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity in Down syndrome adolescents

Recientemente se ha publicado que las células trisómicas presentan una mayor sensibilidad al daño oxidativo, que podría justificar la frecuente asociación de síndrome de Down a aterosclerosis, envejecimiento precoz, etc. Para conocer el posible papel de la actividad física moderada en la mejora de la capacidad antioxidante se estudió el comportamiento de la enzima glucosa-6-fosfato-deshidrogenasa (G6PDH) eritrocitaria en 31 adolescentes varones (16.3 ± 1.1 años) tras desarrollar un programa de 12 semanas con tres sesiones (45-60 minutos) y una intensidad del 60-75% frecuencia cardíaca máxima teórica. Nuestros resultados indican una mayor actividad de G6PDH en individuos con síndrome de Down cuando se compara con controles sin trisomía ajustados a su sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal. Asimismo observamos un incremento significativo de su actividad tras completar nuestro programa de 12 semanas. Podemos concluir que la actividad física moderada mejora la capacidad antioxidante en jóvenes con síndrome de Down.(AU)

In recent years it has been claimed that trisomic cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress since there is an imbalance in the hydrogen peroxide metabolism. We designed the present study to assess the activity level of antioxidant enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) of erythrocytes in 31 male adolescents with Down syndrome (mean age 16.3 +/- 1.1) after performing a 12 week aerobic training program. First of all, a significant increase of 14.9% in the catalytic activity of G6PDH was observed in male adolescents with Down syndrome when compared with age, sex and body mass-matched controls without trisomy. After 12-wk program its activity increased significantly compared to baseline value in Down syndrome individuals. Our data are consistent with previous evidence of the existence of higher oxidative stress in adolescents with Down syndrome when compared to the general population. We may also conclude that G6PDH activity was significantly increased after a 12 week exercise program.(AU)

Valoraçäo da influência dos ritmos circadianos nop rendimento desportivo de velocistas / Valuation of the influence of the circadian rhythms in the athletic

Neste trabalho estuda-se a influência que os ritmos circadianos exercem no rendimento desportivo de velocistas em provas de 50 metros rasos. Para isso, 13 velocistas seguiräo um estrito protocolo que fixa os horários de sono/vigília, refeiçöes e controle de variáveis (rendimento em velocidade, teste de Bosco, testes de auto-estima psíquica e física e temperatura corporal) durante 3 dias näo consecutivos. No primeiro dia, segui-se o horário base, enquanto que no segundo (dia de antecipaçäo) e terceiro (dia de atraso) se adiantou e atrasou o mesmo horário em 2 horas, respectivamente. Da análise dos resultados deduz-se que o momento máximo de rendimento em velocidade se produz à tarde (19 horas). Existe uma maior dificuldade ao modificar os picos de máximo rendimento no sentido de antecipar, registrando um deterioro estatisticamente significativo do rendimento médio do dia de antecipaçäo em relaçäo ao dia de controle. Por último, o teste de Bosco, o teste de auto valoraçäo psíquica e física apresentaram uma relaçäo muito direta com o rendimento em velocidade pelo que podem ser empregues em autorritometria.

Valoracion de la influencia de los ritmos circadianos en el rendimiento deportivo de velocistas / Circadian variation in sports performance

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as reservas energéticas de metabólicos fosforilados no músculo esquelético de atletas, mediante espectroscopia de 31P-MRS.A amostra deste estudo foi formada por 14 atletas de alto nível, do Centro de Auto-Remdimento Esportivo (CAR, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Espanha).O padräo de metabólicos fosforilados foi medido no músculo vasto medial por 31P-MRS. A suplementaçäo oral foi realizada durante 14 dias, na forma de 20 g de monohidrato de creativa. Os atletas foram determinados conforme as suas características físicas (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), VO2 max.)em dois grupos: placebo (maltodextrina) e suplementaçäo com creatina. O protocolo de exercício foi realizado no interior do túnel de ressonância (160 x 52cm), a 60 ciclos por minuto para ambas as pernas. Conclui-se que o exercício realizado pelos fundistas no CDP permitiu detectar mediante 31 PMRS, uma diminuiçäo do consumo de PCr durante os períodos de exercício, devido a suplementaçäo com creatina