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1.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 31(6): 363-368, jun.-jul. 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-114559

RESUMO

Introducción Existen pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre candidemia en población pediátrica en España. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la epidemiología de candidemia en estos pacientes. Métodos Estudio prospectivo, observacional, multicéntrico en 44 hospitales españoles sobre episodios de candidemia en población pediátrica desde 0 a 15 años de edad ocurridos entre enero de 2009 y febrero de 2010. Resultados Se estudiaron 197 episodios con 200 aislamientos de levaduras. La especie más frecuentemente aislada fue Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (43%) seguida de C. albicans (36%), C. tropicalis (6%), C. orthopsilosis y C. glabrata (4% cada una). C. albicans predominó en neonatos, mientras que C. parapsilosis predominó en el resto de las edades. Por comunidades autónomas, en Baleares, Cataluña y Canarias se aisló más frecuentemente C. albicans, y en Andalucía, Castilla y León, Galicia, Madrid y Valencia fue más prevalente C. parapsilosis. El porcentaje de cepas resistentes al fluconazol fue del 1,5% (4,1% con los nuevos criterios especie específicos del CLSI). La resistencia al fluconazol fue menor en neonatos que en el resto de los grupos. Neonatología fue el área donde más frecuentemente se detectaron estos episodios (31,5%). La presencia de catéter y la prematuridad se asociaron, de manera independiente, con candidemia por C. albicans con un riesgo casi 6 y 2 veces mayor, respectivamente, en el análisis multivariante. Conclusiones La epidemiología de candidemia pediátrica varía entre las comunidades autónomas, pero globalmente C. parapsilosis y C. albicans son por este orden las especies más frecuentes y muestran unas tasas de resistencia al fluconazol inferiores al 5% (AU)


Introduction There are few epidemiological studies on candidaemia in the paediatric population in Spain. We sought to determine the epidemiology of candidaemia in these patients. Methods Prospective, observational and multicentre study in 44 Spanish hospitals. All candidaemia episodes in paediatric patients from 0 to 15 years old between January 2009 and February 2010 were studied. Results There were 197 episodes and 200 species were isolated. The most frequent species was Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (43%), followed by C. albicans (36%), C. tropicalis (6%), C. orthopsilosis, and C. glabrata (4%) respectively. C. albicans was the most prevalent in newborns, and C. parapsilosis was most frequent in the other age groups. As regards the regions of Spain, C. albicans was most prevalent in patients from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and C. parapsilosis in patients from Andalusia, Castilla-León, Galicia, Valencia, and Madrid. The rate of resistance to fluconazole was 1.5% (4.1% with the new species-specific Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] criteria). Fluconazole resistance was lower in neonates than the other age groups. The Neonatal Wards were the areas with most episodes (31.5%). In the multivariate analysis, the variables associated independently with candidaemia due to C. albicans were: catheter (OR: 5.967; 95% CI: 1.614-22.057; P = .007) and prematurity (OR: 2.229; 95% CI: 1.141- 4.631; P = .020). Conclusions The epidemiology of paediatric candidaemia varies between Spanish regions, but, globally, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, are respectively, the first and second most frequently isolated species, and they show resistance rates to fluconazole of less than 5% (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Candida/patogenicidade , Candidemia/epidemiologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Distribuição por Idade , Fungemia/epidemiologia
2.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 31(6): 363-8, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23398860

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: There are few epidemiological studies on candidaemia in the paediatric population in Spain. We sought to determine the epidemiology of candidaemia in these patients. METHODS: Prospective, observational and multicentre study in 44 Spanish hospitals. All candidaemia episodes in paediatric patients from 0 to 15 years old between January 2009 and February 2010 were studied. RESULTS: There were 197 episodes and 200 species were isolated. The most frequent species was Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (43%), followed by C. albicans (36%), C. tropicalis (6%), C. orthopsilosis, and C. glabrata (4%) respectively. C. albicans was the most prevalent in newborns, and C. parapsilosis was most frequent in the other age groups. As regards the regions of Spain, C. albicans was most prevalent in patients from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and C. parapsilosis in patients from Andalusia, Castilla-León, Galicia, Valencia, and Madrid. The rate of resistance to fluconazole was 1.5% (4.1% with the new species-specific Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] criteria). Fluconazole resistance was lower in neonates than the other age groups. The Neonatal Wards were the areas with most episodes (31.5%). In the multivariate analysis, the variables associated independently with candidaemia due to C. albicans were: catheter (OR: 5.967; 95% CI: 1.614-22.057; P=.007) and prematurity (OR: 2.229; 95% CI: 1.141- 4.631; P=.020). CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of paediatric candidaemia varies between Spanish regions, but, globally, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, are respectively, the first and second most frequently isolated species, and they show resistance rates to fluconazole of less than 5%.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidemia/epidemiologia , Candidemia/microbiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Prospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologia
4.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 67(12): 2804-8, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22899804

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To detect the presence of lnu genes in staphylococcal strains with the unusual phenotype lincosamide resistance/macrolide susceptibility (L(R)/M(S)), and to determine their locations and genetic environments. METHODS: Six staphylococcal strains of human and animal origin with the phenotype L(R)/M(S) were studied. The presence of 15 resistance genes was tested by PCR. SCCmec typing was performed for all methicillin-resistant strains. agr typing, spa typing and multilocus sequence typing were carried out for Staphylococcus aureus strains. Transformation experiments were carried out by electrotransformation. Plasmid or chromosomal gene location was determined by Southern blot analysis and the genetic environments of the lnu genes were studied in all strains. RESULTS: Three methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains contained the lnu(A) gene. The presence of the pLNU1 plasmid carrying lnu(A) was confirmed in one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ST398-t108 and one methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri. A novel lnu(A)-carrying plasmid (pUR5425) was identified in one MRSA ST125-t067 strain. Transformants of the three lnu(A)-positive strains presented increased lincomycin MIC values. The remaining three studied staphylococcal strains harboured the lnu(B) gene: two methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ST9-t337 and one MRSA ST398-t011. The lnu(B) gene was embedded in the chromosome in the two MSSA strains and in a large-sized plasmid in the MRSA strain. The same lnu(B) genetic environment was detected in these three strains. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance phenotype L(R)/M(S) seems to be related to S. aureus animal-associated clonal lineages (ST398 and ST9). A novel lnu(A)-carrying plasmid was identified and this is the first detection of the lnu(B) gene in MRSA ST398.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Lincosamidas/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Animais , Southern Blotting , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Transformação Bacteriana
6.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ; 73(4): 380-2, 2012 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22682533

RESUMO

The cfr gene was identified in 3 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates of lineage ST22 implicated in a fatal human infection. MRSE isolates displayed an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and SCCmec type III, and showed a multiresistance phenotype. The presence of cfr, fexA, aac(6')-aph(2″), and dfrS1 genes was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. A mutation in 23S rRNA gene (C2534T) and amino acid changes and/or insertions in L3 and L4 proteins were detected. The cfr and fexA genes were located in a conjugative plasmid of approximately 45 kb and in the chromosome.


Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Genes Bacterianos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Meticilina/farmacologia , Tipagem Molecular , Mutagênese Insercional , Plasmídeos , Mutação Puntual , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genética , Staphylococcus epidermidis/classificação , Staphylococcus epidermidis/genética
7.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 28(2): 91-99, abr.-jun. 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-129021

RESUMO

Antecedentes. Recientemente se ha observado un incremento de las fungemias causadas por especies diferentes de Candida albicans y una disminución de la sensibilidad de los microorganismos responsables al fluconazol. Objetivos. Evaluar la epidemiología y la sensibilidad al fluconazol de los casos de fungemia en España en 2009, comparando los resultados con los obtenidos entre los años 1997-1999 (Pemán J, et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005). Métodos. Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico con 44 centros participantes realizado desde enero de 2009 a febrero de 2010. Los aislamientos fúngicos procedentes de hemocultivo fueron recogidos en cada centro, donde se realizó el estudio de sensibilidad antifúngica mediante microdilución colorimétrica (Sensititre Yeast One). Resultados. Desde enero de 2009 a febrero de 2010 se recogieron 1.377 aislamientos en hemocultivos, correspondientes a 1.357 episodios de fungemia. Las fungemias se observaron principalmente en mayores de 64 años (46,7%) y el 8,6% en menores de 1 año. C. albicans (44,7%), Candida parapsilosis (29,1%), Candida glabrata (11,5%), Candida tropicalis (8,2%) y Candida krusei (1,9%) fueron las especies más frecuentes, pero su distribución no fue geográficamente homogénea. En los últimos 10 años la incidencia de C. albicans ha aumentado significativamente en Cataluña (39,1 vs. 54,7%, P=0,03) y reducido en la Comunidad Valenciana (49,1 vs. 34,6%, P=0,01). C. parapsilosis ha disminuido en Cataluña (29 vs. 12,4%, P=0,002) y Extremadura (58,3 vs. 20%, P=0,01). La sensibilidad a fluconazol fue similar en toda España pero en los aislamientos de C. albicans la resistencia fue diez veces superior en mayores de 64 años. Sin embargo, la tasa de resistencia (CMI > 32 mg/L) global ha disminuido con respecto a la obtenida hace 10 años (3,7 vs. 2,5% actual), sobre todo en C. albicans (3 vs. 1,6%). Conclusiones. En los últimos 10 años la distribución de las especies causantes de fungemia en España y la sensibilidad al fluconazol no han variado significativamente, aunque se observa una menor tasa de resistencia. La distribución de las especies varía según la unidad de hospitalización, hospital y Comunidad Autónoma(AU)


Background. Recent epidemiological surveillance studies have reported an increase in fungaemia caused by non-Candida albicans species, as well as a decrease in fluconazole susceptibility. Objectives. To evaluate changes in the epidemiology of fungaemia in Spain comparing data from a new surveillance epidemiological study conducted in 2009 with a previous study carried out from 1997 to 1999 (Pemán J, et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005). Methods. From January 2009 to February 2010, 44 Spanish hospitals participated in a prospective multicentre fungaemia surveillance study to ascertain whether there have been changes in the epidemiology and fluconazole susceptibility. Susceptibility was determined by the colorimetric method Sensititre Yeast One. Demographic and clinical data and the first isolate of each episode were gathered. Results. A total of 1,377 isolates from 1,357 fungaemia episodes were collected, 46.7% from patients older than 64years and 8.6% from children less than 1 year old. C. albicans (44.7%), Candida parapsilosis (29.1%), Candida glabrata (11.5%), Candida tropicalis (8.2%), and Candida krusei (1.9%) were the most frequent species isolated. Distribution varied with the geographical area. C. albicans incidence has increased significantly in the last 10years in Cataluña (39.1 vs. 54.7%, P =0.03) and decreased in the Valencian Community (49.1 vs. 34.6%, P =0.002) and Extremadura (58.3 vs. 20%, P =0.01). Susceptibility to fluconazole was similar for all geographical areas, although resistance in C. albicans was ten times greater for patients aged more than 64years. The overall rate of fluconazole resistance (MIC > 32 mg/L) has decreased with respect to that obtained 10years ago (3.7 vs. 2.5%) mainly in C. albicans (3 vs. 1.6%). Conclusions. In the last ten years, species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility have not significantly changed, although a lower rate of fluconazole resistance has been observed. Species distribution varies with hospital, hospitalization Unit and geographical area(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fungemia/epidemiologia , Fluconazol , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Colorimetria/métodos , Colorimetria , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Fungemia/microbiologia , Fungemia/virologia , Fluconazol/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Estudos Prospectivos , 28599 , Fatores de Risco
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 28(supl.3): 31-38, oct. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-179496

RESUMO

La microbiología es una ciencia interpretativa y, como tal, necesita interlocutores cualificados, y esta función es una de las principales actividades del microbiólogo. El presente artículo pretende analizar lo que significa ser microbiólogo a comienzos del siglo XXI, presentar nuestros objetivos y comentar las relaciones profesionales mantenidas con otras especialidades. Las nuevas tecnologías y la automatización han cambiado sustancialmente las características de los laboratorios de microbiología y han modificado la forma en la que el microbiólogo desarrolla su actividad profesional. En la actualidad, la organización del laboratorio de microbiología clínica del futuro es objeto de controversia y la forma en que ésta se enfoque y desarrolle influirá, inevitablemente, en todos los especialistas que nos dedicamos al estudio de la infección. Los especialistas en microbiología deben realizar la función asistencial, docente e investigadora de forma coordinada con el resto de las especialidades implicadas en el diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y control de las infecciones. Para que la colaboración entre los profesionales de las distintas especialidades sea productiva y lo menos conflictiva posible, la relación se ha de basar en el respeto, complementariedad, cooperación y transparencia. Sólo así podremos conseguir que nuestro trabajo contribuya a proporcionar a los pacientes la mejor atención sanitaria posible y daremos contenido al futuro de nuestra especialidad


Clinical microbiology is an interpretative science and, as such, requires qualified professionals, interpretation being one of the most important activities performed by microbiologists. This article aims to analyze what it means to be a clinical microbiologist at the beginning of the 21st century, to present our professional objectives, and to discuss the professional relationship between microbiology and other specialties. Technological improvements and automation have substantially changed the characteristics of modern microbiology laboratories and have modified microbiologists' professional activity. Currently, the organization of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the near future is controversial, and strategies and decisions that must be urgently adopted will inevitably influence not only microbiologists' professional activity but also that of other specialists dealing with infectious diseases. Clinical microbiology specialists must develop the three classical professional functions: healthcare, teaching and research. These tasks should be carried out in a coordinated and cooperative fashion with other specialists interested in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of infectious diseases. To make this collaboration as productive and conflict-free as possible, the relationship must be based on complementarily, cooperation, and transparency. Only in this way will the work of microbiologists contribute to optimal patient care and provide a rationale for the future of our profession


Assuntos
Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Microbiologia/organização & administração , Microbiologia/normas , Competência Clínica , Previsões
9.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 118(16): 622-6, 2002 May 04.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12028916

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is one of the most common complications of influenza infection. However, its characteristics are not well-known. Our aim was to assess the frequency of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) associated with influenza virus and to determine its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total of 240 patients with CAP were evaluated and cases with serological evidence of influenza virus infection were identified. Patients in whom there was no evidence of infection by other microbial agents were selected and defined as influenza virus infection-associated CAP (CAP-i). Clinical and epidemiological features of CAP-i patients were compared with the rest of patients with CAP. RESULTS: A microbial diagnosis was achieved in 143 (59.6%) of 240 patients with CAP. In 12 cases (5%) there was serological evidence of infection by influenza A virus. In 8 patients no other respiratory pathogens were detected (CAP-i). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of arthromyalgias (odds ratio [OR] = 30, 68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1-946), plasmatic sodium < 133 mEq/l (OR = 16.92; 95% CI, 1.48-193), bilateral infiltrates in chest X-ray (OR = 8.83; 95% CI, 1.35-57.6), diagnosis of CAP in January or February (OR = 5.60; 95% CI, 0.87-35.8) and blood neutrophil cell count >= 14,000/l, (OR = 5.23; 95% CI, 0.85-32) were all independently associated with CAP-i. The simultaneous presence of all these characteristics had a positive and negative predictive value of 95% and 99%, respectively, to differentiate CAP-i from other CAP. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza virus infection-associated CAP is uncommon. Some clinical and radiographic variables could differentiate CAP-i from other CAP. These parameters could also help identify patients who are more likely to benefit from specific antiviral therapy.


Assuntos
Influenza Humana/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos
10.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 118(16): 622-626, mayo 2002.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-13021

RESUMO

FUNDAMENTO: La neumonía constituye una de las complicaciones más frecuentes de la gripe. Sin embargo, sus características no son bien conocidas. Se pretende determinar la frecuencia de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) asociada a la infección por el virus de la gripe y conocer sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se evaluó a 240 a pacientes con NAC y se identificaron los casos asociados con seroconversión al virus influenza. Se seleccionó a los pacientes en los que no se había detectado ningún otro microorganismo patógeno y se les definió como casos de NAC asociada con infección por el virus de la gripe (NAC-g). Se compararon sus características con las del resto de las NAC. RESULTADOS: En 143 (59,6 por ciento) de los 240 pacientes de NAC se estableció un diagnóstico etiológico empleando procedimientos no invasivos. En 12 (5 por ciento) se demostró seroconversión para el virus influenza A; en 8 de ellos no se identificó ningún otro patógeno (NAC-g). En el análisis multivariado, la presencia de artromialgias (odds ratio [OR] = 30,68; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 por ciento, 1-946), un valor de sodio < 133 mEq/l (OR = 16,92; IC del 95 por ciento, 1,48-193), un patrón radiológico bilateral (OR = 8,83; IC del 95 por ciento, 1,35-57,6), el diagnóstico en los meses de enero-febrero (OR = 5,60; IC del 95 por ciento, 0,87-35,8) y una cifra de neutrófilos 14.000/µl (OR = 5,23; IC del 95 por ciento, 0,85-32) se asociaron de manera independiente con NAC-g. El conjunto de estas 5 variables presenta un valor predictivo positivo y negativo del 95 y el 99 por ciento, respectivamente, para diferenciar NAC-g del resto de neumonías. CONCLUSIONES: La NAC-g es poco frecuente en nuestro entorno. Se ha encontrado una serie de variables que caracterizan la NAC-g y que podrían ayudar a identificar a los pacientes candidatos a tratamiento antivírico. (AU)


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Adolescente , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Pneumonia Viral , Estudos Prospectivos , Influenza Humana
11.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 117(17): 657-659, nov. 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-3218

RESUMO

FUNDAMENTO: Conocer la etiología de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad tratada ambulatoriamente (NACTA) y evaluar el rendimiento de un protocolo diagnóstico con detección de antígenos bacterianos en orina. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo en un área sanitaria durante un año, efectuando hemocultivos, cultivo del esputo, serología en fase aguda y de convalecencia, y detección de antígenos de Streptococcus pneumoniae y Legionella pneumophila en orina. RESULTADOS: Se estudió a 49 pacientes y se consiguió el diagnóstico etiológico en 34 (69 por ciento). Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron S. pneumoniae (12 casos), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (7), Haemophilus influenzae (4), virus respiratorios (4) y Coxiella burnetii (3). CONCLUSIONES: Utilizando métodos no invasivos puede conseguirse el diagnóstico etiológico en dos tercios de los pacientes con NACTA. S. pneumoniae es la causa principal de esta enfermedad (AU)


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Pneumonia Bacteriana , Legionella pneumophila , Pneumonia Pneumocócica , Estudos Prospectivos , Antígenos de Bactérias , Doença dos Legionários
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