Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy in adult patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical features of epilepsy secondary to Malformation of Cortical Development (MCD) in a series of adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched our database for all cases with confirmed epilepsy and MCD and included in the study only those with complete data. Mean age, sex, age at seizure onset (ASO), seizure types, abnormal neurological exam (ANE), mental retardation, family history, gestational or perinatal insults (G-PI), interictal EEG and response to treatment were analyzed. Cases were classified into the 3 main groups (G) according to the Barkovich classification (BC) and then compared: (G1) "malformations due to abnormal cell proliferation", (G2) "malformations due to abnormal migration" and (G3) "malformations due to abnormal cortical organization". RESULTS: We identified 152 (5.06%) patients with MCD from a total of 3000 with epilepsy. In total, 138 patients with complete medical data were included in this study. The mean age of patients was 36.2 years, 52.2% were female, the mean ASO was 12.3 years, 5.1% of cases had a positive family history and 21% had G-PI. An ANE was observed in 21% and mental retardation in 31.9%. Most of the patients (84.8%) had refractory epilepsy. The distribution of cases according to the BC was: 51.4% in G1, 28.9% in G2 and 19.6% in G3. Comparing the 3 groups, we found that an ANE was statistically more frequent in G3 and was present in 70.4% of cases. CONCLUSION: Our series of adult patients with epilepsy and MCD suggests that MCD are identified as commonly in a developing country as in previous "first world" series. Neurological deficits were more common in the subgroup of patients with polymicrogyria and schizencephaly (BC Group 3).

Clinical-electroencephalogram patterns at seizure onset in patients with hippocampal sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify specific clinical-electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns at seizure onset in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). METHODS: Sixty-six ictal video-EEG recordings corresponding to 26 patients with HS have been reviewed, focusing on the EEG features found during the first 30 ictal s. The EEG activity has been classified into the following groups: (A) according to spatial distribution: type 1: temporal electrodes on one side; type 2: temporal and adjacent frontal electrodes on one side; and type 3: non-lateralizing electrographic activity; and (B) according to morphology; subtype (a): regular 5-9 Hz rhythmic activity (RA); subtype (b): low-voltage rapid activity, followed by a 5-9 Hz RA; and subtype (c): irregular EEG sharp waves. We analyzed the clinical symptoms sequence and established the relationship with the ictal EEG patterns. RESULTS: Considering spatial distribution and morphology, the most frequent ictal EEG patterns were type 1 (57%), type 2 (37%), and subtype (a): 62%; subtype (b): 27%; and subtype (c): 11%. The sequence of clinical symptoms observed was: aura-->behavioral arrest-->oro-alimentary automatisms-->unilateral hand automatisms. All seizures with aura and including two or more symptoms of the clinical sequence (65%) were associated with a 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b EEG pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of a specific clinical-EEG pattern provides a useful tool for the epileptogenic zone localization in non-invasive pre-surgical assessment of patients with hippocampal sclerosis. SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of a specific clinical-EEG pattern associated to neuroimaging findings and neuropsychological testing allows indicating surgery for the treatment of epilepsy in patients with hippocampal sclerosis, without performing any further complementary studies.

Clinical features and prognosis of nonepileptic seizures in a developing country.

PURPOSE: To determine the predictive value of clinical features and medical history in patients with nonepileptic seizures (NESs). METHODS: One hundred sixty-one consecutive ictal video-EEGs were reviewed, and 17 patients with 41 NESs identified. NES diagnosis was defined as paroxysmal behavioral changes suggestive of epileptic seizures recorded during video-EEC without any electrographic ictal activity. Clinical features, age, sex, coexisting epilepsy, associated psychiatric disorder, social and economic factors, delay in reaching the diagnosis of NES, previous treatment, and correlation with outcome on follow-up were examined. RESULTS: The study population included 70% female patients with a mean age of 33 years. Mean duration of NESs before diagnosis was 9 years. Forty-one percent had coexisting epilepsy. The most frequent NES clinical features were tonic-clonic mimicking movements and fear/anxiety/hyperventilation. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was conversion disorder and dependent and borderline personality disorder. Seventy-three percent of patients with pure NESs received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and 63.5% of this group received new AEDs. Fifty-nine percent of the patients received psychological/psychiatric therapy. At follow-up, 23.5% were free of NESs. CONCLUSIONS: All seizure-free patients had two good prognostic factors: having an independent lifestyle and the acceptance of the nonepileptic nature of the episodes. Video-EEG monitoring continues to be the diagnostic method to ensure accurate seizure classification. Establishing adequate health care programs to facilitate access to new technology in public hospitals as well as the implementation of continuous education programs for general practitioners and neurologists could eventually improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NESs.

[Mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome in adult patients]. / Síndrome de la esclerosis mesial temporal en pacientes adultos.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential tool in the work-up of epilepsy. Since its appearance it has been possible to identify pathologies, such as hippocampal sclerosis (HS), that had previously only been detected by histopathological assays. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, EEG and the outcome of patients with HS as shown by MRI. We revised the clinical histories of 384 outpatients from the Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, who had been studied by MRI. Thirty five of them (15.5%) had a diagnosis of HS, based on the structural changes observed on the images. Six patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical data. Therefore, we studied 29 patients including 15 men. The mean age was 32.7 +/- 10.2 years (range: 19-58). All of them had partial seizures. Ten subjects had had febrile convulsions (34.5%) in childhood. Neurological examination was normal in all subjects. Interictal EEG showed focal abnormalities that were coincident in their location with the MRI abnormalities in 16 patients (55.1%). Fourteen patients (48.3%) showed right side hippocampal lesions on MRI, thirteen on the left side (44.9%) and 2 bilateral HS (6.8%). Twenty-seven patients (93.1%) had intractable epilepsy. Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed in 3 subjects with good outcome. The identification of these patients who present certain clinical and MRI characteristics, provides an opportunity to define the mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome. This could benefit patients in their prognosis and for specific treatments.

[Pharmacokinetic variability of oxcarbazepine in epileptic patients]. / Variabilidad farmacocinética de oxcarbazepina en pacientes epilépticos.

The aim of this study was to analyze the population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine (OCBZ) measuring the serum level of its active metabolite, monohydroxylated oxcarbazepine (MHD). We studied a group of patients with symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsy treated with OCBZ monotherapy orally, at least for 3 weeks. The mean doses, age and weight of the patients were 17.9 +/- 7.8 mg/kg/day, 35.6 +/- 16.4 years and 70.3 +/- 19.2 kg, respectively. Blood samples were taken before the first morning dose of OCBZ and MHD levels were determined by HPLC. A linear relationship was found between OCBZ dose and MHD serum level (r = 0.844, p < 0.001). The MHD serum concentration (mg/l) can be predicted as 0.85 x OCBZ dose (mg/kg). There was a significant correlation between observed and predicted MHD concentrations for each patient. The mean MHD clearance (Cl/F) calculated was 4.05 +/- 1.69 l/h, with a coefficient variation of 41%. It was independent of dose, age and weight and followed a non normal distribution. The half-life of MHD was 10.50 +/- 3.17 hours. The influence of other antiepileptic drugs on MHD pharmacokinetics was analyzed by comparing the Cl/F medians from groups of patients receiving concomitant drugs with OCBZ monotherapy group where no significant differences were found. The results can be used to estimate a priori OCBZ doses, in order to individualize the treatment.

Síndrome de la esclerosis mesial temporal en pacientes adultos. / [Mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome in adult patients]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential tool in the work-up of epilepsy. Since its appearance it has been possible to identify pathologies, such as hippocampal sclerosis (HS), that had previously only been detected by histopathological assays. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, EEG and the outcome of patients with HS as shown by MRI. We revised the clinical histories of 384 outpatients from the Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, who had been studied by MRI. Thirty five of them (15.5

) had a diagnosis of HS, based on the structural changes observed on the images. Six patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical data. Therefore, we studied 29 patients including 15 men. The mean age was 32.7 +/- 10.2 years (range: 19-58). All of them had partial seizures. Ten subjects had had febrile convulsions (34.5

) in childhood. Neurological examination was normal in all subjects. Interictal EEG showed focal abnormalities that were coincident in their location with the MRI abnormalities in 16 patients (55.1

). Fourteen patients (48.3

) showed right side hippocampal lesions on MRI, thirteen on the left side (44.9

) and 2 bilateral HS (6.8

). Twenty-seven patients (93.1

) had intractable epilepsy. Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed in 3 subjects with good outcome. The identification of these patients who present certain clinical and MRI characteristics, provides an opportunity to define the mesial temporal sclerosis syndrome. This could benefit patients in their prognosis and for specific treatments.

Variabilidad farmacocinética de oxcarbazepina en pacientes epilépticos. / [Pharmacokinetic variability of oxcarbazepine in epileptic patients]

The aim of this study was to analyze the population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine (OCBZ) measuring the serum level of its active metabolite, monohydroxylated oxcarbazepine (MHD). We studied a group of patients with symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsy treated with OCBZ monotherapy orally, at least for 3 weeks. The mean doses, age and weight of the patients were 17.9 +/- 7.8 mg/kg/day, 35.6 +/- 16.4 years and 70.3 +/- 19.2 kg, respectively. Blood samples were taken before the first morning dose of OCBZ and MHD levels were determined by HPLC. A linear relationship was found between OCBZ dose and MHD serum level (r = 0.844, p < 0.001). The MHD serum concentration (mg/l) can be predicted as 0.85 x OCBZ dose (mg/kg). There was a significant correlation between observed and predicted MHD concentrations for each patient. The mean MHD clearance (Cl/F) calculated was 4.05 +/- 1.69 l/h, with a coefficient variation of 41

. It was independent of dose, age and weight and followed a non normal distribution. The half-life of MHD was 10.50 +/- 3.17 hours. The influence of other antiepileptic drugs on MHD pharmacokinetics was analyzed by comparing the Cl/F medians from groups of patients receiving concomitant drugs with OCBZ monotherapy group where no significant differences were found. The results can be used to estimate a priori OCBZ doses, in order to individualize the treatment.

Hallazgos diagnósticos a través de la RM en una población de pacientes con epilepsia, seleccionados al azar / MRI diagnostic findings in a randomly selected epileptic population

A partir de los avances planteados con la RM, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en una población de 124 pacientes de consultorio externo con diagnóstico de epilepsia basado en datos clínicos y EEG, se aplicaron los criterios de la Liga Internacional de Epilepsia (ILAE, 1981, 1989) desde diciembre de 1993 a diciembre de 1994. El protocolo empleado incluyó imágenes en los planos sagital, coronal, axial y adquisición 3D coronal FFE, todos ellos paralelos y perpendiculares al eje mayor del hipocampo. Se completó con una secuencia IR axial. La RM fue normal en 67 pacientes (54 por ciento). En 57 pacientes (46 por ciento) la RM fue patológica con alteraciones corticales en 13 pacientes, tumores en 9 pacientes, esclerosis hipocampal en 8 pacientes, malformaciones vasculares en 4 pacientes, quistes aracnoideos en 5 pacientes y miscelánea en 18 pacientes. Hemos comparado los diferentes resultados hallados a través de la RM y la TC. El 33,8 por ciento de los pacientes que presentaron TC normal, tenía anormalidades en la RM, incluyendo 7 imágenes tumorales. La RM debería constituir parte de los análisis de rutina en los pacientes epilépticos, ya que representa una herramienta esencial para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia sintomática, resultando un método más específico y de mayor sensibilidad que la TC.

Hallazgos diagnósticos a través de la RM en una población de pacientes con epilepsia, seleccionados al azar / MRI diagnostic findings in a randomly selected epileptic population

A partir de los avances planteados con la RM, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en una población de 124 pacientes de consultorio externo con diagnóstico de epilepsia basado en datos clínicos y EEG, se aplicaron los criterios de la Liga Internacional de Epilepsia (ILAE, 1981, 1989) desde diciembre de 1993 a diciembre de 1994. El protocolo empleado incluyó imágenes en los planos sagital, coronal, axial y adquisición 3D coronal FFE, todos ellos paralelos y perpendiculares al eje mayor del hipocampo. Se completó con una secuencia IR axial. La RM fue normal en 67 pacientes (54 por ciento). En 57 pacientes (46 por ciento) la RM fue patológica con alteraciones corticales en 13 pacientes, tumores en 9 pacientes, esclerosis hipocampal en 8 pacientes, malformaciones vasculares en 4 pacientes, quistes aracnoideos en 5 pacientes y miscelánea en 18 pacientes. Hemos comparado los diferentes resultados hallados a través de la RM y la TC. El 33,8 por ciento de los pacientes que presentaron TC normal, tenía anormalidades en la RM, incluyendo 7 imágenes tumorales. La RM debería constituir parte de los análisis de rutina en los pacientes epilépticos, ya que representa una herramienta esencial para el diagnóstico de la epilepsia sintomática, resultando un método más específico y de mayor sensibilidad que la TC. (AU)

Eficacia y seguridad del vigabatrin en tratamiento adicionado en pacientes con epilepsia parcial refractaria / Safety and efficacy studies of vigabatrin in combined treatment in patients with partial refractory epilepsy

Los estudios epidemiológicos realizados en las últimas décadas han demostrado que alrededor de las tres cuartas partes de los pacientes epilépticos pueden en la actualidad, ser controlados eficazmente con las drogas anticonvulsivantes. Sin embargo alrededor del 20 A 30 por ciento de los mismos, continúan presentando crisis a pesar de la instauración de un tratamiento farmacológico correcto. La reciente introducción de nuevas drogas, una de las cuales es el vigabatrin, podría constituir un paso adelante hacia el control de algunos de estos pacientes. Con el objetivo de determinar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de esta droga en pacientes que no habían respondido a tratamientos farmacológicos previos, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en 20 pacientes con epilepsia parcial, refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico y por otra parte, hemos analizado el impacto de la misma a nivel del estado de la atención tanto en el plano de la conducta como su correlato electrofisiológico. El 65 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una disminución de más del 50 por ciento de las crisis. Se presentaron efectos adversos en el 35 por ciento de los pacientes. Los efectos adversos más importantes observados por nosotros fueron los efectos centrales. En el estudio de cuantificación de la actividad de base del EEG (qEEG) se observó una disminución de la potencia relativa en las bandas de frecuencia lentas y en aquellos pacientes que presentaron una reducción de las crisis superior al 50 por ciento , una mayor organización de la actividad eléctrica y una mejor ejecución de las pruebas de tiempo de reacción simple y atención selectiva

Eficacia y seguridad del vigabatrin en tratamiento adicionado en pacientes con epilepsia parcial refractaria / Safety and efficacy studies of vigabatrin in combined treatment in patients with partial refractory epilepsy

Los estudios epidemiológicos realizados en las últimas décadas han demostrado que alrededor de las tres cuartas partes de los pacientes epilépticos pueden en la actualidad, ser controlados eficazmente con las drogas anticonvulsivantes. Sin embargo alrededor del 20 A 30 por ciento de los mismos, continúan presentando crisis a pesar de la instauración de un tratamiento farmacológico correcto. La reciente introducción de nuevas drogas, una de las cuales es el vigabatrin, podría constituir un paso adelante hacia el control de algunos de estos pacientes. Con el objetivo de determinar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de esta droga en pacientes que no habían respondido a tratamientos farmacológicos previos, hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo en 20 pacientes con epilepsia parcial, refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico y por otra parte, hemos analizado el impacto de la misma a nivel del estado de la atención tanto en el plano de la conducta como su correlato electrofisiológico. El 65 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una disminución de más del 50 por ciento de las crisis. Se presentaron efectos adversos en el 35 por ciento de los pacientes. Los efectos adversos más importantes observados por nosotros fueron los efectos centrales. En el estudio de cuantificación de la actividad de base del EEG (qEEG) se observó una disminución de la potencia relativa en las bandas de frecuencia lentas y en aquellos pacientes que presentaron una reducción de las crisis superior al 50 por ciento , una mayor organización de la actividad eléctrica y una mejor ejecución de las pruebas de tiempo de reacción simple y atención selectiva (AU)