[Prognostic factors for bronchiolitis complications in a pediatric intensive care unit]. / Factores pronósticos de evolución complicada en la bronquiolitis que requiere ingreso en cuidados intensivos pediátricos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prognostic factors for complications in children with bronchiolitis admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective study was performed on children with bronchiolitis admitted into a PICU between 2000 and 2006. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to study the prognostic factors of complications, mechanical ventilation requirements, mortality and PICU stays of more than 15 days. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients were studied, of whom 72 (65.5%) had high risk factors: prematurity (39.1%), cardiac disease (38.2%) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (16.3%). A total of 82.7% of patients had complications; 26% need invasive mechanical ventilation and the mortality was 3.6%, and 16.4% stayed in PICU for more than 15 days. Factors associated with mechanical ventilation were the clinical Wood-Downes score and heart disease. A weight less than 5 kg was associated with complications; heart disease and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with a longer PICU stay; prematurity and mechanical ventilation were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Children with bronchiolitis admitted into the PICU had a high frequency of complications, often needed mechanical ventilation and had long stays in the PICU, but the mortality is low. The best prognostic factors on admission into the PICU were the acute respiratory insufficiency score, the presence of heart disease and were premature at birth.

Factores pronósticos de evolución complicada en la bronquiolitis que requiere ingreso en cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Prognostic factors for bronchiolitis complications in a pediatric intensive care unit

Objetivos: analizar los factores pronósticos de evolución complicada de los niños con bronquiolitis aguda que requieren ingreso en cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Pacientes y método: se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los niños con bronquiolitis ingresados en la UCIP entre 2000 y 2006. Se realizó un estudio univariable y multivariable para analizar los factores pronósticos de aparición de complicaciones, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, mortalidad e ingreso en UCIP mayor de 15 días. Resultados: se estudió a 110 pacientes; 72 (65,5%) tenían antecedentes personales de alto riesgo: prematuridad (39,1%), cardiopatía congénita (38,2%) y displasia broncopulmonar (16,3%). El 82,7% de los pacientes presentó complicaciones, el 26% precisó ventilación mecánica invasiva y el 3,6% murió. En un 16,4% de los pacientes el ingreso en UCIP fue mayor de 15 días. Los factores asociados a evolución complicada fueron el estado de gravedad clínico y la presencia de cardiopatía para la ventilación mecánica invasiva; el peso<5kg para las complicaciones; la cardiopatía y la necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva para larga duración de ingreso, y la ventilación mecánica invasiva y el antecedente de prematuridad para la mortalidad. Conclusiones: los niños con bronquiolitis que ingresan en UCIP presentan una elevada tasa de complicaciones, precisan frecuentemente ventilación mecánica, tienen una duración de ingreso prolongada, y su mortalidad es baja. Los factores que mejor predicen el pronóstico son la gravedad de la insuficiencia respiratoria en el momento de ingreso del niño en la UCIP, la presencia de cardiopatía y el antecedente de prematuridad (AU)

Objective: To analyse the prognostic factors for complications in children with bronchiolitis admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Patients and method: A retrospective study was performed on children with bronchiolitis admitted into a PICU between 2000 and 2006. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to study the prognostic factors of complications, mechanical ventilation requirements, mortality and PICU stays of more than 15 days. Results: A total of 110 patients were studied, of whom 72 (65.5%) had high risk factors: prematurity (39.1%), cardiac disease (38.2%) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (16.3%). A total of 82.7% of patients had complications; 26% need invasive mechanical ventilation and the mortality was 3.6%, and 16.4% stayed in PICU for more than 15 days. Factors associated with mechanical ventilation were the clinical Wood-Downes score and heart disease. A weight less than 5kg was associated with complications; heart disease and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with a longer PICU stay; prematurity and mechanical ventilation were associated with mortality. Conclusions: Children with bronchiolitis admitted into the PICU had a high frequency of complications, often needed mechanical ventilation and had long stays in the PICU, but the mortality is low. The best prognostic factors on admission into the PICU were the acute respiratory insufficiency score, the presence of heart disease and were premature at birth(AU)

[The effect of helium on ventilator parameters: in vitro study with a Servoi ventilator]. / Efecto del helio sobre los parámetros de los respiradores en ventilación mecánica: estudio in vitro con el respirador Servoi.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes in respiratory parameters in a Servoi ventilator with heliox. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In vitro study with a Servoi (Maquet) ventilator in volume controlled (VC), pressure controlled (PC) and volume control regulated by pressure (VCPR) modes connected to an artificial lung. A heliox tank with a fixed concentration of helium 70 % and oxygen 30 % was connected to the air inlet of the ventilator. The ventilator was set in VC mode with tidal volumes of 30, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ml; in PC mode with pressure of 20 and 30 cmH(2)O and in VCPR mode with tidal volume of 150 ml. In each case FiO(2) of 21, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % was used. The FiO(2), inspired and expired tidal volume and inspiratory pressure measured by the ventilator and a pitot spirometer (Datex_S5) were compared. RESULTS: In VC and VCPR modes the increase in helium produced a progressive decrease in the pressure needed to administrate the set volume. Heliox also produced a decrease in the tidal volume measured by the spirometer and the tidal expired volume measured by the respirator. In PC mode, heliox produced a progressive increase in the inspired tidal volume, increasing the differences between inspired and expired tidal volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Heliox used with Servoi ventilator produces a decrease in inspiratory pressures in VC and VCPR modes, and an increase in inspiratory tidal volume in PC mode. In all modes heliox reduced the expired tidal volume measured by the ventilator and the spirometer. These changes should be borne in mind if heliox is used with this ventilator.

Efecto del helio sobre los parámetros de los respiradores en ventilación mecánica: estudio in vitro con el respirador Servoi / The effect of helium on ventilator parameters: in vitro study with a Servoi ventilator

Objetivo: Analizar las modificaciones de los parámetros en el respirador Servoi con distintas concentraciones de héliox. Material y métodos: Estudio experimental en el que se utilizó un respirador Servoi (Maquet) en modalidades de volumen control (VC), presión control (PC) y volumen controlado regulado por presión (VCRP) conectado a un pulmón de artificial. El héliox se administró mediante una bombona con el 70 % de helio y el 30 % de oxígeno conectada a la entrada de aire del respirador. Se programó el respirador en VC con volúmenes corrientes de 30, 50, 100, 250 y 500 ml, en PC con presión de 20 y 30 cmH2O, y en VCRP con volumen corriente de 150 ml. En cada modalidad se programó una FiO2 de 21, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 y 100 % y se comparó el volumen corriente inspirado, el espirado y la presión inspiratoria pico medidas por el respirador y por un espirómetro colocado entre la tubuladura y el pulmón de prueba y conectado a un monitor Datex_S5. Resultados: En modalidad de VC y VCRP el aumento de la concentración de helio produjo una disminución progresiva del pico de presión necesario para administrar el volumen programado y una disminución en el volumen corriente medido por el espirómetro y el volumen espirado medido por el respirador. En modalidad de PC el héliox produjo un aumento progresivo del volumen corriente inspirado con incremento en las diferencias entre el volumen corriente inspirado y el espirado. Conclusiones: La administración de héliox en el respirador Servoi produce una disminución de las presiones inspiratorias en las modalidades de VC y VCRP y un aumento del volumen corriente inspirado en la modalidad de PC. En todas las modalidades produce una falsa disminución en el volumen corriente espirado medido por el respirador y el espirómetro. Es necesario tener en cuenta estas alteraciones si se utiliza héliox con este respirador (AU)

Objective: To analyze the changes in respiratory parameters in a Servoi ventilator with heliox. Material and methods: In vitro study with a Servoi (Maquet) ventilator in volume controlled (VC), pressure controlled (PC) and volume control regulated by pressure (VCPR) modes connected to an artificial lung. A heliox tank with a fixed concentration of helium 70 % and oxygen 30 % was connected to the air inlet of the ventilator. The ventilator was set in VC mode with tidal volumes of 30, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ml; in PC mode with pressure of 20 and 30 cmH2O and in VCPR mode with tidal volume of 150 ml. In each case FiO2 of 21, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % was used. The FiO2, inspired and expired tidal volume and inspiratory pressure measured by the ventilator and a pitot spirometer (Datex_S5) were compared. Results: In VC and VCPR modes the increase in helium produced a progressive decrease in the pressure needed to administrate the set volume. Heliox also produced a decrease in the tidal volume measured by the spirometer and the tidal expired volume measured by the respirator. In PC mode, heliox produced a progressive increase in the inspired tidal volume, increasing the differences between inspired and expired tidal volumes. Conclusions: Heliox used with Servoi ventilator produces a decrease in inspiratory pressures in VC and VCPR modes, and an increase in inspiratory tidal volume in PC mode. In all modes heliox reduced the expired tidal volume measured by the ventilator and the spirometer. These changes should be borne in mind if heliox is used with this ventilator (AU)

Experiencia con la oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en cánulas nasales en niños / Experience with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in children

Objetivo. Analizar la eficacia de un sistema de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en niños con insuficiencia respiratoria moderada y/o necesidades elevadas de oxígeno. Pacientes y métodos.Estudio clínico prospectivo observacional en el que se incluyeron los pacientes tratados con un sistema de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en cánulas nasales. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: puntuación de gravedad clínica, frecuencia respiratoria, cardíaca, mejoría clínica, saturación de oxígeno, gasometría, aparición de complicaciones y necesidad de ventilación no invasiva tras el inicio del tratamiento. Resultados. Se estudiaron 18 tratamientos en 16 pacientes, 2 niñas y 14 niños, de edades comprendidas entre 2 meses y 13 años. Con el sistema de alto flujo se observó una ligera disminución de la frecuencia respiratoria de 34,5 a 32,2 resp./min; p < 0,04, y un aumento de la saturación de oxígeno (SatO2) del 90,2 al 93,5 %; p < 0,02. Un total de 14 pacientes mejoraron clínicamente y/o permitieron el cambio desde la asistencia respiratoria previa. La duración del tratamiento fue de 3 días (rango 6 h a 25 días). En 2 pacientes se observaron complicaciones leves que no obligaron a suspender el tratamiento (irritabilidad inicial y excesiva humedad). No se observaron infecciones respiratorias secundarias. En cuatro pacientes el sistema fue retirado: en dos por falta de mejoría, en otro por empeoramiento tras mejoría inicial, y en el cuarto por fallo en la regulación de temperatura del aparato. Conclusiones. El sistema de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo es eficaz en un elevado porcentaje de niños con necesidades elevadas de oxígeno y/o insuficiencia respiratoria moderada

Objective. To analyze the efficacy of a high-flow oxygen therapy system in children with moderate respiratory failure and/or high oxygen requirements. Patients and methods. We performed a prospective, observational clinical study of patients treated with a high-flow oxygen therapy system via nasal cannulae. The following variables were analyzed: clinical severity score, respiratory rate, heart rate, clinical improvement, oxygen saturation, blood gases, complications, and the need for ventilation after starting the treatment. Results. Eighteen treatments were studied in 16 patients (two girls and 14 boys) aged between 2 and 156 months. With the high-flow oxygen therapy system, respiratory rate slightly decreased from 34.5 bpm to 32.2 bpm (p < 0.04) and O2 saturation increased from 90.2 % to 93.5 % (p < 0.02). Fourteen patients showed a clinical improvement and/or tolerated the change from the previous respiratory assistance. The duration of treatment was 3 days (range: 6 hours to 25 days). Mild complications (initial irritability and excessive humidity) were observed in two patients, but treatment interruption was not required. No secondary respiratory tract infections were observed. The system was withdrawn in four patients, due to lack of improvement in two patients, deterioration after initial improvement in one patient, and failure of the system's temperature regulation in one patient. Conclusions. The high-flow oxygen therapy system is effective in a large percentage of children with high oxygen requirements and/or moderate respiratory failure

[Energy expenditure in critically ill children: correlation with clinical characteristics, caloric intake, and predictive equations]. / Consumo calórico en el niño crítico: relación con las características clínicas, el aporte calórico y las fórmulas teóricas de cálculo de las necesidades.

OBJECTIVE: To study energy expenditure (EE) in critically ill infants and children and its correlation with clinical characteristics, treatment, nutrition, caloric intake, and predicted energy expenditure calculated through theoretical formulas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in critically ill infants and children. Indirect calorimetry measurements were performed using the calorimetry module of the S5 Datex monitor. Data on mechanical ventilation, nutrition, and caloric intake were registered. Theoretical equations of energy requirement (WHO/FAO, Harris-Benedict, Caldwell-Kennedy, Maffeis, Fleisch, Kleiber and Hunter) were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 12.0 package. RESULTS: Sixty-eight EE determinations were performed in 43 critically ill infants and children aged between 10 days and 15 years old. Measured EE was 58.4 (18.4) kcal/kg/day, with wide individual variability. EE was significantly lower in infants and children who had undergone cardiac surgery than in the remainder. No correlation was found between EE and mechanical ventilation parameters, vasoactive drugs, sedatives, or muscle relaxants. A correlation was found between caloric intake and EE. In a high percentage of patients, predictive equations did not accurately estimate EE. The respiratory quotient was not useful to diagnose overfeeding or underfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Wide individual variability in EE was found in critically ill infants and children. Predictive equations did not accurately estimate EE. Indirect calorimetry measured by a specific module is a simple method that could allow generalized use of EE measurement in critically ill pediatric patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.

[Efficacy of heliox therapy in respiratory insufficiency in infants and children]. / Eficacia del tratamiento con heliox en niños con insuficiencia respiratoria.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze response to heliox therapy in critically ill infants and children with upper and/or lower airway respiratory insufficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients, aged between 12 days and 8 years old, treated with heliox through facial mask, nasal prongs or non-invasive ventilation were studied. Diagnoses were bronchiolitis (25), upper postextubation respiratory insufficiency (19), respiratory insufficiency after airway surgery (14), and croup-laryngotracheomalacia (7). Response to heliox treatment was measured by the change in clinical scores, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis, and the need for non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients (83.1 %) improved after heliox therapy, with statistically significant differences in clinical score (from 8.7 to 5.5), respiratory rate (from 51.4 to 38.8 rpm), and heart rate (from 161.6 to 145.6 bpm). No changes were observed in saturation or blood gas analysis. After heliox therapy, 29.8 % of patients required non-invasive ventilation and 26.5 % required intubation. Patients with bronchiolitis and those aged less than 1 year had a lesser response to heliox therapy and more frequently required non-invasive ventilation. No significant differences were found in intubation requirements. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Heliox therapy improved clinical scores in infants and children with upper and lower airway respiratory insufficiency, but a significant percentage of patients needed non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation.

Consumo calórico en el niño crítico: relación con las características clínicas, el aporte calórico y las fórmulas teóricas de cálculo de las necesidades / Energy expenditure in critically ill children: correlation with clinical characteristics, caloric intake, and predictive equations

Objetivo Estudiar el consumo calórico en niños críticos, analizando su correlación con las características clínicas, los tratamientos que reciben, el tipo de nutrición y el aporte calórico y valorar la utilidad de las fórmulas teóricas de cálculo de las necesidades energéticas. Pacientes y métodos Estudio analítico de una cohorte prospectiva en niños críticos. Se midió el consumo calórico mediante el módulo de calorimetría indirecta del monitor Datex S5 y se recogieron los datos de la asistencia respiratoria, tipo de nutrición y aporte calórico. Se calcularon las necesidades calóricas teóricas utilizando las fórmulas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización de la Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (OMS/FAO), Harris-Benedict, Caldwell-Kennedy, Maffeis, Fleisch, Kleiber y Hunter. Se realizó estudio estadístico con el paquete SPSS 12.0. Resultados Se realizaron 68 determinaciones de consumo calórico en 43 niños críticos, de edades entre 10 días y 15 años. El consumo calórico fue de 58,4 (18,4) kcal/kg/día con gran variabilidad interindividual. Los niños sometidos a cirugía cardíaca tuvieron un consumo calórico significativamente inferior al resto. No se observó relación entre el consumo calórico con las características de la ventilación mecánica, la administración de fármacos vasoactivos, sedantes ni relajantes musculares. Existió correlación entre el aporte y el consumo calórico. Las fórmulas teóricas no valoraron bien el consumo calórico en un importante porcentaje de pacientes. El cociente respiratorio no permitió diagnosticar la sobrenutrición e infranutrición. Conclusiones Existe una gran variabilidad en el consumo calórico en los niños críticos y las fórmulas teóricas no lo valoran adecuadamente. La calorimetría indirecta realizada por un módulo específico es un método sencillo que puede permitir la generalización de la medición del consumo calórico en los niños críticos con ventilación mecánica

Objective To study energy expenditure (EE) in critically ill infants and children and its correlation with clinical characteristics, treatment, nutrition, caloric intake, and predicted energy expenditure calculated through theoretical formulas. Patients and methods A prospective observational study was conducted in critically ill infants and children. Indirect calorimetry measurements were performed using the calorimetry module of the S5 Datex monitor. Data on mechanical ventilation, nutrition, and caloric intake were registered. Theoretical equations of energy requirement (WHO/FAO, Harris-Benedict, Caldwell-Kennedy, Maffeis, Fleisch, Kleiber and Hunter) were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 12.0 package. Results Sixty-eight EE determinations were performed in 43 critically ill infants and children aged between 10 days and 15 years old. Measured EE was 58.4 (18.4) kcal/kg/day, with wide individual variability. EE was significantly lower in infants and children who had undergone cardiac surgery than in the remainder. No correlation was found between EE and mechanical ventilation parameters, vasoactive drugs, sedatives, or muscle relaxants. A correlation was found between caloric intake and EE. In a high percentage of patients, predictive equations did not accurately estimate EE. The respiratory quotient was not useful to diagnose overfeeding or underfeeding. Conclusions Wide individual variability in EE was found in critically ill infants and children. Predictive equations did not accurately estimate EE. Indirect calorimetry measured by a specific module is a simple method that could allow generalized use of EE measurement in critically ill pediatric patients undergoing mechanical ventilation

Eficacia del tratamiento con heliox en niños con insuficiencia respiratoria / Efficacy of heliox therapy in respiratory insufficiency in infants and children

Objetivo Analizar la respuesta al heliox en niños con insuficiencia respiratoria de vías altas o bajas. Pacientes y métodos Se estudiaron 65 niños, entre 12 días y 8 años de edad, con los diagnósticos de bronquiolitis (25), insuficiencia respiratoria alta postextubación (19), insuficiencia respiratoria tras cirugía de la vía aérea (14) y laringitis-laringotraqueomalacia (7), que recibieron tratamiento con heliox mediante mascarilla, cánulas nasales o ventilación no invasiva. Se analizó la respuesta al heliox mediante la valoración de puntuaciones clínicas de gravedad, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardíaca, saturación, gasometría, y necesidad de ventilación no invasiva e invasiva. Resultados Un total de 54 pacientes (83,1 %) mejoraron con heliox, produciéndose una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la puntuación de gravedad clínica de 8,7 a 5,5, la frecuencia respiratoria de 51,4 a 38,8 resp./min y la frecuencia cardíaca de 161,6 a 145,6 lat./min. No se produjo modificación en la saturación ni en la gasometría. Un 29,8 % de los pacientes requirieron posteriormente ventilación no invasiva, y un 26,5 % requirieron intubación. Los niños menores de un año y los diagnosticados de bronquiolitis tuvieron una menor respuesta al heliox y precisaron con mayor frecuencia ventilación no invasiva tras el tratamiento con heliox. No existieron diferencias en la necesidad de ventilación invasiva. El heliox fue bien tolerado sin producir efectos secundarios. Conclusiones El tratamiento con heliox mejora la sintomatología clínica de los niños con insuficiencia respiratoria de vía altas y bajas, pero a pesar de ello un porcentaje importante requiere ventilación mecánica no invasiva o invasiva

Objective To analyze response to heliox therapy in critically ill infants and children with upper and/or lower airway respiratory insufficiency. Patients and methods Sixty-five patients, aged between 12 days and 8 years old, treated with heliox through facial mask, nasal prongs or non-invasive ventilation were studied. Diagnoses were bronchiolitis (25), upper postextubation respiratory insufficiency (19), respiratory insufficiency after airway surgery (14), and croup-laryngotracheomalacia (7). Response to heliox treatment was measured by the change in clinical scores, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis, and the need for non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation. Results Fifty-four patients (83.1 %) improved after heliox therapy, with statistically significant differences in clinical score (from 8.7 to 5.5), respiratory rate (from 51.4 to 38.8 rpm), and heart rate (from 161.6 to 145.6 bpm). No changes were observed in saturation or blood gas analysis. After heliox therapy, 29.8 % of patients required non-invasive ventilation and 26.5 % required intubation. Patients with bronchiolitis and those aged less than 1 year had a lesser response to heliox therapy and more frequently required non-invasive ventilation. No significant differences were found in intubation requirements. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusions Heliox therapy improved clinical scores in infants and children with upper and lower airway respiratory insufficiency, but a significant percentage of patients needed non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation

Niño con fiebre prolongada, hepatoesplenomegalia, pancitopenia y alteración multisistémica / Male child with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and multisystemic alteration

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Púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch: un caso complejo / Schönlein-Henoch purpura: A complex case

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