RESUMO
Purpose The current incidence of cancer in the world is 14 million cases in 2012, with a mortality rate of 8.2 million in that year. The incidence of cancer in Spain exceeds 215,000 cases a year, and survival rates are the highest when compared to those of our neighbouring countries. Among the reasons for the steady decrease in cancer mortality rates in Spain, two causes must be highlighted: the increasing efficacy of treatment and prevention measures. It is important evaluate the opportunity of early detection and prevention in these tumors. Methods We have reviewed the evidence published in the most prevalent tumors. The evidence levels described in this paper are based on the GRADE system. Results We show the recommendations about primary and secondary prevention in breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. Conclusion The diffusion of these preventive tools can reduce the incidence of cancer and increase the number of early diagnostics in the most prevalent tumors (AU)
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Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Prevenção Primária/tendências , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Diagnóstico Precoce , Neoplasias da Mama/complicações , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Prevenção Secundária/métodos , Neoplasias Colorretais/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicaçõesRESUMO
Pancreatic carcinoma (PC) represents the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Spain with a death rate of 2,400 males and 2,000 females per year. Poor outcome related to its silent nature and the lack of reliable secondary prevention measures translate into advanced-stage diagnosis, 75 % of deaths within the first year of diagnosis and 5-year survival rate of <5 %. Family history was first recognized as a risk factor for PC. Further population-based and case-control studies subsequently found that 7.8 % of patients with PC have a family history of the same tumor and individuals with a first-degree relative with PC have a 3.2-fold increased risk of developing PC. Overall, it is estimated that up to 10 % of PC have a familial component. However, known genetic syndromes account for <20 % of the observed familial aggregation of PC. We review the most important aspects in epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management of familial PC (AU)