Profile of gym-goers who do not use performance-enhancement substances.

Introduction: Currently the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) in fitness and gym settings is a public health concern as adverse health consequences are emerging. Understanding the characteristics of gym-goers who do not use these substances could lead to an important complement to the ongoing research about risk factors for PES use. The aim of this study was to identify the profile of PES non-use in gym-goers. Methods: In total, 453 gym-goers (mean age = 35.64 years; SD = 13.08 - measure of central tendency location and measure of absolute dispersion, respectively) completed an online survey assessing sociodemographic factors, exercise characteristics, gym modalities, peers, social influence, attitudes, subjective norms, beliefs, intentions, and self-reported use of PES. Results: Decision Trees showed that being a woman, training less frequently, not practicing bodybuilding and having a negative intention to consume PES were identified as characteristics of non-users of PES. Discussion: These results may support evidence-based anti-doping interventions to prevent abusive use of PES in the fitness context.

Refining the Short Version of the Leadership Scale for Sports: Factorial Validation and Measurement Invariance.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the short version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980): coaches' perceptions of their own behavior, athletes' preferences and athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behavior. This validation will allow researchers to minimize time demands on participants. Three independent samples of athletes (n1 = 373; n2 = 817; n3 = 246) and two samples of coaches (n1 = 115; n2 = 351) were studied to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 25-item version of the LSS (LSS-25; Chiu et al., 2016). Findings indicated that a 15-item version (LSS-15) fits the data better than the LSS-25. The LSS-15 showed factorial validity and proved to have adequate reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that its factor structure was invariant across two independent samples and across gender for athletes' perceived and preferred versions. Significant relationships between the LSS-15 subscales and athlete satisfaction also demonstrate criterion validity. These findings support a valid and reliable alternative to the original LSS long-form, especially in applied settings when time constraints require a brief measure of leadership or when study designs include multiple variables.

Prevalence of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Associated Factors among Portuguese Gym/Fitness Users.

Background: Nowadays, doping is not confined to elite sport, it is also spread throughout gymnasia and fitness centers, and it is seen as a public health concern. Studies focusing on performance-enhancing substances (PES) use among gym users are few and mostly concern the practice of bodybuilding and the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), without providing information about social indicators to further explore why this specific population use these substances. Objectives: To investigate the extent of PES use and examine the way social indicators, exercise profile and gym modalities influence the use of these substances among a sample of gym users. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, among a convenience sample of 453 Portuguese gym users, recruited directly by five institutional gyms´ email and Facebook. Data were collected via a structured web-based survey, between October and November 2017. Multiple binary logistic regression, the Chi-Square test or Monte Carlo Simulation or Fisher's Exact test were used. The odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: 11,1% of gym users reported the use of prohibited PES, which varies significantly according to gender, education, exercise profile and type of practice. Gender was associated with the class of PES used. Polypharmacy was a common practice among users, increasing the risk of side-effects. Peer effect and media appear to be strikingly important in the misuse of PES. Conclusion: Results provide precise insight into the specific factors associated with PES use, which could support prevention strategies in gym/fitness context.

The development of Russian sports psychology in the international context: From the XIX to the XX Century / Desarrollo de la psicología deportiva rusa: del siglo XIX al siglo XX

The article examines the major milestones of the development of sports psychology in Europe, as well as the establishment of international communities in the field of sports psychology in the period going from the XIX Century to the end of the XX Century. Moreover, the author describes the history of sports psychology in Russia, including its Soviet period, and in Eastern Europe. Social and political environment are taken into account as they were important constraints to the evolu¬tion of Russian sport psychology either in a positive and negative way

El artículo examina los principales hitos del desarrollo de la psicología del deporte en Europa, así como el establecimiento de comunidades internacionales en el campo de la psicología del deporte en el período comprendido entre el siglo XIX y el final del siglo XX. Además, el autor describe la historia de la psicología del deporte en Rusia, incluido su período soviético, y en Europa del Este. Se tienen en cuenta el entorno social y político, ya que son limitaciones importantes para la evolución de la psicología del deporte rusa, tanto de forma positiva como negativa

New paradigm in modern sports psychology / Nuevo paradigma en la psicología del deporte moderno

The article is a critical review of the main stages of the development of sports psychology in Russia and the rationale for new ways, new approaches for the psychological support of athletes. Also in this article a new paradigm of sports psychol¬ogy is proposed. The essence of this approach consists in the transition from the process of correction and regulation of the athlete's mental states to the formation of psychological entities that can provide a state of confidence and stability in the process of the athlete's performance in competitions. In this regard, the key tasks of sports psychology should be the study of the possibility of forming the basic personal attitudes and characteristics of the athletes at each stage of the sports career, which include viability, initiative, confidence, self-control, self-regulation. In addition, the important direction of work should be the creation and development psychological techniques that deter¬mine the formation of basic attitudes and personal characteristics of the athlete, the definition of the role and place of the coach, psychologist, as well as of the athlete himself in the formation of the subject of sports activities. The article notes that the new paradigm of the development of sports psychology does not exclude the existing approaches in sports psychology, but on the contrary relies on its achievements

El artículo es una revisión crítica de las principales etapas del desarrollo de la psicología del deporte en Rusia y la justificación de nuevas formas, nuevos enfoques para el apoyo psicológico de los atletas. También en este artículo se propone un nuevo paradigma de psicología del deporte. La esencia de este enfoque consiste en la transición del proceso de corrección y regulación de los estados mentales del atleta a la formación de entidades psicológicas que pueden proporcionar un estado de confianza y estabilidad en el proceso del desempeño del atleta en las competiciones. En este sentido, las tareas clave de la psicología del deporte deberían ser el estudio de la posibilidad de formar las actitudes y características personales básicas de los atletas en cada etapa de la carrera deportiva, que incluyen viabilidad, iniciativa, confianza, autocontrol, autocontrol regulación. Además, la dirección importante del trabajo debe ser la creación y el desarrollo de técnicas psicológicas que determinen la formación de actitudes básicas y características personales del atleta, la definición del papel y el lugar del entrenador, psicólogo, así como del propio atleta. en la formación del tema de actividades deportivas. El artículo señala que el nuevo paradigma del desarrollo de la psicología del deporte no excluye los enfoques existentes en la psicología del deporte, sino que, por el contrario, se basa en sus logros

Physical Activity, Sports Practice, and Cognitive Functioning: The Current Research Status.

The evidence for the benefits of physical activity on cognitive functioning has increased in recent years. Although the relationship between these variables has been analyzed for decades, the development of evaluation techniques has resolved several issues and advanced this area of knowledge. Moreover, several authors have pointed out the association between the cognitive functioning of athletes and their performance in competition. These recent studies suggest that some specific cognitive abilities of athletes could help them become more effective and improve their chances of success. The objective of this paper was to identify the most relevant advances in these areas of study and to highlight more promising lines of research for the next few years. We have discussed findings from the application of different physical activity programs as well as the most significant cognitive performance variables for sports practice. The limitations of the findings were also discussed.

Perceptions of Parenting Practices and Psychological Variables of Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Athletes.

Drawing from the model of parental involvement in sport, the overall purpose was to examine the associations of perceptions of parenting practices (encouragement, reinforcement, instruction, and role modeling) and athletes' psychological variables (self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, self-regulation, and intrinsic motivation) of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Participants were elite (n = 210) and sub-elite (n = 635) athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (M age = 16.58, SD = 1.33). Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that young elite athletes' perceptions of sport-related parenting practices are associated with their psychological skills and performance level in sport. Specifically, in comparison with their sub-elite peers, perceptions of parental encouragement had a significantly different strong effect on intrinsic motivation. Moreover, perceptions of parental modeling revealed different effects on performance level, as well as on intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. These perceptions of parenting practices may promote a positive learning environment, resulting in an increased likelihood of achieving a high level of sport performance in comparison with their sub-elite peers.

Determinants of the Intention to Use Performance-Enhancing Substances Among Portuguese Gym Users.

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the intentions to use prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) and to test the Theory of Planned Behavior's usefulness in predicting self-reported PES use in both genders. A convenience sample of Portuguese gym users (n = 453) completed an anonymous web-based survey. Structural equation modeling, multigroup analysis, and t-test with the Welch correction for heterokedastic variances were used. At the structural level, results support attitudes, beliefs, and subjective norms in predicting intentions to PES use in gym users, with subjective norms being its strongest predictor. Moreover, results showed a significant association between self-reported PES use and intentions to use. The predictive model was invariant across genders; however, compared to males, females believed less in the performance-enhancing effects of PES, were less prone to the influence of significant others, and had weaker intentions to use these substances. Psychological strategies should be based on subjective norms, alongside beliefs and attitudes, toward PES use as these variables influence the intention to use PES in this particular population.

Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit)

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric proprieties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit), originally developed by Serpa and colleagues and adapted to Portuguese gym/fitness context. Methods: A cross-sectional survey utilizing a web self-administered questionnaire was used. The sample was composed of 453 gym/fitness center practitioners, aged between sixteen and seventy-nine years old (M = 35.64; SD = 13.08), enrolled in several gym activities. Results: The confirmatory factorial analysis provided support to the four-factor structure proposed. All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the model´s invariance. The correlation between QAD-Fit and the Doping-related Theory of Planned Behavior Measures (DRTPBM) revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed that QAD-Fit is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes towards doping consumption in gym and fitness settings.

Psychosocial factors and performance enhancing substances in gym users: A systematic review / Factores psicosociales y sustancias que mejoran el rendimiento en usuarios de gimnasios: Una revisión sistemática / Fatores Psicossociais e Substâncias que Melhoram o Desempenho em Usuários de Ginásio: Uma Revisão Sistemática

The use of performance-enhancing substances (PES) occurs among gym/fitness center users. This systematic review aimed to analyze studies describing prevalence, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, as conceptualized in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), influenced by the use of PES by this population. Twenty-six articles were identified from a systematic approach following the PRISMA statement via electronic databases (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On and Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection) and hand-searching bibliographies of reference lists. Only peer-reviewed primary research published in English, Portuguese and Spanish (1997-2016), focusing on gym/fitness center users and providing information on psychosocial factors (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, intention, social influence/ peer pressure) towards using PES, were included. It was concluded that the most prevalent substance used were anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Attitudes of male bodybuilders using AAS as the prevalent drug are mainly related to aesthetic issues. Important influences come from groups (e.g., friends, training colleagues) and instructors. Although some AAS users indicated a general lack of knowledge of the potentially harmful effects of these drugs, others were aware of the side effects. The TPB illustrated a relationship between psychosocial factors influencing gym users to use PES

El uso de sustancias que mejoran el rendimiento (PES) ocurre entre los practicantes de gimnasio / fitness. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar estudios que describen la prevalecía, las actitudes, las creencias y el conocimiento, de acuerdo con el conceptualizado en la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado (TPB), influenciado por el uso de PES en esta población. Veintiséis artículos fueron identificados a partir de un enfoque sistemático, utilizando el PRISMA a través de bases de datos electrónicas (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On and Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection) e búsquedas manuales de bibliografías a partir de listas de referencia. Sólo los estudios primarios revisados por pares, publicado en inglés, portugués y español (1997-2016), cuya población de estudio fueron la práctica de gimnasia /fitness y proporcionar información sobre los factores psicosociales (e.g., actitudes, creencias, intención, influencia social /presión de grupo) para el uso de PES, se incluyeron. Se concluyó que la PES más prevalente eran los esteroides anabolizantes (AAS). Las actitudes positivas ante el consumo de AAS, por parte de los culturistas están relacionadas principalmente con cuestiones estéticas. Importantes influencias provienen de grupos (e.g., amigos, compañeros de entrenamiento) e instructores. Aunque algunos consumidores de AAS indicaban una falta general de conocimiento sobre los efectos potencialmente nocivos de estas drogas, otros estaban conscientes de los efectos colaterales. La TPB demostró una relación entre los factores psicosociales que influencian a los practicantes de gimnasio / fitness para usar PES

A utilização de substâncias que melhoram o desempenho (PES) ocorre entre os utilizadores de ginásios e centros de fitness. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo analisar estudos que descrevem prevalências, atitudes, crenças e conhecimentos, conforme o preconizado na Teoria do Comportamento Planeado (TPB), influenciados pela utilização de PES nesta população específica. Vinte e seis artigos foram identificados a partir de uma abordagem sistemática seguindo o método PRISMA através de bases de dados eletrónicas (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On e Psicologia e Behavioral Science Collection) e pesquisa manual de bibliografia nas listas de referências. Foram apenas incluídos artigos de pesquisa primária revistos por pares e publicados em inglês, português e espanhol (1997-2016), cuja população em estudo fossem utilizadores de ginásios e centros de fitness e fornecessem informações acerca de fatores psicossociais (ex., atitudes, crenças, intenções, influência social / pressão dos colegas) para a utilização de PES. Concluiu-se que as substâncias mais utilizadas foram os esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA). As atitudes dos praticantes de musculação masculinos que utilizam EAA como droga prevalente estão relacionadas principalmente com questões estéticas. Os grupos (ex., amigos, colegas de treino) e instrutores têm uma influência importante na utilização deste tipo de substâncias. Embora alguns utilizadores de EAA indiquem uma falta geral de conhecimento dos efeitos potencialmente prejudiciais dessas substâncias, outros estão cientes dos efeitos colaterais. A TPB permitiu demostrar que existe uma relação entre os fatores psicossociais que influenciam os utilizadores de ginásios a usar PES

The Mindfulness- Based Soccer Program (MBSoccerP): Effects on Elite Athletes / El Programa Basado en Mindfulness nel Fútbol (MBSoccerP): Efectos en los Atletas de Élite / Programa baseado no Mindfulness para Futebol Profissional (MBSoccerP): estudo de eficácia em Atletas de Elite

Newly, 3º wave CBT programs suggest that mindfulness-based programs might be an powerful strategy to optimize performance and improve flow. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based soccer program (MBSoccerP) on elite soccer athletes. In a quasi-experimental design with experimental (n = 28) and control group (n = 29), the effectiveness of MBSoccerP was tested. The results of an analysis of covariance with repeated measures indicate that the intervention group (M=25.68, SD=3.42) significantly improved in FFMQ_Act awareness, FFMQ_Non react, SCS-Mindfulness, SCS-Self-Kindness, SCS-Common-Humanity, DFS2-total, and decreased BSI-Anxiety and AAQ-II, as traits compared to the control group, and increase direct measures scores of sport performance FAIP-A-global and FAIP-T-global performance. Results suggest that MBSoccerP can be effective in enhance elite soccer performance, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, mindfulness and flow

Recientemente, los programas de Terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) de 3ª generación sugieren que los programas basados en el mindfulness pueden ser una estrategia poderosa para optimizar el rendimiento y mejorar el estado de flow. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la eficacia de un programa de mindfulness (MBSoccerP) en atletas de fútbol profesional. En un plano cuasi-experimental con grupo experimental (n = 28) y grupo de control (n = 29), se probó la eficacia del MBSoccerP. Los resultados del análisis de covariancia con medidas repetidas indicaron que el grupo experimental (M = 25.68, SD = 3.42) mejoró significativamente el Mindfulness agir consciente, Mindfulness Agir Consciente y Mindfulness No Reaccionar subescalas, la Autocompasión Mindfulness, Autocompasión Auto-bondad, y la Autocompasión Humanidad Común subescalas, el estado de flow total escala, y desempeño deportivo total y entrenador total indicador. Se verificó la disminución de Breve inventario de sintomas Ansiedad subescala y evitación experiencial escala, en comparación con el grupo de control. Los resultados sugieren que MBSoccerP puede ser efectivo en la optimización del rendimiento, mindfulness, autocompasión, flexibilidad psicológica y estado de flow

Recentemente, a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) de 3º geração sugere que os programas baseados no mindfulness podem ser uma estratégia útil e eficaz na otimização do desempenho e melhoria do estado de flow. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a eficácia de um programa de mindfulness em atletas de futebol profissional - 2ª liga (MBSoccerP). Num plano quase-experimental com grupo experimental (n = 28) e grupo de controle (n = 29), foi testado o impacto do programa MBSoccerP. Os resultados da análise da covariância (medidas repetidas), indicaram que o grupo experimental (M = 25.68, SD = 3.42) melhorou significativamente nas subescalas Mindfulness Agir Consciente, Mindfulness Não Reagir; nas subescalas Auto-compaixão Mindfulness, Autobondade e Condição Humana; na escala de Flow Disposicional, e desempenho desportivo global dos atletas pela Ficha de Avaliação de Indicadores da Performance-Versão Atleta/Treinador. Verificou-se ainda a diminuição na subescala Ansiedade do Inventário de Sintomas Breve e no evitamento experiencial, por comparação com o grupo de controlo. Os resultados sugerem que o MBSoccerP pode ser efetivo na otimização do desempenho, mindfulness, autocompaixão, flexibilidade psicológica e estado de flow

Enhance Sport Performance of Elite Athletes: The Mindfulness-Based Interventions / Optimización del Rendimiento Deportivo en los Atletas de Elite: Las Intervenciones Basadas en la Atención Plena / Otimização da Performance em Atletas de Elite: As Intervenções Baseadas no Mindfulness

The purpose of this review is to summarize the empirical findings on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based programs to enhance elite athletes sport performance. A literature research was undertaken using Medline, Psych info, Web of Science, Cochrane, Ebscohost, Isi Web of Knowledge databases and references of retrieved articles. The search included original articles published from 1985 to March 2017. The main search terms were mindfulness programs, sport performance, elite athletes, in different combinations as needed. All articles were coded for their design, type of control, study population, and outcome measures. Search returned 26 articles, and set out 2 main mindfulness-based interventions on the field of elite sport performance. Despite methodological limitations in the research design, the results show MAC and MSPE programs as effective on enhancing elite athlete’s sports performance. To confirm these preliminary results, further research, with improved experimental designs, is recommended. Findings yielded mindfulness programs as an important factor on elite sport performance

El propósito de esta revisión es resumir los resultados empíricos sobre la efectividad de los programas basados en la atención plena para mejorar el desempeño deportivo de los atletas de elite. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica utilizando las bases de datos Medline, Psych info, Web of Science, Cochrane, Ebscohost, Isi Web of Knowledge. La búsqueda incluyó artículos originales publicados entre 1985 y Marzo de 2017. Los principales términos de búsqueda fueron programas de atención plena, rendimiento deportivo, atletas de élite, en diferentes combinaciones según sea necesario. Todos los artículos fueron codificados para su diseño, tipo de control, población de estudio y medidas de resultado. La búsqueda devolvió 26 artículos, y fijó 2 intervenciones principales basadas en la atención plena en el campo del deporte de élite. A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas en el diseño de la investigación, los resultados muestran que los programas de MAC y MSPE son eficaces para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de los deportistas de élite. Para confirmar estos resultados preliminares, se recomienda realizar más investigaciones, con diseños experimentales mejorados. Los resultados arrojaron programas de atención plena como un factor importante en el desempeño del deporte de élite

O objetivo desta revisão é sintetizar os resultados empíricos que retratam a eficácia dos programas baseados no mindfulness na optimização da performance em atletas de elite. Para a realizacão deste estudo, efetuou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica de artigos originais publicados com fator de impacto entre 1985 e Março de 2017, recorrendo às bases de dados Medline, Psych info, Web of Science, Cochrane, Ebscohost, Isi Web of Knowledge. A pesquisa focou-se nas intervenções baseadas no mindfulness, performance desportiva, atletas de elite e, por último, nas diferentes combinações de conceitos. Todos os artigos foram reunidos tendo em conta o design, tipo de controlo, população, instrumentos e resultados. No total, foram selecionados 26 artigos condicentes com os critérios metodológicos do presente estudo, verificando-se maioritariamente a implementação dos programas MSPE e MAC no campo da Psicologia da performance desportiva. Apesar das limitações do presente estudo, os resultados evidenciam que os programas MAC e MSPE são eficazes na otimização do desempenho desportivo de elite. Com efeito, e para confirmar os resultados preliminares, recomenda-se investigação adicional, com desenho experimental e controlo rigoroso. Conclui-se que, os programas baseados no mindfulness são um fator importante na otimização da performance em alta competição

Topics and Cognitive Reasons in Disposition to Change among Grassroot Football Agents after participating in the Psytool Program

This study analyses the intentions to change of the Change Agents (AoC) recruited by the different partners of the European project Erasmus + Psytool. The project has theoretical frames on positive training, psychological well-being and the promotion of enjoyment and fair play. It consists of ten lessons that extend over six weeks, whose topics range from doping to preventing the acceptance of cheating and deception. The intentions to change is framed within the Transtheoretical Model of internal change with different phases of change, from contemplation, preparation, to behavioural change and its maintenance. For this, 63 change agents were analysed (Mage = 32.39, SD = 9.02), with an average experience of 9.02 years (SD = 7.68) through an adaptation of the Disposition of Change Questionnaire (DCQ), administered once the psychoeducational program was finished. The data were analysed descriptively and through Content Analysis. The results show a high value of the DCQ factors: Disposition to change, Reasons for Change and Change Behaviours. Qualitatively, the AoC showed cognitive changes (n = 83), mainly in the face of Discrimination, Violence, Fair Play and Personal Growth, and metacognitive changes (n = 12), while four Agents of Change declared they did not need to change. Metacognitively, we observed some reflections such as the increase of attention or the prevention of behaviors, evidencing the awareness of this type of problems and the analysis of information about them, assigning the mental resources to solve them. Finally, the changes were divided into those aimed at the promotion of prosocial behaviours and those aimed at the prevention of antisocial behaviour

Validity evidence of the portuguese version of the have facet mindfulness questionnaire / Evidencia de validez de la versión portuguesa del Cuestionario de Atención a Cinco Facetas

There were three aims of the present study. The first was to examine the validity based on the internal structure of the Portuguese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) using a first and a second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The second was to investigate the predictive validity of the FFMQ through a multiple indicators and multiple causes model (MIMIC). e third was to evaluate the concurrent validity of the FFMQ by computing correlations between FFMQ scores and trait Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (trait MAAS) score. The sample used in this study was composed of 164 yoga practitioners (132 women, 32 men) and 87 non-practitioners (39 women, 48 men). The first-order CFA revealed that only a FFMQ with a modified four-factor structure of Non judge, Observe, Act Aware, and Describe, and only 26 items, met criteria for a good fit to data, a good construct reliability, a good convergent validity between the indicators of the constructs, and a good discriminant validity of the constructs. The second-order CFA model without the Nonreact factor also fitted the data well, but not so well as the first-order model. The MIMIC model of the effect of gender and to be or not a yoga practitioner in four facets of mindfulness fitted the data well, but only the variable to be or not a yoga practitioner was a statistically significant predictor of the scores on the facets of mindfulness, except Nonjudge. Statistically significant positive Pearson correlations were found between scores on the FFMQ subscales, FFMQ, and trait MAAS

Tres han sido los objetivos de este estudio. El primero, consistió en examinar la validez basada en la estructura interna de la versión en português del Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), utilizando un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) de primer y segundo orden. El segundo, fue investigar la validez predictiva del FFMQ a través de un modelo de múltiples indicadores y múltiples causas (MIMIC). Y el tercero, fue evaluar la validez concurrente del FFMQ calculando las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones del FFMQ y del trait Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (trait MAAS). La muestra utilizada en este estudio fue compuesta por 164 practicantes de yoga (132 mujeres, 32 hombres) y 87 no practicantes (39 mujeres, 48 hombres). El AFC de primer orden, reveló para el FFMQ una estructura de cuatros factores (No Juzgar, Observación, Actuando con Consciencia y Descripción) y 26 items, como la que mejor cumplía com los criterios para un buen ajuste a los datos, una buena fiabilidade del constructo, una buena validez convergente entre los indicadores de los constructos, y una buena validez discriminante de los mismos. El modelo AFC de segundo orden, sin el factor de No Reactividad a la Experiencia Interna, también se ajustó adecuadamente a los datos, pero no tan bien como el modelo de primer orden. El modelo MIMIC del efecto del género y ser o no un practicante de yoga en cuatro facetas de mindfulness obtuvo un buen ajuste respecto a los datos, pero sólo la variable ser o no un practicante de yoga fue un predictor estadísticamente significativo de las puntuaciones en las facetas de mindfulness, excepto No Juzgar. Así mismo, se encontraron correlaciones de Pearson positivas y estadísticamente significativas entre las puntuaciones de las sub-escalas del FFMQ, FFMQ y trait MAAS

Identidad atlética y características del atleta como predictor de la dependencia al ejercicio / Athletic identity and athlete characteristics as predictor of exercise dependence

La identidad atlética, es una dimensión psicológica central para los deportistas, sin embargo, pese a que la literatura científica señala que elevados niveles de identidad atlética, pueden estar conectados con la dependencia al ejercicio en los participantes, pocos estudios se han realizado. De esta manera, el objetivo se centra en comprender las relaciones entre la identidad atlética y la dependencia al ejercicio, teniendo en cuenta el nivel de práctica, el tipo de deporte, la edad, la categoría deportiva y el sexo de los deportistas. Para lograrlo, se han estudiado a un total de 442 deportistas (307 hombres y 135 mujeres), y se utilizaron la escala de identidad atlética (AIMS-plus) y la escala de dependencia al ejercicio (EDS-R). Los resultados encontrados indican que, de todos los factores estudiados, sólo la identidad atlética actúa como variable predictora de la dependencia al ejercicio. Se concluye que los deportistas con elevados niveles de identidad atlética, tienen un mayor riesgo de realizar conductas de dependencia al ejercicio, que aquellos que tienen menores niveles de vinculación con su rol deportivo

The athletic identity is a psychological dimension central in athletes, however, although suggested by the literature that high levels athletic identity may cause dependence on the subject, few studies have done. Thus, the goal was to understand the relationship between athletic identity and dependence of the exercise, considering the level of practice, competition level, the type of sport, age and gender of the athletes. For this purpose, we studied 442 athletes (307 females, 135 males) and used as instruments a scale of athletic identity (AIMS-Plus) and a scale of exercise dependence (EDS-R). e results indicate that from all the factors studied; only the athletic identity appears as a predictor of exercise dependence. We conclude that athletes with high levels of athletic identity can promote the addictive behaviors of exercise, than those with lower levels of linking to the role of athlete

Fear of failure in sport: a portuguese cross-cultural adaptation

Abstract The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) is a multidimensional measure of threat appraisals associated with one's fear of failure. Whilst emerging research has supported the validity and reliability of the PFAI with North American and British sport participants, its psychometric proprieties remain untested within Portuguese samples. This study examined the psychometric proprieties of the PFAI with a sample of 556 Portuguese athletes. A confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test whether the proposed multi-factorial structure of the PFAI fits well the Portuguese data.All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the models' invariance. The correlations between fear of failure and sport anxiety measures revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. The PFAIappears to be a psychometrically sound measure anda valid and reliable tool for assessing fear of failure in Portuguese sport contexts.

Historical Perspective about ISSP from 1968-1985 and the Presidency of Bob Singer (1985-1993) / Perspectiva histórica de la ISSP desde 1968 hasta 1985, y presidencia de Bob Singer (1985-1993) / Perspetiva històrica da issp (1968 até 1985) e presidéncia de bob singer (1985-1993)

The functioning of the ISSP Managing Council (MC) during the early years was influenced to some degree by the Cold War. MC members were determined according to their acknowledged expertise and reputation, but also in respect to their country and political representation. Bob Singer was elected to be a member of the MC in 1977 at the congress in Prague. It was the first time that voting at the general assembly meeting was agreed upon for nominating and voting for MC members together with those members designated by the former MC. In 1985 he was elected as the third president of ISSP. A new phase in ISSP started and new goals were established. A more democratic style of communication and interactions among MC members were stimulated, agendas for the MC meetings were well organized, promotion of the ISSP’s mission all over the world was developed, new publications were produced, and new relations with other parts of the world as well as with other organizations were promoted

El funcionamiento del Managing Council (MC) de la ISSP durante sus primeros años se hallaba influenciado por la Guerra Fría. Los miembros del MC se designaban de acuerdo a su reputación y sus conocimientos, pero también según su procedencia y su representación política. Bob Singer fue elegido como miembro del MC en 1977 en el congreso de Praga. Fue la primera vez que se acordó que la votación de la Asamblea General sirviera para nombrar a los miembros del MC, junto con aquellos designados por el anterior MC. En 1985 fue elegido como el tercer residente de la ISSP, iniciándose una nueva fase y se fijaron nuevos objetivos. Se estimuló un estilo más democrático de comunicación e interacción entre los miembros del MC, hubo una mejora organizativa de las agendas de las reuniones del MC, se promocionó la misión de la ISSP alrededor del mundo, se editaron nuevas publicaciones, y se fomentaron nuevas relaciones con otras organizaciones y partes del mundo

O funcionamento do Managing Council(MC) da ISSP durante os primeiros anos da Sociedade foi, em parte, influenciado pela Guerra Fria.Os membros do MC eram escolhidos em função do facto de serem especialistas internacionalmente reconhecidos e reputados, mas também com o ob-jectivo de uma representatividade nacional e política. Bob Singer foi eleito para membro do MC em 1977, no congresso de Praga. Essa foi a primeiravez que houve uma votação em Assembleia Geral para os membros do MC, para além da designação de elementos por parte do MC cessante. Em 1985Singer foi eleito terceiro Presidente da ISSP. Começou, então, uma nova fase da Organização, tendo sido estabelecidos novos objectivos. Foi estimuladoum estilo mais democrático de comunicação e interacção entre os membros do MS, as agendas de trabalho para as reuniões de trabalho passaram a serbem organizadas, a missão da ISSP no mundo foi promovida, foram produzidas novas publicações, e estabeleceram-se relações internacionais e comoutras organizações

Psychometric properties of the Burnout Inventory for Referees / Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros / Propriedades psicométricas del Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) in Portuguese in a sample of professional soccer referees and to explore the nomological validity of the inventory through concurrent validation. The analysis showed a factorial structure of burnout for the referees with one second order factor and three first order factors; physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation. A cross-validation procedure showed that the factor structure was replicable, and the inventory demonstrated internal reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, the study assessed the concurrent validity of the inventory by examining the correlation between the scores of the Burnout Inventory for Referees and the scores of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The subscales of burnout and total burnout were positively correlated with tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion and negatively with vigor, as expected. In conclusion, the Portuguese version of BIR presents good evidence of validity and reliability in the assessment of referees who may be at risk of suffering from burnout...

"Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros." O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventario de Burnout para Árbitros (BIR) em português em uma amostra de árbitros de futebol profissional e explorar a validade nomológica do inventário através da validação concorrente. A análise mostrou uma estrutura fatorial de burnout para os árbitros com um segundo fator de ordem e três primeiros fatores de ordem; esgotamento físico e emocional, reduzido senso de realização e desvalorização esportiva. Um procedimento de validação mostrou que a estrutura de fator é replicável e o inventario apresenta uma confiabilidade interna, validade convergente e discriminante. Além do mais, o estudo avaliou a validade concorrente do inventario através da correlação entre os escores do BIR e o Perfil dos Estados de Humor (POMS). As subescalas de burnout e o burnout total se correlacionaram positivamente com a tensão, depressão, raiva, fadiga e confusão e negativamente com vigor, como esperado. Para concluir, o BIR em português mostrou ser confiável e válido na avaliação de árbitros que podem estar em situação de risco para o burnout...

"Propriedades psicométricas del Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros." El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Burnout para Árbitros (BIR) en portugués en una muestra de árbitros de fútbol profesional y explorar la validez nomological del inventario a través de la validación concurrente. El análisis mostró una estructura del factorial de burnout para los árbitros con un segundo factor de orden y tres primeros factores de orden; agotamiento físico y emocional, sentido de realización reducido y devaluación del deporte. Un procedimiento de validación mostró que la estructura del factor era replicable, y el inventario demostró la fiabilidad interna, validez convergente y discriminante. Además, el estudio evaluó la validez concurrente del inventario a través de la correlación entre los escores del BIR y el Perfil de los Estados de Humor (POMS). Las sub-escalas de burnout y burnout total se correlacionaron positivamente con tensión, depresión, rabia, fatiga y confusión y negativamente con el vigor, como esperado. Para concluir, el BIR en portugués presenta el testimonio confiable de validez y fiabilidad en la evaluación de árbitros que pueden estar en peligro del sufrimiento de burnout...

Relaciones entre identidad atlética y personalidad en el deporte de competición / Relationship between athletic identity and personality in competitive sport / Relações entre identidade atletática e personalidade no desporto de competição

En el estudio de la configuración de la identidad personal y la influencia que tiene la práctica deportiva en ella, Brewer, Van Raalte y Linder (1993), sugieren la importancia del estudio de la personalidad del deportista para la comprensión de la identidad atlética. El objetivo de este artículo se centra en el estudio de la influencia de los cinco grandes rasgos de la personalidad, en relación con el rol del deportista y su género, edad y nivel competitivo. La muestra se compone de un total de 215 participantes de varias modalidades deportivas y de distintos niveles, siendo evaluados mediante el AIMS-plus, para la identidad atlética, el NEO-FFI-20, para la personalidad, y un cuestionario sociodemográfico construído ad hoc. Los resultados muestran relaciones significativas entre la extraversión y el nível competitivo, con la identidade atlética. Se discuten los resultados y se presentan futuras líneas de investigación

Brewer, VanRaalte and Linder (1993) suggest the importance of studying the personality of athletes to understand athletic identity. Thus, the aim of this article focuses on studying the influence of the big 5 personality traits, together with age, gender and competitive level in athletic identity. Therefore, we used 215 participants from various sports and competitive levels. We use three measuring instruments, AIMS-plus, for athletic identity, the NEO-FFI-20 for the 5 personality traits and a purpose-built questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data of athletes. The results show the personality trait of extraversion and competitive level as the only two determinants of athletic identity

O estudo da configuração da identidade pessoal e a influência que tem a práctica desportiva nela, Brewer, Van Raalte e Linder (1993), sugerem a importância do estudo da personalidade do desportista na compreensão da identidade atlética. O objectivo deste artigo centra-se no estudo da influência dos cinco grandes traços de personalidade, em relação com o papel do desportista e o seu género, idade e nível competitivo. A amostra foi composta por um total de 215 participantes de várias modalidades desportivas e de distintos níveis, sendo avaliados mediante o AIMS-plus, para a identidade atlética, o NEO-FFI-20, para a personalidade, e um questionário sociodemográfico construído ad hoc. Os resultados mostram relações significativas entre a extroversão e o nível competitivo, com a identidade atlética. Discutem-se os resultados e apresentam-se futuras linhas de investigação

Development and validation of the elite athlete commitment scale

La escala de compromiso del deporte de élite se compone de tres factores (dedicación al estudio / trabajo, aislamiento social y disciplina de la vida) y fue creado con el objetivo de evaluar la disponibilidad de los deportistas a renunciar a diversas actividades con el fin de favorecer su participación en el deporte. En el primer estudio, el análisis factorial confirmatorio prueba la bondad de ajuste del modelo. Además, cuando se añadía un factor de segundo orden (compromiso), los índices de ajuste mantienen valores muy buenos. En el segundo estudio, la validez de criterio y validez de constructo fueron evaluadas. Los resultados constituyen una contribución válida en el contexto de la psicología del deporte teniendo en cuenta la capacidad discriminativa de lo compromiso en distintos niveles de rendimiento (AU)

Research has led to the development of a recent measure of sport commitment entitled the Elite Athlete Commitment Scale (EACS). This tool is based on three factors (school/employment dedication, social isolation and life discipline) and it was designed to assess to what extent athletes are willing to give up certain activities in order to increase their involvement in sport. In an initial study, a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that these factors reflect the three different facets of the commitment construct. When a second-order factor (commitment) was added, the goodness-of-fit indexes still displayed very good values. In a second study, criterion and construct validity were assessed. The results represent a valid contribution to the field of sports psychology, bearing in mind this construct’s discriminatory capacity at different levels of sports performance (AU)