Single versus double experimental bile duct ligation model for inducing bacterial translocation.

BACKGROUND: Double common bile duct ligation plus section in rats is used as a model for bacterial translocation, a phenomenon that has been correlated with the degree of liver damage. This study analyzes whether a simpler variant of the technique is also a valid model to study bacterial translocation. METHODS: Fifty-six male Sprague Dawley rats underwent one of three surgical interventions: a) proximal double ligation and section of the common bile duct; b) proximal simple ligation of the bile duct; and c) sham operation. Bacterial translocation was measured by cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, spleen and liver. Stool culture and histological analysis of liver damage were also performed. RESULTS: The incidence of bacterial translocation in SBL and DBDL groups was 23,5% and 25% respectively. Mortality was similar between ligation groups (11.2% versus 10%). Liver cirrhosis developed in the group of double ligation and section (100% of the animals at 4 weeks), while portal hypertension appeared starting at week 3. None of the animals submitted to simple ligation developed liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Simple bile duct ligation is associated with a similar incidence of bacterial translocation as double ligation, but without cirrhosis or portal hypertension.

[Usefulness of cholinesterase determination in ascitic fluid in the differential diagnosis of ascites]. / Utilidad de la determinación de la colinesterasa en líquido ascítico en el diagnóstico diferencial de la ascitis.

BACKGROUND: Cholinesterase is an enzyme mainly synthesized in the liver that might play a role in the differential diagnosis of ascites. We prospectively compared the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic usefulness of the ascites cholinesterase and the classical parameters, ascites total protein concentration and serum-ascites albumin gradient in the differential diagnosis of ascites. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between those parameters and the degree of liver failure. METHODS: A total of 91 patients with ascites were analyzed. According the final diagnosis, patients were classified in two groups, patients with signs of portal hypertension [n = 78] (60 with chronic liver disease, 5 chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, 3 chronic liver disease and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 3 chronic liver disease and secondary peritonitis, 7 malignancy with liver involvement) and patients with no signs of portal hypertension [n = 13] (12 patients with peritoneal neoplasia without liver involvement and 1 tuberculous peritonitis). RESULTS: The sensitivity of the test for detecting portal hypertensive ascites was lowest for ascites cholinesterase less than 600 U/L (71.7%); intermediate with ascites total protein concentration less than 25 g/l (87.2%) and highest with serum-ascites albumin gradient at least 11 g/l (93.6%). The specificity for ruling out portal hypertensive ascites was 100 percent for ascites total protein > or = 25 g/l and ascites cholinesterase > or = 600 U/L and, 76.9 percent for serum-ascites albumin gradient < 11 g/l). Diagnostic efficiency (percentage of patients accurately classified) was greater for serum-ascitis albumin gradient (91.2%; IC95: 83-95.8), and lower for ascites total protein content (89%, IC95: 80.3-94.3) and, ascites cholinesterase (75.8%; IC95: 65.5-83.9). Ascites cholinesterase showed a significant relationship (p = 0.007) with the degree of liver failure measured by Pugh's classification. CONCLUSION: Serum-ascites albumin gradient was the test with best performance characteristics to identify patients with ascites related with portal hypertension. Our results suggest that ascites cholinesterase is more associated with the degree of liver failure than with the presence of portal hypertension.

Utilidad de la determinación de la colinesterasa en líquido ascítico en el diagnóstico diferencial de la ascitis / Usefulness of ascities cholinesterase in the differential diagnosis of ascities

En el presente estudio hemos comparado de forma prospectiva la sensibilidad, especificidad y la eficiencia diagnóstica de la colinesterasa en líquido ascítico, la concentración de proteínas totales en líquido ascítico y el gradiente suero-ascitis de albúmina en el diagnóstico diferencial de la ascitis. Asimismo hemos evaluado la asociación entre los parámetros descritos y el grado de insuficiencia hepática. Un total de 91 pacientes consecutivos con ascitis fueron analizados. Los pacientes fueron clasificados según su diagnóstico final en dos grandes grupos: pacientes con signos de hipertensión portal [n=78] (60 pacientes con cirrosis hepática como único hallazgo, 5 con cirrosis hepática y carcinoma hepatocelular, 6 con cirrosis hepática y peritonitis bacteriana espontánea o secundaria y 7 con neoplasia con metástasis hepáticas) y pacientes sin signos de hipertensión portal [n=13] (12 pacientes con neoplasia sin afectación hepática y uno con tuberculosis peritoneal). Los pacientes con cirrosis hepática fueron agrupados por grado de insuficiencia hepática según la clasificación de Pugh. Resultados: La sensibilidad para detectar ascitis asociada a hipertensión portal fue baja para la colinesterasa en líquido ascítico £ de 600 U/L (71,7 porciento; IC95: 60,3-81,1); intermedia para concentración de proteínas totales en líquido ascítico 600 U/L (100 porciento, IC95: 75,3-100) y para concentración de proteínas totales en líquido ascítico =25 g/l (100 porciento; IC95: 75,3-100) y menor para el gradiente suero-ascitis de albúmina < 11 g/l (76,9; IC95: 46,1-93,7). La eficiencia diagnóstica (porcentaje de pacientes correctamente clasificados) fue máxima para el gradiente suero-ascitis de albúmina (91,2 porciento; IC95 83,0-95,8) y menor para la concentración de proteínas en líquido ascítico (89 porciento, IC95: 80,3-94,3) y para la colinesterasa en líquido ascítico (75,8 porciento; IC95: 65,5-83,9). La colinesterasa en líquido ascítico mostró una asociación significativa (p=0,007) con el grado de insuficiencia hepática. Conclusión: El gradiente suero-ascitis de albúmina fue la prueba con mejor rendimiento para identificar los pacientes con ascitis debida a hipertensión portal (AU)