RESUMO
Validation of a technological process requires an intensive characterization of the performance of the resulting devices, circuits, or systems. The technology for the fabrication of micro and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) is evolving rapidly, with new kind of device concepts for applications like sensing or harvesting are being proposed and demonstrated. However, the characterization tools and methods for these new devices are still not fully developed. Here, we present an on-wafer, highly precise, and rapid characterization method to measure the mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical properties of piezoresistive cantilevers. The setup is based on a combination of probe-card and atomic force microscopy technology, it allows accessing many devices across a wafer and it can be applied to a broad range of MEMS and NEMS. Using this setup we have characterized the performance of multiple submicron thick piezoresistive cantilever force sensors. For the best design we have obtained a force sensitivity Re(F) = 158µV/nN, a noise of 5.8 µV (1 Hz-1 kHz) and a minimum detectable force of 37 pN with a relative standard deviation of σ(r) ≈ 8%. This small value of σ(r), together with a high fabrication yield >95%, validates our fabrication technology. These devices are intended to be used as bio-molecular detectors for the measurement of intermolecular forces between ligand and receptor molecule pairs.
Assuntos
Eletricidade , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Microscopia de Força Atômica/instrumentação , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
AIM: Selected patients with haemorrhoidal prolapse undergoing double stapled anopexy with the procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids (PPH03) were studied. METHOD: Between March 2007 and March 2010, 235 patients referred with haemorrhoids were included in the study. Patients with obstructed defaecation were excluded. At surgery intraoperative evaluation for double stapled anopexy was carried out based on the criteria of prolapse occupying half or more of the anal circumference and redundant prolapsed tissue determined by the circular anal dilator. Patients fulfilling these criteria were submitted for double stapled anopexy with the PPH03 stapler. All clinical and operative data were recorded in a prospectively maintained database. RESULTS: Among the 142 patients with haemorrhoidal prolapse having surgery 91 had a single and 51 a double stapled technique. The mean operative time was 34.8 min with no major or minor intraoperative complications. Recurrence at 48 months was 1.9% and the mean satisfaction score was 8.9. CONCLUSION: The double stapled PPH03 technique in selected cases was as safe and effective as a single stapling technique with a lower incidence of recurrence over a medium-term follow-up.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorroidas/cirurgia , Grampeamento Cirúrgico/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Canal Anal/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/etiologia , Satisfação do Paciente , Prolapso , Recidiva , Grampeamento Cirúrgico/efeitos adversos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We present a case report of the anaesthetic management of a 77-year-old man requiring endovascular thoracic stent graft repair. The patient had a history of poorly controlled type II diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Chest X-ray and CT scan showed a right pleural effusion, generalized emphysema and an enlarged thyroid extending into the upper mediastinum, compromising the tracheal lumen. Endovascular stent graft repair was successfully performed under epidural anaesthesia and intravenous sedation.
Assuntos
Anestesia Epidural , Aneurisma da Aorta Torácica/cirurgia , Ruptura Aórtica/cirurgia , Stents , Idoso , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
In our study we evaluate postoperative complications and local recurrence in local advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation plus surgery. We treated 24 patients, 15 males and 9 females; in all cases the cancer was at stage II or III. Down-staging was observed in 14 patients (58.3%), 2 patients (8.3%) had no residual disease. We performed 2 APR, 20 low anterior resections (10 of which laparoscopic) and 2 transanal local excisions. In postoperative period we observed 8 complications, 4 minor and 4 major ones, with an over-all morbidity of 33.3% and of 16.6% if considering major complications. At present no local recurrence was registered.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/terapia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma/radioterapia , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças do Íleo/etiologia , Obstrução Intestinal/etiologia , Laparoscopia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Neoplasias Retais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Retais/radioterapia , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Indução de Remissão , Deiscência da Ferida Operatória/etiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The current standard local treatment for nonresectable pancreatic carcinoma is radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); however, the optimal schedule for 5-FU administration has not been fully established. In this study, we report on our experience with the combination of RT and continuous infusion 5-FU in a group of patients with locally nonresectable pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-two patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial. RT was delivered using a four-field technique to a total dose of 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions. 5-FU was given through a central venous catheter at a dose of 300 mg/m(2)/day, 7 d/wk, throughout the entire course of RT. RESULTS: All patients completed the RT as planned, and 33 (78%) completed the full regimen of chemotherapy. Ten patients (23%) had a partial response, and 32 (77%) had stable disease. Subjective response, defined as the disappearance of symptoms observed at diagnosis, was also evaluated. Two patients (6%) had a complete, and 24 (75%) a partial, remission of symptoms. The median time to progression was 6.2 months, and the median survival time was 9.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of local control, the results of our study, with RT and protracted 5-FU infusion, compare well with those of other studies using RT and bolus 5-FU. The control of distant metastatic disease remains an open issue. However, the palliation of symptoms achieved by our treatment schedule in patients with a very poor prognosis and severe symptoms may be regarded as a positive result.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Dosagem RadioterapêuticaRESUMO
Recommendations are made for controlling the transmission of the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses from healthcare workers to patients. These recommendations were based both on the literature and on experts' opinions, obtained during a Consensus Conference. The quality of the published information and of the experts' opinions was classified into 6 levels, based on the source of the information. The recommendations can be summarised as follows: all healthcare workers must undergo hepatitis B virus vaccination and adopt the standard measures for infection control in hospitals; healthcare workers who directly perform invasive procedures must undergo serological testing and the evaluation of markers of viral infection. Those found to be positive for: 1) HBsAg and HBeAg, 2) HBsAg and hepatitis B virus DNA, or 3) anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis C virus RNA must abstain from directly performing invasive procedures; no other limitations in their activities are necessary. Infected healthcare workers are urged to inform their patients of their infectious status, although this is left to the discretion of the healthcare worker; whose privacy is guaranteed by law. If exposure to hepatitis B virus occurs, the healthcare worker must undergo prophylaxis with specific immunoglobulins, in addition to vaccination.
Assuntos
Pessoal Técnico de Saúde/normas , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite C/transmissão , Controle de Infecções/normas , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Profissional para o Paciente/prevenção & controle , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Gestão de Riscos , Algoritmos , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Testes Sorológicos , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The results of the first epidemiological, prospective, multicentric study on cardiac arrest in a geographical Italian region are reported. On 708 consecutive cardiac arrests, 438 underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Of these, 344 were identified of cardiac aetiology. The underlying initial rhythm was: 166 asystole (48.3%), 104 ventricular fibrillation (30.2%), 74 pulseless electrical activity (21.5%). The best outcome occurred in patients whose cardiac arrest was witnessed by the EMS (49% return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 21% hospital discharge). When cardiac arrest was witnessed by lay people, 20.5% had ROSC and 4.4% were discharged alive from the hospital. When it was unwitnessed ROSC and hospital discharge were 8.6 and 1.7%, respectively. Ventricular fibrillation was highly predictive of outcome. Both ROSC and hospital discharge correlated inversely with the delay of the first defibrillation. Overall, the highest probability of survival was achieved when CPR interventions were started within the first minutes after collapse. Basic Life Support (BLS) manoeuvres began after 9 min of untreated cardiac arrest were still followed by a ROSC, but none of these patients survived. The incidence of prehospital cardiac arrest in our population was estimated to be in proportion of 0.95/1000 per year with a survival rate of 6.7%.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Parada Cardíaca/mortalidade , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Parada Cardíaca/etiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Fibrilação Ventricular/complicaçõesAssuntos
Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Ranitidina/uso terapêutico , Somatostatina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição AleatóriaAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/cirurgia , Pré-Medicação , Adulto , Ampicilina/uso terapêutico , Cefoxitina/uso terapêutico , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Penicilinas/uso terapêutico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Indoprofen was given intravenously (bolus followed by infusion) and orally to 7 patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis with knee joint effusion. Indoprofen readily penetrated into synovial fluid in amounts which were directly correlated with areas under curves of plasma drug levels. Synovial fluid acted as a compartment distinct from the central (plasma) compartment. Indoprofen caused a substantial decrease in E2 and F2 alpha prostaglandin concentration in synovial fluid.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Indoprofen/uso terapêutico , Fenilpropionatos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Indoprofen/metabolismo , Cinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas de Prostaglandina , Prostaglandinas E/metabolismo , Prostaglandinas F/metabolismo , Líquido Sinovial/metabolismoRESUMO
Six healthy volunteers received single iv and oral doses of 2-[p-(1-oxo-2-isoindolinyl)phenyl] butyric acid 100 mg (indobufen; K 3920), an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of the drug were determined by GLC. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was assessed turbidimetrically at various intervals after administration. The plasma half-life of the drug was 7--8 h and more than 70% of the administered dose was recovered within 48 h in urine, as unchanged drug and as the glucuronide of indobufen. After oral administration of tablets of two different formulations, the drug was completely absorbed, but one formulation showed faster absorption. The maximal inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation was observed 1 to 4 h after iv administration, and it had decreased by 8h. After tablets, peak effect and the time of the peak were similar, but activity was significantly prolonged, in accordance with the higher plasma levels found at 8 h. The data suggest that the effect of indobufen on platelets is reversible, and that for this drug platelets behave as a compartment that slowly equilibrates with plasma.
Assuntos
Fenilbutiratos/farmacologia , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Adulto , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Indóis/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Injeções Intravenosas , Isoindóis , Cinética , Masculino , Fenilbutiratos/administração & dosagem , Fenilbutiratos/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The effect of food on bioavailability of indobufen tablets was investigated in 6 healthy volunteers. Subsequently, the same subjects took 100 mg b.i.d. for 7 days. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of indobufen were determined by GLC. Platelet aggregation induced by several concentrations of adrenaline was determined turbidimetrically at various times after the first and last doses. The absorption of indobufen tablets was not substantially impaired by the presence of food in the GI tract, although peak plasma levels and AUCs were slightly reduced after food. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and urinary levels of indobufen did not indicate any change in drug disposition after repeated dosing. Adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation was markedly inhibited for up to 12 h after the first dose and the intensity and duration of this effect did not change after repeated administration. A twice-daily dosing appears suitable for clinical trials.
Assuntos
Alimentos , Fenilbutiratos/farmacologia , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Disponibilidade Biológica , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Jejum , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Fenilbutiratos/administração & dosagem , Fenilbutiratos/metabolismoAssuntos
Cólica/tratamento farmacológico , Emergências , Parassimpatolíticos/uso terapêutico , Derivados da Escopolamina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Brometo de Butilescopolamônio/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parassimpatolíticos/administração & dosagem , Parassimpatolíticos/efeitos adversos , Derivados da Escopolamina/administração & dosagem , Derivados da Escopolamina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The pharmacokinetics of indoprofen in healthy subjects after single oral and i.v. administrations is reviewed. During repeated administration of indoprofen to 6 normal subjects (200-mg tablet every 8 hours for 6 days) no variations in the disposition of the drug were found in comparison with single dose administration. In 6 inpatients, with rheumatoid arthritis, the pharmacokinetics of indoprofen was studied after single oral (tablet) and i.m. administration. As for oral doses, no difference in main kinetic parameters was detected between the patients and normal subjects except for a higher volume of distribution in the former population. The bioavailability of the drug given by i.m. injection was not significantly different from that observed after oral administration.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Fenilpropionatos/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Indóis/metabolismo , Injeções Intramusculares , Cinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenilpropionatos/administração & dosagem , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The influence of food on the bioavailability of two oral dosage forms (100-mg capsules and 200-mg tablets) of indoprofen, a new propionic acid derivative with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, has been investigated. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of indoprofen were determined both in the fasting state and after a standard meal in healthy volunteers after administration of two 100-mg capsules (4 subjects) and of one 200-mg tablet (6 subjects). Indoprofen in biological fluids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The extent of absorption from tablets was not affected by food as indicated from the values of the total area under plasma level curves and urinary excretion of the drug. The rate of absorption was faster after meal than in the fasting state. The opposite was found for capsules, which showed a slightly delayed absorption after food. The results suggest that food may differently influence the absorption pattern of different pharmaceutical forms of the same drug.