Unequal expectations? Testing decisional mechanisms for secondary effects of social origin.

It is a common research practice to decompose the effect of social origin on an educational expectation into a primary effect, via academic performance, and a secondary effect, computed as the inequality that survives the control of performance. In this paper, I examine how specific decisional mechanisms described in the Cultural Capital and Rational Action theories contribute to explain the inequalities that survive the control of performance in the configuration of educational expectations. Cultural Capital Theory argues that participation in the dominant culture at schools, the endowment of educational resources and the development of skill-generating habits contribute to holding ambitious expectations over and above performance. In Rational Action Theory, students form expectations at each level of performance by gathering information, pondering benefits and costs, and evaluating the risk of academic failure and social demotion, which in turn might account for the secondary effect of social origin. Relying on Spanish data from 2018 PISA, I observe that Cultural Capital and Rational Action mechanisms are compatible in the explanation of the secondary effects of social origin, although two-thirds of that inequality remain unexplained. Nonetheless, I find differences in how those mechanisms perform in vertical (whether to enrol an educational level) and horizontal expectations (what alternative is preferred in that educational level).

Comportamiento de las afecciones oculares infantiles en la provincia de Cienfuegos. 2019 / Behavior of childhood eye conditions in the Cienfuegos province. 2019

RESUMEN Fundamento: En las edades pediátricas, el diagnóstico precoz de cualquier enfermedad oftalmológica es de gran relevancia, toda vez que, si permanecen sin tratamiento, los daños en la visión serán irreversibles, y las consecuencias, para toda la vida. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las afecciones oculares en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto, de Cienfuegos. Se trabajó con la totalidad de los pacientes atendidos (N=1404) durante el año 2019. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, diagnóstico oftalmológico, tipo de tratamiento, y municipio de procedencia. Resultados: el 51 % de pacientes correspondió al sexo femenino. Las edades más representadas fueron las del grupo de 4 a 8 años, para un 35,4 %. Las ametropías y el estrabismo fueron las afecciones oftalmológicas más frecuentes, en el 36,4 y 22,7 % de los casos, respectivamente. El tratamiento más realizado fue la corrección óptica (40,3 %), y el municipio de Cienfuegos, el lugar de residencia más observado. Conclusión: las afecciones oculares no tienen preferencia marcada por ningún sexo, aunque las niñas acudieron más durante el período estudiado. El grupo de 4 a 8 años, etapa de inicio de la vida escolar, fue el más recibido en consulta, sobre todo, a causa de ametropías y estrabismo; lo que explica también el mayor uso de la corrección óptica.

ABSTRACT Background: In pediatric ages, the early diagnosis of any ophthalmic disease is of great relevance, since, if they remain untreated, vision damage will be irreversible, and the consequences, for life. Objective: to describe the behavior of eye conditions in pediatric patients. Methods: an observational, descriptive study was carried out at the Paquito González Cueto Pediatric University Hospital in Cienfuegos. All the patients attended (N = 1404) during the year 2019 were included in the research. The variables: age, sex, ophthalmological diagnosis, type of treatment, and municipality of origin were studied. Results: 51% of patients were female. The most represented ages were those of the group from 4 to 8 years, for 35.4%. Ametropia and strabismus were the most frequent ophthalmological conditions, in 36.4 and 22.7% of cases, respectively. The most performed treatment was optical correction (40.3%), and the municipality of Cienfuegos, the most observed place of residence. Conclusion: eye conditions do not have a marked preference for any sex, although girls attended more during the period studied. The group from 4 to 8 years old, the beginning stage of school life, was the most received in consultation, especially because of ametropia and strabismus; which also explains the greater use of optical correction.

Hipoglucemia por hiperinsulinismo endógeno / Endogenous hyperinsulinism hypoglycemia

RESUMEN La hipoglucemia por hiperinsulinismo endógeno constituye un reto terapéutico. Se describen las características clínicas, bioquímicas e imagenológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de hiperinsulinismo endógeno atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología en el periodo 2004-2018(AU)

ABSTRACT Hypoglycemia due to endogenous hyperinsulinism constitutes a therapeutic challenge. The clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics of patients diagnosed with endogenous hyperinsulinism treated at the National Endocrinology Institute from 2004 to 2018 are described(AU)

Patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among transsexuals. / Patrones de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en personas transexuales.

This study evaluated the patterns of substance use in a large sample of male-to-female (MtoF) and female-to-male (FtoM) transsexuals. A total of 251 transsexual subjects (163 MtoF and 88 FtoM), attended in the Catalonia Gender Unit, completed self-administrated questionnaires on consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and designer drugs. Results were compared with the general population in Catalonia using data from the National Health Service (EDADES 2013 study). Current consumption of alcohol (70.1%), tobacco (46.2%), and cannabis (16.3%) among transsexuals was similar when compared with men (72.1%, 42.1%, 12.8%) and increased when compared with women (57.6%, 35.2%, 5%); the consumption between MtoF and FtoM subgroups was similar.  The use of cocaine was almost ten times more prevalent in the MtoF subgroup than in the FtoM subgroup (1.1%), and in general population (less than 1%).  Only a few reported uses of opioids and designer drugs. In conclusion, the substance use among transsexuals, except for the use of cocaine, was similar between MtoF and FtoM subgroups, and resembled the consumption prevalence among men in the general population. The proportion of cocaine consumers in the MtoF subgroup was up to ten times higher than in other subgroups.

Este estudio evalúa los patrones de consumo de sustancias en personas transexuales de hombre a mujer (H-M) y de mujer a hombre (M-H). Un total de 251 personas transexuales (163 H-M y 88 M-H), atendidas en la Unidad de Identidad de Género de Cataluña, completaron un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre el consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis, cocaína, opiáceos y drogas de diseño. Los resultados se compararon con datos del Servicio Nacional de Salud en población general en Cataluña (estudio EDADES 2013). La prevalencia del consumo de alcohol (70,1%), tabaco (46,2%) y cannabis (16,3%) actual en el total de personas transexuales de ambos sexos fue similar al de hombres en población general (72,1%, 42,1%, 12,8%) y mayor que la prevalencia en mujeres (57,6%, 35,2%, 5%); no se encontraron diferencias en dicho consumo entre H-M y M-H. El consumo de cocaína en H-M (9,8%) fue casi diez veces más prevalente que en el subgrupo M-H (1,1%) y que en ambos sexos en población general (menor del 1%). Sólo unos pocos referían consumo de opiáceos y drogas de diseño. En conclusión, el patrón de consumo de sustancias en personas transexuales, excepto para la cocaína, es similar entre ambos sexos, y se asemeja al patrón de consumo masculino en población general. El consumo de cocaína es hasta diez veces mayor en el grupo de mujeres transexuales (H-M) con respecto a los otros grupos.

Patrones de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en personas transexuales / Patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among transsexuals

Este estudio evalúa los patrones de consumo de sustancias en personas transexuales de hombre a mujer (H-M) y de mujer a hombre (M-H). Un total de 251 personas transexuales (163 H-M y 88 M-H), atendidas en la Unidad de Identidad de Género de Cataluña, completaron un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre el consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis, cocaína, opiáceos y drogas de diseño. Los resultados se compararon con datos del Servicio Nacional de Salud en población general en Cataluña (estudio EDADES 2013). La prevalencia del consumo de alcohol (70,1%), tabaco (46,2%) y cannabis (16,3%) actual en el total de personas transexuales de ambos sexos fue similar al de hombres en población general (72,1%, 42,1%, 12,8%) y mayor que la prevalencia en mujeres (57,6%, 35,2%, 5%); no se encontraron diferencias en dicho consumo entre H-M y M-H. El consumo de cocaína en H-M (9,8%) fue casi diez veces más prevalente que en el subgrupo M-H (1,1%) y que en ambos sexos en población general (menor del 1%). Sólo unos pocos referían consumo de opiáceos y drogas de diseño. En conclusión, el patrón de consumo de sustancias en personas transexuales, excepto para la cocaína, es similar entre ambos sexos, y se asemeja al patrón de consumo masculino en población general. El consumo de cocaína es hasta diez veces mayor en el grupo de mujeres transexuales (H-M) con respecto a los otros grupos

This study evaluated the patterns of substance use in a large sample of male-to-female (MtoF) and female-to-male (FtoM) transsexuals. A total of 251 transsexual subjects (163 MtoF and 88 FtoM), attended in the Catalonia Gender Unit, completed self-administrated questionnaires on consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and designer drugs. Results were compared with the general population in Catalonia using data from the National Health Service (EDADES 2013 study). Current consumption of alcohol (70.1%), tobacco (46.2%), and cannabis (16.3%) among transsexuals was similar when compared with men (72.1%, 42.1%, 12.8%) and increased when compared with women (57.6%, 35.2%, 5%); the consumption between MtoF and FtoM subgroups was similar. The use of cocaine was almost ten times more prevalent in the MtoF subgroup than in the FtoM subgroup (1.1%), and in general population (less than 1%). Only a few reported uses of opioids and designer drugs. In conclusion, the substance use among transsexuals, except for the use of cocaine, was similar between MtoF and FtoM subgroups, and resembled the consumption prevalence among men in the general population. The proportion of cocaine consumers in the MtoF subgroup was up to ten times higher than in other subgroups

Valor del ultrasonido endoscópico en el diagnóstico de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal / Value of endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract

Introducción: El ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) es el método de mayor valor y el que con más frecuencia se emplea en la evaluación de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto digestivo, como lo han demostrado grandes estudios multicéntricos. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia con el uso del ultrasonido endoscópico en el diagnóstico de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo desde mayo 2016 hasta enero 2018 en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas (CIMEQ) de La Habana, Cuba. La muestra quedó conformada por un total de 26 pacientes en los que predominó el sexo femenino con edades comprendidas entre 43 y 80 años. Resultados: La dispepsia fue el síntoma más reportado, así como los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, seguido de los lipomas el diagnóstico más frecuente. En la mayoría de los pacientes se decidió una conducta quirúrgica. Conclusiones: El ultrasonido endoscópico es un método seguro, de mínima invasión y nos permite decidir la conducta a seguir en la mayoría de los pacientes con lesiones subepiteliales(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasonography is the method of highest value and the most frequently used in the evaluation of subepithelial lesions of the digestive tract, as it has been shown in large multicenter studies. Objective: To describe the experience gained in the use of endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Method: A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in the Center of Medical and Surgical Research of Havana from May 2016 to January 2018. The final sample was made up of 26 patients, mainly women, aged 43 to 80 years. Results: Dyspepsia was the most reported symptom as well as the most frequent diagnosis was gastrointestinal stroma tumors followed by lipomas. Surgical treatment was decided to be applied in most of these patients. Conclusions: The endoscopic ultrasonography is a safe, minimally invasive method that allows making decisions on the behavior to be followed in the treatment of most of the patients with subepithelial lesions(AU)

Celulitis orbitaria secundaria a sinusitis. Presentación de un caso / Orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis. Case presentation

La celulitis orbitaria es la causa más frecuente de inflamación aguda de la órbita y constituye una urgencia oftalmológica relativamente frecuente y potencialmente grave en la población pediátrica. La inflamación puede extenderse a la región postseptal, y afectar el contenido de la órbita. La relación anatómica de la órbita con estructuras vecinas como los senos paranasales, es clave para entender la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad; aparece, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, como complicación de una sinusitis. Se presenta una paciente de cinco años de edad, con diagnóstico de celulitis orbitaria secundaria a una sinusitis. La descripción de las características clínicas de la enfermedad y su manejo en este caso, puede aportar información útil para el mejor abordaje de la entidad. Se concluye que los elementos fundamentales son el diagnóstico temprano y la atención multidisciplinaria.

Orbital cellulitis is the most frequent cause of acute swelling of the orbit and is a relatively frequent ophthalmological emergency and potentially serious in the pediatric population. The inflammation may extend to post septal region, and affect the orbit content. The anatomical relation of the orbit with their neighboring structures as paranasal sinuses is the key to understand the etiopathogenesis of the disease; a case of a five-year-old patient is presented, with a diagnosis of orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis. The description of the clinical characteristics of the disease and its management in this case, may offer useful information for a better approach of this entity. It is concluded that the main elements are early diagnosis and multidisciplinary evaluation.

Valor del ultrasonido endoscópico en el diagnóstico de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal / Value of endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract

Introducción: El ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) es el método de mayor valor y el que con más frecuencia se emplea en la evaluación de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto digestivo, como lo han demostrado grandes estudios multicéntricos. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia con el uso del ultrasonido endoscópico en el diagnóstico de las lesiones subepiteliales del tracto gastrointestinal. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo desde mayo 2016 hasta enero 2018 en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas (CIMEQ) de La Habana, Cuba. La muestra quedó conformada por un total de 26 pacientes en los que predominó el sexo femenino con edades comprendidas entre 43 y 80 años. Resultados: La dispepsia fue el síntoma más reportado, así como los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, seguido de los lipomas el diagnóstico más frecuente. En la mayoría de los pacientes se decidió una conducta quirúrgica. Conclusiones: El ultrasonido endoscópico es un método seguro, de mínima invasión y nos permite decidir la conducta a seguir en la mayoría de los pacientes con lesiones subepiteliales(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasonography is the method of highest value and the most frequently used in the evaluation of subepithelial lesions of the digestive tract, as it has been shown in large multicenter studies. Objective: To describe the experience gained in the use of endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Method: A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in the Center of Medical and Surgical Research of Havana from May 2016 to January 2018. The final sample was made up of 26 patients, mainly women, aged 43 to 80 years. Results: Dyspepsia was the most reported symptom as well as the most frequent diagnosis was gastrointestinal stroma tumors followed by lipomas. Surgical treatment was decided to be applied in most of these patients. Conclusions: The endoscopic ultrasonography is a safe, minimally invasive method that allows making decisions on the behavior to be followed in the treatment of most of the patients with subepithelial lesions(AU)

Psychiatric Symptoms in Refractory Epilepsy During the First Year After Surgery.

Psychiatric morbidity in drug-resistant epilepsy is frequent. Surgery is the best therapeutic alternative for treating seizures, but the current evidence concerning the effects of surgery on psychiatric disorders (PDs) is inconclusive. We aim to clarify surgery's role in long-term PDs. Using a prospective controlled study, we analyzed the psychopathologic outcomes of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, comparing those who underwent surgery to those who did not due to not being suitable. Surgical candidates were paired (n = 84) with the immediately following nonsurgical candidates (n = 68). Both groups continued their usual medical treatment. We studied psychiatric changes for each group and analyzed de novo and remission cases. The assessments were made during the presurgical evaluation, and at 6 months (6-M) and 12 months (12-M) after surgery. Finally, we determined associated factors for postsurgical PDs. At 12 months, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), anxiety improved in both groups (p = 0.000), while depression improved only in the surgical group (p = 0.016). Moreover, all symptom dimensions on the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90), as well as severity, distress, and total symptoms, decreased only in the surgical group. These ameliorations reached not only statistical significance but also clinical significance for depression (HADS) (p = 0.014) and the interictal dysphoric disorder (p = 0.013). The main predictors for PDs after surgery were as follows: the presurgical and 6-month psychiatric symptoms, the absence of surgery, seizure outcomes, and some antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs. This study provides evidence that surgery for epilepsy could have a role in improving some symptoms of psychiatric disorders 12-M after the surgery.

Climatic adaptation and ecological descriptors of wild beans from Mexico.

Despite its economic, social, biological, and cultural importance, wild forms of the genus Phaseolus are not well represented in germplasm banks, and they are at great risk due to changes in land use as well as climate change. To improve our understanding of the potential geographical distribution of wild beans (Phaseolus spp.) from Mexico and support in situ and ex situ conservation programs, we determined the climatic adaptation ranges of 29 species and two subspecies of Phaseolus collected throughout Mexico. Based on five biotic and 117 abiotic variables obtained from different databases-WorldClim, Global-Aridity, and Global-PET-we performed principal component and cluster analyses. Germplasm was distributed among 12 climatic types from a possible 28. The general climatic ranges were as follows: 8-3,083 m above sea level; 12.07-26.96°C annual mean temperature; 10.33-202.68 mm annual precipitation; 9.33-16.56 W/m2 of net radiation; 11.68-14.23 hr photoperiod; 0.06-1.57 aridity index; and 10-1,728 mm/month of annual potential evapotranspiration. Most descriptive variables (25) clustered species into two groups: One included germplasm from semihot climates, and the other included germplasm from temperate climates. Species clustering showed 45% to 54% coincidence with species previously grouped using molecular data. The species P. filiformis, P. purpusii, and P. maculatus were found at low-humidity locations; these species could be used to improve our understanding of the extreme aridity adaptation mechanisms used by wild beans to avoid or tolerate climate change as well as to introgress favorable alleles into new cultivars adapted to hot, dry environments.

Mother-infant bonding in the postpartum period: assessment of the impact of pre-delivery factors in a clinical sample.

This study aims to examine the extent to which a variety of pre-delivery factors (demographic, reproductive, psychological, psychiatric, and psychopathological) predict disturbances in mother-infant bonding (MIB) in the postpartum period. Two hundred fifty-one pregnant women enrolled at a public perinatal psychiatric service were assessed between the first and second trimester of pregnancy and at 6-7 weeks after delivery. During pregnancy, the psychological risk factors were assessed with the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire, the Marital Adjustment Scale, the Early Trauma Inventory, and the General Health Questionnaire. To detect psychopathology, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. At the postpartum evaluation, MIB was measured by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. The results of the final regression model showed that emotional abuse in childhood, family psychiatric history, previous psychiatric hospitalization, and anxiety during pregnancy were significant predictors of MIB disturbances in postpartum, explaining 10.7% of the variance. The evaluation of women's risk factors in pregnancy is important in order to prevent MIB disturbances and thus to ensure the welfare of mothers and their babies.

A SIMPLE Pipeline for Mapping Point Mutations.

A forward genetic screen is one of the best methods for revealing the function of genes. In plants, this technique is highly efficient, as it is relatively easy to grow and screen hundreds or thousands of individuals. The cost efficiency and ease of data production afforded by next-generation sequencing have created new opportunities for rapid mapping of induced mutations. Current mapping tools are often not user friendly, are complicated, or require extensive preparation steps. To simplify the process of mapping new mutations, we developed a pipeline that takes next-generation sequencing fastq files as input, calls on several well-established and freely available genome-analysis tools, and outputs the most likely causal DNA changes. The pipeline has been validated in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and can be readily applied to other species, with the possibility of mapping either dominant or recessive mutations.

A prospective study contrasting the psychiatric outcome in drug-resistant epilepsy between patients who underwent surgery and a control group.

OBJECTIVE: Psychiatric morbidity in drug-resistant epilepsy is frequent and has a negative influence on quality of life. Surgery is proven to be the best therapeutic alternative for treating seizures. However, it is inconclusive with the current evidence whether surgery, per se, is a risk factor or promotes amelioration of psychiatric disorders. Until now, most studies have been cross-sectional with small or heterogeneous groups. In addition, the few prospective studies did not have an identical control group. The present study aims to clarify the role of surgery in psychopathologic alterations. METHODS: We analyzed, through a prospective case-control study, the psychopathologic outcomes of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, comparing those who underwent surgery and those who continued with pharmacologic treatment due to not being suitable for surgery. The assessments were performed during presurgical evaluation and 6 months after surgery. We studied psychiatric changes for each group, compared differences between groups, and also analyzed de novo and remission cases. Finally, we determined associated factors for postsurgical psychiatric disturbances. RESULTS: The surgical group experienced a significant decrease in psychopathologic alterations in comparison with the control group. In addition, distress perception of surgical patients also improved, whereas it did not decrease in the control group. Patients who underwent surgery presented a decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms, whereas the nonsurgical group increased its anxiety levels. De novo disturbances that appeared after surgery were less frequent than in nonsurgical patients. We observed significant favorable outcomes considering de novo versus remission cases for anxiety, depression, and total symptoms only in the surgical group. The two main predictors for psychiatric disorders after surgery were presurgical psychiatric functioning and surgery. SIGNIFICANCE: Provides evidence that surgery improves psychiatric functioning in drug-resistant epilepsy through a prospective controlled study.

Unique cell-type-specific patterns of DNA methylation in the root meristem.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that differs between plant organs and tissues, but the extent of variation between cell types is not known. Here, we report single-base-resolution whole-genome DNA methylomes, mRNA transcriptomes and small RNA transcriptomes for six cell populations covering the major cell types of the Arabidopsis root meristem. We identify widespread cell-type-specific patterns of DNA methylation, especially in the CHH sequence context, where H is A, C or T. The genome of the columella root cap is the most highly methylated Arabidopsis cell characterized so far. It is hypermethylated within transposable elements (TEs), accompanied by increased abundance of transcripts encoding RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway components and 24-nt small RNAs (smRNAs). The absence of the nucleosome remodeller DECREASED DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1), required for maintenance of DNA methylation, and low abundance of histone transcripts involved in heterochromatin formation suggests that a loss of heterochromatin may occur in the columella, thus allowing access of RdDM factors to the whole genome, and producing an excess of 24-nt smRNAs in this tissue. Together, these maps provide new insights into the epigenomic diversity that exists between distinct plant somatic cell types.

Estrés laboral: implicaciones para la salud física y mental / Work-related stress: implications for physical and mental health

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Assessment of psychometric properties of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) in Spanish mothers.

The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) was developed to assess mother-infant bonding disturbances in the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the PBQ in a sample of Spanish postpartum women. Eight hundred forty mothers were recruited in the postpartum visit (4-6 weeks after delivery): 513 from a gynecology unit (forming the general population sample) and 327 mothers from a perinatal psychiatry program (forming the clinical sample). All women were assessed by means of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the PBQ. Neither the original four-factor structure nor alternative structures (Reck et al. 2006; Wittkowski et al. 2010) were replicated by the confirmatory factor analyses. An exploratory factor analysis showed a four-factor solution. The Schmid-Leiman transformation found a general factor that accounted for 61% of the variance of the PBQ. Bonding impairment showed higher associations with depressive symptomatology in both samples. The Spanish version of the PBQ showed adequate psychometric properties for use with clinical and general populations of Spanish postpartum women. The results suggest that the PBQ could be summarized by a general factor and confirm the utility of the use of the total score for detecting bonding impairment.

Maladaptive family dysfunction and parental death as risk markers of childhood abuse in women

This study aims to examine the prevalence and characteristics of physical, emotional and sexual childhood abuse. It also examines whether other non-abuse types of childhood adversities related to maladaptive family functioning and separations during childhood can be used as markers for the presence of childhood abuse. Participants (N = 237) were women at 2-3 days after delivery that completed the Spanish-validated version of the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report (ETI-SR; Bremner, Bolus, & Mayer, 2007; Plaza et al., 2011), designed to assess the presence of childhood adversities. Results show that 29% of the women had experienced some type of childhood abuse, and 10% more than one type. Logistic regression analyses indicate that childhood parental death is a risk marker for childhood emotional abuse (OR: 3.77; 95% CI: 1.327-10.755; p <.013), childhood parental substance abuse is a risk marker for childhood sexual (OR: 3.72; 95% CI: 1.480-9.303; p < .005) and physical abuse (OR: 2.610; 95% CI: 1.000-6.812; p < .05) and that childhood family mental illness is a risk marker for childhood emotional (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.175-7.441; p < .021) and sexual abuse (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.168-5.580; p < .019). The high prevalence of childhood abuse indicates a need for assessment during the perinatal period. Screening for childhood family mental illness, parental substance abuse, and parental death - all identified risk factors for reporting childhood abuse - can help to identify women that should be assessed specifically regarding abuse (AU)

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Conocimientos sobre la enfermedad renal crónica y el proceder de hemodiálisis / Knowledge about chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis procedure

El consentimiento informado supone un proceso que va más allá de la firma de un documento de autorización. El objetivo fue determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad renal crónica y el proceder de hemodiálisis de los pacientes del Hospital General Docente Abel Santamaría Cuadrado de Pinar del Río en el período comprendido de marzo a mayo de 2012. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y aplicado. El universo estuvo constituido por los pacientes que reciben hemodiálisis (N = 102). La muestra estuvo integrada por los pacientes que recibieron hemodiálisis el día escogido para aplicar la encuesta que debió coincidir con la segunda sesión de hemodiálisis de la semana, utilizando un método aleatorio simple (n= 85), a los que se aplicó una encuesta formulario. Para determinar la asociación entre variables se utilizó el estadígrafo ji cuadrado al 95 por ciento de confianza. La muestra resultó ser mayoritariamente joven, con bajo nivel educacional, siendo el dominio de la enfermedad bastante bajo, y aún más crítico el conocimiento sobre posibles complicaciones durante la hemodiálisis, cuestiones evitables de existir un documento informador previo a este proceder. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica y con tratamientos depuradores, como la hemodiálisis, necesitan la existencia de un consentimiento informado, que sea adaptable a cada paciente, para prepararlos mejor y así lograr bienestar, confort y su total cooperación(AU)

Informed knowledge involves a process that goes beyond the signing of an authorization document. The objective was to determine the level of knowledge about the chronic kidney disease and the hemodialysis procedure by the patients of Abel Santamaría Cuadrado General Teaching Hospital of Pinar del Río, in the period between March and May 2012. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and applied study was performed. The universe was made up of the patients undergoing hemodialysis (n=120). The sample was composed by the patients who underwent hemodialysis on the days chosen for applying the survey, which should coincide with the second session of hemodialysis within the week, using the random simple method (n=85), whom were conducted the questionnaire-survey on. To determine association amongst variables, the statistical chi-square test was used at 95 per cent of confidence. The sample came to be mostly young, with low schooling, being also low their knowledge on the disease, and even more critical their knowledge about potential complications in hemodialysis, matters evitable to occur in an authorization document before this procedure. Patients with chronic kidney disease and with purifying treatments, as hemodialysis, need to know about a proper informed concernment, applicable to each patient, in order to better prepare them and in doing so to achieve welfare, comfort and their total recovery(AU)