Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs.

BACKGROUND: Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. RESULTS: French bulldogs that underwent computed tomography for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (n = 101), and French bulldogs with thoracolumbar (n = 47) or cervical intervertebral disc extrusion (n = 30) that underwent magnetic resonance imaging were included. There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. Dogs with kyphosis were at nearly a two times increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion than those without kyphosis [(OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.04-3.78)]. There was also an association between the presence of scoliosis and the anatomical distribution of intervertebral disc extrusions, with dogs with scoliosis more likely to have more caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions. Presence of scoliosis was not associated with an increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion. CONCLUSIONS: Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis only rarely cause spinal cord dysfunction in itself, French bulldogs with kyphosis appear to be at higher risk to develop thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.

Atualização em epilepsia canina parte II Terapia antiepiléptica / Canine epilepsy update part II: antiepileptic therapy

As crises epilépticas são manifestações de distúrbios neurológicos, e ocorrem com grande frequênciana clínica de pequenos animais. O sucesso na terapia antiepiléptica pode ser traduzido por redução emno mínimo 50% da frequência das crises epilépticas. Para isso é de extrema importância definir e tratara causa primária quando ela existir, já que a maioria dos fármacos não possui atividade antiepileptogênica.Novas drogas antiepilépticas, utilizadas em humanos, estão sendo estudadas para uso em cães,porém, até agora, o fenobarbital e o brometo de potássio, associados à correta monitoração do paciente,continuam sendo as melhores opções de tratamento. Quando uma crise não é bem controlada, o animalpode apresentar status epilepticus, situação que requer tratamento emergencial. Busca-se com essa revisãode literatura realizar uma abordagem aplicada e crítica sobre o tratamento de crises epilépticas em cães,sejam elas simples, recorrentes, agrupadas ou contínuas.(AU)

The epileptic seizures are manifestations of neurological disorders, and occur with great frequency insmall animals. The success in antiepileptic therapy can be translated by reduction in at least 50% of theepileptic seizure frequency. For this reason is very important to define and treat the primary cause whenit exists, since the majority of drugs has no antiepileptogenic activity. New antiepileptic drugs are beingstudied for use in dogs but up to now none of them replaces or equals the benefits that the phenobarbitaland potassium bromide brings to the patient. When seizure is not well controlled, the animal maypresent status epilepticus, which is a situation of emergency treatment. With this review we pretend togive a practical and critical approach to the treatment of single, recurrent, cluster or continuous epilepticactivity in dogs.(AU)

Atualização em epilepsia canina parte II – Terapia antiepiléptica / Canine epilepsy update part II: antiepileptic therapy

As crises epilépticas são manifestações de distúrbios neurológicos, e ocorrem com grande frequênciana clínica de pequenos animais. O sucesso na terapia antiepiléptica pode ser traduzido por redução emno mínimo 50% da frequência das crises epilépticas. Para isso é de extrema importância definir e tratara causa primária quando ela existir, já que a maioria dos fármacos não possui atividade antiepileptogênica.Novas drogas antiepilépticas, utilizadas em humanos, estão sendo estudadas para uso em cães,porém, até agora, o fenobarbital e o brometo de potássio, associados à correta monitoração do paciente,continuam sendo as melhores opções de tratamento. Quando uma crise não é bem controlada, o animalpode apresentar status epilepticus, situação que requer tratamento emergencial. Busca-se com essa revisãode literatura realizar uma abordagem aplicada e crítica sobre o tratamento de crises epilépticas em cães,sejam elas simples, recorrentes, agrupadas ou contínuas.

The epileptic seizures are manifestations of neurological disorders, and occur with great frequency insmall animals. The success in antiepileptic therapy can be translated by reduction in at least 50% of theepileptic seizure frequency. For this reason is very important to define and treat the primary cause whenit exists, since the majority of drugs has no antiepileptogenic activity. New antiepileptic drugs are beingstudied for use in dogs but up to now none of them replaces or equals the benefits that the phenobarbitaland potassium bromide brings to the patient. When seizure is not well controlled, the animal maypresent status epilepticus, which is a situation of emergency treatment. With this review we pretend togive a practical and critical approach to the treatment of single, recurrent, cluster or continuous epilepticactivity in dogs.