In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo antihypertensive evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysates of Californian red worm (Eisenia fetida) proteins.

Hypertension is an important risk factor concomitant with cardiovascular disease (CVD) states, which is why we set out to evaluate Californian red worm hydrolysates on antihypertensive activity both in vitro, ex vivo, using rabbit aortic rings and in vivo using hypertensive induced rats. The worms were manually separated, washed with water, purged for 4 h with 4 % sodium bicarbonate, sacrificed with 7 % saline, and finally washed with drinking water. The in vitro antihypertensive capacity was performed by measuring angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition; for the ex vivo assays, rabbit aorta was used to measure relaxation; for the in vivo assays, rats with induced hypertension were used to perform acute (hypotension) and chronic assays, using captopril as a control in all assays. With respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, the EC50 value of the worm hydrolysate was found to be 358 ppm; with respect to the analysis in aortic rings, it was found that the mechanisms of action of the hydrolysate are endothelium-dependent, presenting a maximum relaxation of 35 %. With respect to the in vivo assays, the hypotensive test showed that the hydrolysate can reduce blood pressure by up to 32 % in only 2 h, while the chronic analysis showed that the hydrolysate at 150 ppm did not present statistically significant differences with the control (captopril) during the 15 days of analysis. The Red Californian earthworm hydrolysate presents bioactive compounds identified with antihypertensive activities in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in different isolated and animal models. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the hydrolysate to be used as an alternative in the treatment and prevention of hypertension, and it can be implemented in functional foods or nutraceutical foods. Antihypertensive peptides, particularly those that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), hold significant importance in medical research, specifically in the context of cardiovascular disease treatment, particularly hypertension. The focus on these peptides and the potential implications of their results in medical research can be summarized through several key points: 1) Mechanisms of Action-Antihypertensive peptides function by inhibiting ACE or renin, crucial enzymes in blood pressure regulation. 2)Alternatives to Synthetic Drugs, 3) Additional Health Benefits, and various other factors.

Optimization and scale up of the enzymatic hydrolysis of Californian red worm protein (Eiseniafoetida).

Although the best-known use of the different species of earthworm is the production of organic fertilizer, they can also be considered a rich source of biologically and pharmacologically-active compounds, for use in the treatment of various diseases. In recent decades, with the development of biochemical technologies, research on the pharmaceutical effects of compounds extracted from different species of earthworms has begun. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common and widely used technique for producing bioactive hydrolysates, because it uses moderate operating conditions, with a certain specificity for the substrate. In the present study, the objective was to optimize and scale up the enzymatic hydrolysis of Eisenia foetida protein to obtain peptides with biological activity. The substrate characterization was carried out according to AOAC, a response surface design was performed for the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and then the scaling was performed by means of dimensional analysis. The results show that the major component of the paste is protein, 65% of which is albumin, and the absence of pathogenic microorganisms was also found. Regarding optimization, it was found that the optimal hydrolysis conditions are achieved with pH = 8.5; temperature = 45 °C; amount of substrate = 125 g and volume of enzyme = 1245µL. For the scaling, 4 dimensionless pi-numbers were calculated which describe the process with no statistically significant differences between the model and the prototype; it can be concluded that the enzymatic hydrolysate of Eisenia foetida presents high values of antioxidant activity evaluated by different methodologies.

The Effect of Lifestyle Intervention on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes on Obese Infertile Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Obesity has been associated with negative effects on natural fertility and poor prognosis when assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are performed. Patients attending for fertility treatments are often advised to optimize their weights to improve the outcomes. There is lack of enough information on how weight-loss would be effective for improving fertility in women who are overweight or obese. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate whether weight-loss achieved by lifestyle program improves natural or assisted reproduction in obese infertile women. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to March 2018. Two reviews were selected as randomised trials assessing a lifestyle intervention in women with obesity before receiving treatments for infertility and appraised their risk of bias. We extracted data on pregnancy, birth, and miscarriage rates as the primary outcomes and pooled effect estimates using a random effects model. The primary outcome was the live birth rate. We reported summary measures as the relative risk (RR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and percentage of heterogeneity (I2). We included eight randomised trials with 1175 women. Lifestyle programmes, improved pregnancy rates (RR: 1.43, CI: 95% 1.02 to 2.01; I2=60%; 8 RCTs; N=1098) but had no impact on live births (RR: 1.39, CI: 95% 0.90 to 2.14; I2=64%; 7RCTs; N=1034). Our findings suggest that women participating in lifestyle interventions had an increased risk of miscarriage (RR: 1.50, CI: 95% 1.04 to 2.16; I2=0; 6RCTs; N=543). We rated the quality of evidence for these outcomes as the moderate-to-low. Lifestyle interventions slightly increased the pregnancy rate, while it would be uncertain whether it can improve the live birth. Lifestyle interventions can increase the risk of miscarriage. More research is needed to further explore lifestyle interventions on reproductive outcomes in obese infertile women.

Effects of chemical silage of red tilapia viscera (Oreochromis spp.) as a source of protein on the productive and hematological parameters in isa-brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

This paper evaluates the inclusion of chemical silage from viscera of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in diets of Isa-Brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and its influence on productive variables and hematological parameters. A total of 56, 16-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two groups (one per diet), which in turn were subdivided into 7 replicates of 4 birds each. All test groups were fed for 16 weeks. During this period, the evaluation of the productive variables was carried out, and at the end, random blood samples were taken from 3 birds per diet. The results indicated that the inclusion of chemical silage from red tilapia viscera with a proportion of 17.18% dry matter, does not present statistically significant differences in the productive variables which were evaluated (p > 0.05) with respect to the control. Moreover, the chemical silage did not modify the hematological parameters and blood the chemistry in the hens. This allowed us to conclude that silage can be used as a substitute for conventional protein raw materials such as fishmeal and soybean meal in the preparation of diets for laying hens, without altering their productive performance.

Anticoagulantes orales directos frente a antagonistas de la vitamina K en pacientes con fibrilación auricular de la práctica clínica: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in real-life patients with atrial fibrillation. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción y objetivos: Determinar la efectividad de los anticoagulantes orales directos frente a los antagonistas de la vitamina K en pacientes con fibrilación auricular de la práctica clínica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática acorde con los estándares metodológicos de Cochrane. Los resultados de la revisión se publicaron según la declaración PRISMA. Se empleó la herramienta ROBINS-I para determinar el riesgo de sesgos. Resultados: Se incluyeron datos de 27 estudios diferentes provenientes de 30 publicaciones. En los estudios con seguimiento hasta 1 año, el apixabán (HR = 0,93; IC95%, 0,71-1,20) y dabigatrán (HR = 0,95; IC95%, 0,80-1,13) no se redujo significativamente el riesgo de ictus isquémico frente a la warfarina, pero sí el rivaroxabán (HR = 0,83; IC95%, 0,73-0,94). Con respecto al riesgo de hemorragias mayores, el apixabán (HR = 0,66; IC95%, 0,55-0,80) y el dabigatrán (HR = 0,83; IC95%, 0,70-0,97) lo redujeron significativamente frente a la warfarina, pero no el rivaroxabán (HR = 1,02, IC95%, 0,95-1,10), aunque con heterogeneidad entre los estudios. El apixabán (HR = 0,56; IC95%, 0,42-0,73), el dabigatrán (HR = 0,45; IC95%, 0,39-0,51) y el rivaroxabán (HR = 0,66; IC95%, 0,49-0,88) redujeron significativamente el riesgo de hemorragia intracraneal frente a la warfarina. El empleo de dosis bajas de anticoagulantes orales directos se asoció con una ligera mejoría del perfil de seguridad, pero con una marcada reducción de la efectividad en la prevención de ictus. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este metanálisis indican que, en comparación con la warfarina, la efectividad para prevenir el riesgo de ictus y de hemorragias de los anticoagulantes orales directos en los pacientes con fibrilación auricular de la práctica clínica real puede ser diferente

Introduction and objectives: To assess the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists in real-life patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to Cochrane methodological standards. The results were reported according to the PRISMA statement. The ROBINS-I tool was used to assess risk of bias. Results: A total of 27 different studies publishing data in 30 publications were included. In the studies with a follow-up up to 1 year, apixaban (HR, 0.93; 95%CI, 0.71-1.20) and dabigatran (HR, 0.95; 95%CI, 0.80-1.13) did not significantly reduce the risk of ischemic stroke vs warfarin, whereas rivaroxaban significantly reduced this risk (HR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.73-0.94). Apixaban (HR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.55-0.80) and dabigatran (HR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.70-0.97) significantly reduced the major bleeding risk vs warfarin, but not rivaroxaban (HR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.95-1.10), although with a high statistical heterogeneity among studies. Apixaban (HR, 0.56; 95%CI, 0.42-0.73), dabigatran (HR, 0.45; 95%CI, 0.39-0.51), and rivaroxaban (HR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.49-0.88) significantly reduced the risk of intracranial bleeding vs warfarin. Reduced doses of direct oral anticoagulants were associated with a slightly better safety profile, but with a marked reduction in stroke prevention effectiveness. Conclusions: Data from this meta-analysis suggest that, vs warfarin, the stroke prevention effectiveness and bleeding risk of direct oral anticoagulants may differ in real-life patients with atrial fibrillation

Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists in Real-life Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists in real-life patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to Cochrane methodological standards. The results were reported according to the PRISMA statement. The ROBINS-I tool was used to assess risk of bias. RESULTS: A total of 27 different studies publishing data in 30 publications were included. In the studies with a follow-up up to 1 year, apixaban (HR, 0.93; 95%CI, 0.71-1.20) and dabigatran (HR, 0.95; 95%CI, 0.80-1.13) did not significantly reduce the risk of ischemic stroke vs warfarin, whereas rivaroxaban significantly reduced this risk (HR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.73-0.94). Apixaban (HR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.55-0.80) and dabigatran (HR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.70-0.97) significantly reduced the major bleeding risk vs warfarin, but not rivaroxaban (HR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.95-1.10), although with a high statistical heterogeneity among studies. Apixaban (HR, 0.56; 95%CI, 0.42-0.73), dabigatran (HR, 0.45; 95%CI, 0.39-0.51), and rivaroxaban (HR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.49-0.88) significantly reduced the risk of intracranial bleeding vs warfarin. Reduced doses of direct oral anticoagulants were associated with a slightly better safety profile, but with a marked reduction in stroke prevention effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this meta-analysis suggest that, vs warfarin, the stroke prevention effectiveness and bleeding risk of direct oral anticoagulants may differ in real-life patients with atrial fibrillation.

Tinzaparin for Long-Term Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Patients with cancer are at increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding. Thus, long-term treatment with anticoagulants for secondary prevention is challenging. The objective of this review was to evaluate current evidence on the safety and efficacy of tinzaparin compared with other anticoagulants for long-term VTE treatment in patients with cancer. Based on a preregistered protocol, we identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing long-term tinzaparin (therapeutic dose: 175 IU/kg) versus other anticoagulants for at least 3 months after an acute episode of VTE that included adult patients with underlying malignancy. We extracted predefined, clinically relevant outcomes of patients with cancer and, using standard methodology, pooled available data and assessed risk of bias and quality of evidence for each study. Three open-label RCTs evaluating 1169 patients with cancer were included in the analysis. Tinzaparin was associated with a significantly lower risk of recurrent VTE at the end of treatment (relative risk [RR], [95% confidence interval] 0.67 [0.46-0.99]) and at longest follow-up (RR: 0.58 [0.39-0.88]) and showed a lower risk of clinically relevant non-major bleeding at the end of treatment (RR: 0.71 [0.51-1.00]). No significant between-treatment differences were found for all-cause mortality (RR: 1.09 [0.91-1.30]) or fatal and non-fatal major bleeding events (RR: 1.06 [0.56-1.99]). The overall quality of evidence was deemed moderate, mainly due to small sample size in 2 of the studies and limited number of events in the meta-analyses. In conclusion, both short- and long-term treatments with tinzaparin were found to be superior to vitamin K antagonists for avoiding recurrences of VTE.

Obtención de jarabes de fructosa a partir de hidrolizados enzimáticos de almidón de ñame Dioscorea alata y Dioscorea rotundata / Fructose syrup obtention from enzymatic hydrolysed of yam starch (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata)

En este trabajo se evaluó el rendimiento de la producción de jarabes de fructosa a partir del almidón extraído de dos especies de ñame (Dioscorea alata var. Diamante y Dioscorea rotundata var. Espino). Se estableció un diseño experimental multifactor categórico completamente al azar con dos factores: concentración de sustrato en cinco niveles: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% p/v, y la especie de ñame en dos niveles: Dioscorea alata , var. Diamante y Dioscorea rotundata , var. Espino. Para la obtención de fructosa, inicialmente se prepararon jarabes de glucosa por medio de hidrólisis enzimática del almidón de ñame, utilizando las enzimas de Novozymes®, alfa-amilasa Termamyl 120L (etapa de licuefacción) y aminoglucosidasa (AMG) 300L (etapa de sacarificación). En esta etapa los máximos equivalentes de dextrosa (ED) obtenidos son 98,28 y 96,84, para una concentración de sustrato del 30% p/v. Posteriormente se procedió a isomerizar los jarabes de glucosa a jarabes de fructuosa, utilizando la enzima inmovilizada Sweetzyme de Novozymes®. Los mejores resultados se alcanzaron a una concentración de sustrato del 30% p/v para ambas especies de ñame, las cuales presentan concentraciones de 220,57 y 210,36 g de fructosa/L, con conversiones de glucosa a fructosa de 71,46% y 67,28% para ñame Espino y Diamante respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las especies de ñame ( D. alata var. Diamante y D. rotundata var. Espino), a un nivel de confianza del 5%, en cuanto a la producción de jarabe fructosado.

This investigation evaluated the yield of fructose syrup production from extracted starch of two yam species (Dioscorea alata, var. Diamond and Dioscorea rotundata, var. Espino). The experiment was conducted using an at random experimental design of multiple categorical factor analysis with two factors: a substrate concentration factor at five levels: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% p/v and the yam species factor at two levels (Dioscorea alata, var Diamond and Dioscorea rotundata, var Espino). To obtain fructose, initially glucose syrups were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of yam starch using the enzymes of Novozymes®, alpha-amylase Termamyl 120L (liquefaction stage) and AMG 300L (saccharification stage). At this stage, dextrose maximum equivalents (ED) obtained were 98.28 and 96.84 for a substrate concentration of 30% w/v. In a later stage isomerisation from glucose syrups to fructose syrups using the immobilized enzyme Sweetzyme of Novozymes® was carried out. The best results were achieved with substrate concentrations of 30% p/v for both yam species, which showed fructose concentrations of 220.57 and 210.36 g/L with conversions of 71.46% and 67.28% in Espino and Diamond yams respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the yam species (D. alata var. Diamante and D. rotundata var. Espino) at a confidence level of 5%, regarding the production of fructose syrup.

Actividad bactericida del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. sobre algunas bacterias de interés alimentario / Bactericidal activity of ethanolic leaf extract and leaf essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on some foodborne bacteria

En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad bactericida y se determinó la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. sobre microorganismos de interés alimentario: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus y Lactobacillus plantarum. El aceite esencial exhibió un amplio espectro de acción antimicrobiana tanto para bacterias Gram positivas como Gram negativas con CIM entre 512 – 4096 ppm. El extracto etanólico mostró actividad antimicrobiana contra las bacterias S. sonnei, S. typhimurium y L. monocytogenes con CIM de 1024 ppm. La nisina, utilizada como control positivo, ocasionó una inhibición del crecimiento de todas las bacterias evaluadas con CIMs entre 2 y 1024 ppm, mientras que los conservantes usados comúnmente en la industria de alimentos presentaron una actividad antimicrobiana menor que la encontrada con el aceite esencial de R. officinalis.

This work evaluated the bactericidal activity and determinated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract and essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves on microorganisms of interest in food industry: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus plantarum. The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MICs between 512 - 4096 ppm. The ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. sonnei, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes with a MIC of 1024 ppm. Nisin was used as positive control and showed a strong growth inhibition of all bacteria tested with MICs between 2 and 1024 ppm. Our result shows that preservatives commonly used in the food industry have lower antimicrobial activity than those found in essential oil from R. officinalis L. leaves.

Evaluación de las propiedades modificadas por vía enzimática del almidón de ñame (D. trífida) utilizando α - amilasa (termamyl® 120 l, tipo l) / Evaluation of the properties modification for via enzymatic of the starch of yam (dioscorea trifida) using -amilasa (termamyl® 120 l, type l)

El almidón de ñame constituye una excelente materia prima para modificar la textura y consistencia de los alimentos. Su funcionalidad depende del peso molecular promedio de la amilosa y la amilopectina, así como de la organización molecular de estos glucanos dentro del gránulo. Con frecuencia los almidones nativos o naturales no son los más adecuados para uso en algunos procesos industriales específicos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la modificación por vía enzimática del almidón de ñame (D.trifida) utilizando α-amilasa (Termamyl 120L, tipo L de Novo Nordisk) para determinar sus propiedades funcionales. Se utiliza un diseño experimental en bloques completamente al azar, en un arreglo factorial multinivel, temperatura de reacción en tres niveles (50, 72 y 93ºC), concentración de almidón en tres niveles (30, 40 y 50 por ciento p/v) y tiempo de reacción en tres niveles (20, 40 y 60 minutos), se desarrollan 27 tratamientos con tres repeticiones (81 unidades experimentales). Los almidones hidrolizados a 93ºC presentan los mayores equivalentes de dextrosa (ED), seguidos por los de 72 °C y 50 ºC respectivamente. Las propiedades funcionales evaluadas son: estabilidad y claridad de la pasta, acidez titulable, capacidad de hinchamiento, determinación del punto de gelatinización, densidad verdadera, densidad promedio y porosidad. Esta investigación demuestra el gran potencial de los hidrolizados de almidón de D. trífida como una alternativa para responder a las demandas de los procesos industriales en la fabricación de alimentos, tales como productos de panadería, salsas, yogures, mermeladas y productos congelados

Parámetros cinéticos de crecimiento de saccharomyces cerevisiae en presencia de un campo magnético variable de baja intensidad y alta frecuencia / Kinetic parameters of growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae affected by a varying magnetic field of low intensity and high frequency

En el presente trabajo se evalúa el crecimiento de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en malaza (miel virgen), en presencia de un campo magnético (CM) variable de alta frecuencia y baja intensidad. Se evalúan los parámetros cinéticos: Velocidad específica máxima de crecimiento (?max), constante de saturación (Ks) y coeficiente de rendimiento (Yxs). Se realizan ensayos en fermentadores de 400 ml, a temperatura de 25 º C. El flujo de aire utilizado en cada fermentador es de aproximadamente 1 vvm. El campo aplicado posee una frecuencia de 100 kHz, el tiempo de exposición es de 200 s y la densidad de campo usada es de 250 mG. Se comparan los resultados obtenidos para cultivos bajo la acción del CM y cultivos creciendo en condiciones ambientales normales (control). Los resultados muestran que el campo magnético puede afectar los parámetros cinéticos de forma diferente dependiendo del número de aplicaciones que se utilicen, llegando a generar incrementos de hasta 20 (por ciento) en la velocidad específica de crecimiento y de hasta el 28 (por ciento) en el rendimiento, y descensos de hasta el 26 (por ciento) en el valor de la constante de saturación

Correlación entre una medida potenciometrica (ph) y la acidez titulable en vinagre / Correlation between potentiometric measurement (ph) and acidity titrate in vinegar

Este trabajo presenta una correlación entre el pH y la acidez de vinagre en proceso de producción por el método lento (Orleans), la cual permitirá agilizar los análisis de los barriles en proceso de oxidación. Se utilizó el programa Statgraph, aplicando los modelos de regresión lineal, multiplicativo, exponencial y recíproco. Se obtuvo una ecuación útil para la determinación rápida de la acidez a partir del pH, con el modelo multiplicativo

Conservación de Alimentos por Campos Eléctricos Pulsados de Alto Voltaje / Food Preservation Using High-Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la utilización de campos eléctricos de alta intensidad (CEAI) en la conservación de alimentos; se detallan los mecanismos de acción de los CEAI para inactivar microorganismos, ilustrando las variables más importantes en el proceso y la tecnología necesaria para la generación de pulsos de muy corta duración y alta intensidad del orden de microsegundos y KV/cm; se da una mirada general al estado del arte de esa tecnología y sus posibilidades de implementación en Colombia, teniendo en cuenta la capacidad tecnológica local