Biomarker panels for fruit intake assessment: a metabolomics analysis in the ELSA-Brasil study.

INTRODUCTION: Food intake biomarkers are used to estimate dietary exposure; however, selecting a single biomarker to evaluate a specific dietary component is difficult due to the overlap of diverse compounds from different foods. Therefore, combining two or more biomarkers can increase the sensitivity and specificity of food intake estimates. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of metabolite panels to distinguish between self-reported fruit consumers and non-consumers among participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 93 healthy adults of both sexes were selected from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. A 24-h dietary recall was obtained using the computer-assisted 24-h food recall GloboDiet software, and 24-h urine samples were collected from each participant. Metabolites were identified in urine using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry by comparing their exact mass and fragmentation patterns using free-access databases. Multivariate receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to verify the ability of the metabolite combination to classify daily and non-daily fruit consumers. Fruit intake was identified using a 24 h dietary recall (24 h-DR). RESULTS: Bananas, grapes, and oranges are included in the summary. The panel of biomarkers exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) > 0.6 (Orange AUC = 0.665; Grape AUC = 0.622; Bananas AUC = 0.602; All fruits AUC = 0.679; Citrus AUC = 0.693) and variable importance projection score > 1.0, and these were useful for assessing the sensitivity and predictability of food intake in our population. CONCLUSION: A panel of metabolites was able to classify self-reported fruit consumers with strong predictive power and high specificity and sensitivity values except for banana and total fruit intake.

Thermoneutrality or standard temperature: is there an ideal housing temperature to study the antisteatotic effects of green tea in obese mice?

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, currently considered the number one cause of chronic liver disease. MAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. Emphasis has been placed on the use of green tea (GT), produced from the Camellia sinensis plant, rich in antioxidants as polyphenols and catechins, on obesity and MAFLD treatment/prevention. Studies carried out in rodent models housed at a standard temperature (ST, 22°C) are being questioned as ST is a determining factor on generating changes in the physiology of immune response, and energy metabolism. On the other hand, it seems that thermoneutrality (TN, 28°C) represents a closer parallel to human physiology. In this perspective, we investigated the effects of GT (500 mg/kg of body weight, over 12 weeks, 5 days/week) by comparing mice housed at ST or TN in a model of MAFLD of diet-induced obese males C57Bl/6 mice. We show that the liver phenotype at TN exhibits a more severe MAFLD while GT ameliorates this condition. In parallel, GT restores the expression of genes involved in the lipogenic pathway, regardless of temperature, with slight modifications in lipolysis/fatty acid oxidation. We observed an increase promoted by GT in PPARα and PPARγ proteins independently of housing temperature and a dual pattern of bile acid synthesis. Thus, animals' conditioning temperature is a key factor that can interfere in the results involving obesity and MAFLD, although GT has beneficial effects against MAFLD independently of the housing temperature of mice.

Monoterpenes: current knowledge on food source, metabolism, and health effects.

Monoterpenes, volatile metabolites produced by plants, are involved in the taste and aroma perception of fruits and vegetables and have been used for centuries in gastronomy, as food preservatives and for therapeutic purposes. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory are well-established for some of these molecules. More recently, the ability of monoterpenes to regulate energy metabolism, and exert antidiabetic, anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulation activities have been described. Despite their promising health effects, the lack of reliable quantification of monoterpenes in food, hindered the investigation of their role as dietary bioactive compounds in epidemiological studies. Moreover, only few studies have documented the biotransformation of these compounds and identified the monoterpene metabolites with biological activity. This review presents up-to-date knowledge about the occurrence of monoterpenes in food, their bioavailability and potential role in the modulation of intermediate metabolism and inflammation, focusing on novel findings of molecular mechanisms, underlining research gaps and new avenues to be explored.

Biomarkers of Fruit Intake Using a Targeted Metabolomics Approach: an Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis of the ELSA-Brasil Study.

BACKGROUND: Advances in technology have led to the identification of a greater number of metabolites related to diet. Although fruit intake biomarkers have been reported in some studies, these findings require further replication, considering the relevance of fruits for diet quality and health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the associations of a set of potential urinary biomarkers of diet, assessed using a targeted metabolomics approach, with self-reported fruit intake data in participants of a computer-assisted 24-h dietary recall (GloboDiet software) validation study. METHODS: A total of 93 individuals aged 43-72 y, 54% female, participated in this study. The subjects were a subsample of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). A 24-h dietary recall was obtained with the aid of GloboDiet software matching a 24-h urine sample from each participant. Candidate biomarkers were selected in a literature search and identified in urine by LC coupled to high-resolution MS. Spearman correlation analyses were performed between fruit intake and each biomarker. RESULTS: Spearman correlation analysis showed that total fruits intake was significantly correlated with citric acid (ρ = 0.213, P = 0.041), ferulic acid sulfate I (ρ = 0.240, P = 0.020), hesperetin glucuronide/homoeriodictyol glucuronide (ρ = 0.303, P = 0.003), hydroxyhippuric acid (ρ = 0.239, P = 0.021), homovanillic alcohol sulfate (ρ = 0.339, P = 0.001), methylgallic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.268, P = 0.009), naringenin glucuronide (NG; ρ = 0.278, P = 0.007), proline betaine (PB; ρ = 0.305, P = 0.003), syringic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.210, P = 0.044), and sinapic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.412, P < 0.001). Among them, 3 have been described in literature as promising biomarkers for intake of total fruit, oranges, and citrus fruit: NG, hesperetin glucuronide, and PB. CONCLUSIONS: Associations of total fruits intake with urinary measurements indicate the potential usefulness of dietary biomarkers in the Brazilian population as a complement to self-reported dietary assessments.

Banana green peels extract protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice through modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation.

We investigate the effect of the banana green peels extract (BPE) as a preventive treatment against NAFLD in high-fat diet fed mice. Mice received daily doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg of BPE for 12 weeks along with the high-fat diet. BPE reduced weight gain (p < .0001), adipose tissue hypertrophy (p < .0001), and improved glucose homeostasis (p < .0001). Plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, aspartate and alanine transaminase, leptin, and resistin were decreased in BPE treated mice (p < .05). BPE effects on lipid metabolism were associated with decreased gene expression of lipogenic enzymes and increased expression of enzymes related to fatty acid and cholesterol degradation (p < .05). Plasma and liver bile acid (BA) profiles were modulated by BPE, with positive correlations between specific BA and UCP-1, CPT-1 and PGC-1ß expression in brown adipose tissue (p < .05). BPE reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, possibly due to reduced p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation (p < .05) and modulation of oxidative stress (p < .05). These data indicate that BPE is a source of phytochemical compounds with promising effects toward the prevention of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

Effects of physical exercise programs on cognitive function in Parkinson's disease patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the last 10 years.

BACKGROUND: Given the relative importance of cognitive impairment, there was considerable interest in identifying the cognitive profile of PD patients, in order to ensure specific and appropriate therapeutic interventions. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of physical exercise programs on cognitive function in PD patients, compared with the control group. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, PEDro and Web of Science (last searched in September 2016). STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials examining the effects of physical exercise programs and cognitive function in PD patients. Nine studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Characteristics of the publication, characteristics of the participants, test used for cognitive screening, cognitive domain assessed, tools used to assess cognitive function, characteristics of the experimental intervention, characteristics of the control group, mean results and standard deviation of function cognitive. The PEDro score was used to evaluate methodological quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: Most eligible studies showed good methodological quality based on the PEDro scale. Studies have shown that adapted tango for PD patients, cognitive training combined with motor training, and treadmill training promote the preservation or improvement of cognitive function in PD patients. LIMITATIONS: The diversity of cognitive tests used to assess cognitive function and the high heterogeneity identified between the physical exercise programs. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise programs promote positive and significant effects on global cognitive function, processing speed, sustained attention and mental flexibility in PD patients, at a mild to moderate stage for patients with a 6-year clinical diagnosis of PD. However, treadmill training performed 3 times a week for about 60 minutes and for a period of 24 weeks produced larger improvements in cognition.

microRNAs involved in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of blood microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in PD in humans. For this purpose the following electronic databases were selected: MEDLINE by Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search strategy included the proposed descriptors in the Medical Subject Headings. There were no restrictions with respect to the language of the publication. In the study selection two independent reviewers initially evaluated studies that were identified by the search strategy according to titles and abstracts. The reviewers evaluated (also unassisted) the complete articles and selected studies according to the eligibility criteria specified above. Studies that were not in accordance with the adopted criteria were excluded according to the boundaries imposed by the search strategy. The following data were extracted from the selected studies: Publication identification, location where the study was conducted, study design, the sample size, the participants' characteristics, the miRNAs involved in PD, the miRNA detection and analysis method, and the type of miRNA dysregulation in PD. Through this systematic review of the literature published over the last 10 years, the expression of 91 different miRNAs were analyzed in the context of PD, with the expression of 39 of these miRNAs differing significantly between individuals with PD and healthy controls and/or between treated and untreated patients with PD. The miRNAs were extracted from mononuclear cells, leukocytes, plasma, serum and peripheral blood, and the majority of the studies used reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), which is considered to be the gold standard for miRNA analysis.

Luxación bilateral congénita de rótula en un becerro de la raza Jersey / Congenital bilateral patellar luxation in a Jersey calf / Luxação bilateral congênita de patela em um bezerro da raça Jersey

Este relato se refiere a un animal de la especie vacuna, raza Jersey, con 18 días de vida, referenciado al Hospital Veterinario de la FMVZ-USP. La historia clínica del becerro relataba que el mismo nació de parto no asistido, acusando dificultad en mantenerse de pie desde su nacimiento, debido aun problema en los miembros posteriores. EI examen clínico mostró una flexión de la articulación fémuro-tibio-rotular bilateral y dificultad de deambulación. La palpación de los miembros posteriores permitió realizar la verificación de la posición ectópica de la rótula con movimientos de lateralidad de la misma. EI examen radiográfico confirmó la presencia de luxación bilateral de la rótula. El tratamiento quirúrgico a través de la sulcoplastia femoral presentó una evolución desfavorable, recomendándose la eutanasia del animal.

An l8-day-old Jersey calf was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of São Paulo. The owner reported that the calf, born without assistance, had been unable to get up since birth. Upon clinical exam, the animal was unable to walk when the stifle was maintained in marked flex ion. Lateral displacement of the patellae was detected upon palpation of the hind limbs. Radiographic exanimation confirmed the diagnosis of congenital bilateral luxation of the patellae. The results of femoral sulcoplasty, a surgical procedure used to deepen the patellar groove, were unsuccessful. Euthanasia was recommended.

Este relato refere-se a um animal da espécie bovina, raça Jersey, com 18 dias de vida, encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP. A história clínica do bezerro relatava que o animal nascera de parto não acompanhado, apresentando dificuldade de se manter em estação desde o nascimento, devido a um problema nos membros posteriores. Ao exame clínico destacava-se acentuada flexão da ruticulação fêmuro-tíbio-patelar bilateral e dificuldade de deambulação. A palpação dos membros posteriores permitiu verificar a posição ectópica da patela com movimentos de lateralidade dessa estrutura. O exame radiográfico confirmou a presença de luxação bilateral de patela. O tratamento cirúrgico através da sulcoplastia da tróclea femoral apresentou evolução desfavorável, recomendando-se eutanásia do animal.

Luxación bilateral congénita de rótula en un becerro de la raza Jersey / Congenital bilateral patellar luxation in a Jersey calf / Luxação bilateral congênita de patela em um bezerro da raça Jersey

Este relato se refiere a un animal de la especie vacuna, raza Jersey, con 18 días de vida, referenciado al Hospital Veterinario de la FMVZ-USP. La historia clínica del becerro relataba que el mismo nació de parto no asistido, acusando dificultad en mantenerse de pie desde su nacimiento, debido aun problema en los miembros posteriores. EI examen clínico mostró una flexión de la articulación fémuro-tibio-rotular bilateral y dificultad de deambulación. La palpación de los miembros posteriores permitió realizar la verificación de la posición ectópica de la rótula con movimientos de lateralidad de la misma. EI examen radiográfico confirmó la presencia de luxación bilateral de la rótula. El tratamiento quirúrgico a través de la sulcoplastia femoral presentó una evolución desfavorable, recomendándose la eutanasia del animal.

An l8-day-old Jersey calf was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of São Paulo. The owner reported that the calf, born without assistance, had been unable to get up since birth. Upon clinical exam, the animal was unable to walk when the stifle was maintained in marked flex ion. Lateral displacement of the patellae was detected upon palpation of the hind limbs. Radiographic exanimation confirmed the diagnosis of congenital bilateral luxation of the patellae. The results of femoral sulcoplasty, a surgical procedure used to deepen the patellar groove, were unsuccessful. Euthanasia was recommended.

Este relato refere-se a um animal da espécie bovina, raça Jersey, com 18 dias de vida, encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP. A história clínica do bezerro relatava que o animal nascera de parto não acompanhado, apresentando dificuldade de se manter em estação desde o nascimento, devido a um problema nos membros posteriores. Ao exame clínico destacava-se acentuada flexão da ruticulação fêmuro-tíbio-patelar bilateral e dificuldade de deambulação. A palpação dos membros posteriores permitiu verificar a posição ectópica da patela com movimentos de lateralidade dessa estrutura. O exame radiográfico confirmou a presença de luxação bilateral de patela. O tratamento cirúrgico através da sulcoplastia da tróclea femoral apresentou evolução desfavorável, recomendando-se eutanásia do animal. 

Toracoscopia em eqüinos: técnica e emprego como método de avaliação da cavidade pleural

Thoracoscopy is the technique based upon the thoracic cavity visualization by means of rigid or flexible endoscope. It is indicated as an additional diagnostic aid to better define thoracic diseases. It can be performed either in an animal subjected to general anesthesia or in a horse standing on stocks with local anesthesia with or without sedative. Six healthy horses were used in this study they were subjected to thoracoscopy in both hemithorax, standing on stocks, with a 15-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to visualize several thoracic structures through the 13th intercostal space aproach, such as: diaphargma (muscular and tendineous portions), esophageus hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, vagus nerve dorsal and ventral trunk, thoracic ductus, azigus vein, intercostal veins and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nervous trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lungs (cranial and caudal lobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenicus nerve and aortic linphonodes. Slight alterations were observed in physical, laboratorial and ultra-sonographic exams during pos operative period those alterations did not compromise either this experiment development or the animals well being. By being an easy and fast procedure wich allows pleural cavity broad visualization and pacient minimal trauma, thoracoscopy makes itself a great diagnostic aid exam.

Toracoscopia é o método de visibilização da cavidade torácica através de endoscópio rígido ou flexível, indicado como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico das diversas afecções do tórax. Pode ser realizada com o animal sob anestesia geral ou em posição quadrupedal através de anestesia local associada ou não a sedativos. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos, que foram submetidos a toracoscopia, em posição quadrupedal, nos dois hemitórax, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento. Durante o exame, pôde-se observar as diversas estruturas da cavidade torácica, tais como: músculo diafragma (porção muscular e tendínea), hiato esofágico, mediastino, aorta, troncos dorsal e ventral do nervo vago, ducto torácico, veia ázigos, veias intercostais, músculos intercostais, costelas, tronco nervoso simpático, tronco vascular toracocervical, traquéia, pulmão (lobo cranial e caudal), esôfago, pericárdio, veia cava caudal, nervo frênico e linfonodos aórticos. Discretas alterações foram observadas ao exame físico, laboratorial e ultra-sonográfico no período pós-operatório, sem que trouxessem prejuízos ao desenvolvimento do experimento e recuperação do animal. A toracoscopia mostrou ser exame de auxílio importante, pela facilidade, rapidez de execução, ampla visibilização da cavidade pleural e trauma mínimo ao paciente.

Thoracoscopy in horses: comparison between two approach techniques / Toracoscopia em eqüinos: estudo comparativo entre duas técnicas de abordagem

Thoracoscopy has been used more frequently as an ancillary exam in the diagnosis of several thoracic diseases. In order to compare two approach techniques to inspect the pleural cavity, sixteen healthy animals underwent thoracoscopy. Ten horses received general anesthesia with selective orobronchial intubation and six were maintained in standing position under sedation associated with local anesthesia. The right and left hernithorax were approached with a fifteen-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to observe the following different structures of the thoracic cavity during the exam: the diaphragm muscle (muscular and tendinous portions), esophageal hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, dorsal and ventral branches of the vagus nerve, thoracic duct, azigus vein, intercostal vessels and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nerve trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lung (cranial and caudallobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenic nerve, aortic lymphnodes. A larger number of structures could be identified in standing animals. Thoracoscopy proved to be a very helpful exam, as it is easy to perform. In addition, it is not time-consuming and provides a wide inspection of the pleural cavity. The animal"s position will depend on the organ or structure to be examined. Wben lateral recumbence is chosen, the use of mechanical ventilation with selective orobronchial

A toracoscopia tem sido cada vez mais indicada como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico das diversas afecções do tórax. Com o objetivo de comparar duas técnicas de abordagem para inspeção da cavidade pleural, foram utilizados 16 animais hígidos, que foram submetidos à toracoscopia, dos quais dez sob anestesia geral com intubação orobronquial seletiva e seis em posição quadrupedal sob sedação associada à anestesia local. Foram abordados os hemitórax direito e esquerdo, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento. Durante a abordagem, pôde-se observar as diversas estruturas da cavidade torácica, a saber: músculo diafragma (porção muscular e tendínea), hiato esofágico, mediastino, artéria aorta, troncos dorsal e ventral do nervo vago, ducto torácico, veia ázigos, veias intercostais, músculos intercostais, costelas, tronco nervoso simpático, tronco vascular toracocervical, traquéia, pulmão (lobo cranial e caudal), esôfago, pericárdio, veia cava caudal, nervo frênico, linfonodos aórticos. A realização do exame toracoscópico com os animais sedados e mantidos em posição quadrupedal possibilitou a identificação de um maior número de estruturas. A toracoscopia mostrou ser exame de grande auxilio, pela facilidade e rapidez de execução e ampla inspeção da cavidade pleural, mas a escolha de posicionamento do animal irá depender do órgão ou estrutura a ser preferencialmente abordada. Nos c

Thoracoscopy in horses: comparison between two approach techniques / Toracoscopia em eqüinos: estudo comparativo entre duas técnicas de abordagem

Thoracoscopy has been used more frequently as an ancillary exam in the diagnosis of several thoracic diseases. In order to compare two approach techniques to inspect the pleural cavity, sixteen healthy animals underwent thoracoscopy. Ten horses received general anesthesia with selective orobronchial intubation and six were maintained in standing position under sedation associated with local anesthesia. The right and left hernithorax were approached with a fifteen-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to observe the following different structures of the thoracic cavity during the exam: the diaphragm muscle (muscular and tendinous portions), esophageal hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, dorsal and ventral branches of the vagus nerve, thoracic duct, azigus vein, intercostal vessels and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nerve trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lung (cranial and caudallobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenic nerve, aortic lymphnodes. A larger number of structures could be identified in standing animals. Thoracoscopy proved to be a very helpful exam, as it is easy to perform. In addition, it is not time-consuming and provides a wide inspection of the pleural cavity. The animal"s position will depend on the organ or structure to be examined. Wben lateral recumbence is chosen, the use of mechanical ventilation with selective orobronchial

A toracoscopia tem sido cada vez mais indicada como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico das diversas afecções do tórax. Com o objetivo de comparar duas técnicas de abordagem para inspeção da cavidade pleural, foram utilizados 16 animais hígidos, que foram submetidos à toracoscopia, dos quais dez sob anestesia geral com intubação orobronquial seletiva e seis em posição quadrupedal sob sedação associada à anestesia local. Foram abordados os hemitórax direito e esquerdo, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento. Durante a abordagem, pôde-se observar as diversas estruturas da cavidade torácica, a saber: músculo diafragma (porção muscular e tendínea), hiato esofágico, mediastino, artéria aorta, troncos dorsal e ventral do nervo vago, ducto torácico, veia ázigos, veias intercostais, músculos intercostais, costelas, tronco nervoso simpático, tronco vascular toracocervical, traquéia, pulmão (lobo cranial e caudal), esôfago, pericárdio, veia cava caudal, nervo frênico, linfonodos aórticos. A realização do exame toracoscópico com os animais sedados e mantidos em posição quadrupedal possibilitou a identificação de um maior número de estruturas. A toracoscopia mostrou ser exame de grande auxilio, pela facilidade e rapidez de execução e ampla inspeção da cavidade pleural, mas a escolha de posicionamento do animal irá depender do órgão ou estrutura a ser preferencialmente abordada. Nos c

Toracoscopia em eqüinos: técnica e emprego como método de avaliação da cavidade pleural

Thoracoscopy is the technique based upon the thoracic cavity visualization by means of rigid or flexible endoscope. It is indicated as an additional diagnostic aid to better define thoracic diseases. It can be performed either in an animal subjected to general anesthesia or in a horse standing on stocks with local anesthesia with or without sedative. Six healthy horses were used in this study they were subjected to thoracoscopy in both hemithorax, standing on stocks, with a 15-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to visualize several thoracic structures through the 13th intercostal space aproach, such as: diaphargma (muscular and tendineous portions), esophageus hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, vagus nerve dorsal and ventral trunk, thoracic ductus, azigus vein, intercostal veins and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nervous trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lungs (cranial and caudal lobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenicus nerve and aortic linphonodes. Slight alterations were observed in physical, laboratorial and ultra-sonographic exams during pos operative period those alterations did not compromise either this experiment development or the animals well being. By being an easy and fast procedure wich allows pleural cavity broad visualization and pacient minimal trauma, thoracoscopy makes itself a great diagnostic aid exam.

Toracoscopia é o método de visibilização da cavidade torácica através de endoscópio rígido ou flexível, indicado como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico das diversas afecções do tórax. Pode ser realizada com o animal sob anestesia geral ou em posição quadrupedal através de anestesia local associada ou não a sedativos. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos, que foram submetidos a toracoscopia, em posição quadrupedal, nos dois hemitórax, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento. Durante o exame, pôde-se observar as diversas estruturas da cavidade torácica, tais como: músculo diafragma (porção muscular e tendínea), hiato esofágico, mediastino, aorta, troncos dorsal e ventral do nervo vago, ducto torácico, veia ázigos, veias intercostais, músculos intercostais, costelas, tronco nervoso simpático, tronco vascular toracocervical, traquéia, pulmão (lobo cranial e caudal), esôfago, pericárdio, veia cava caudal, nervo frênico e linfonodos aórticos. Discretas alterações foram observadas ao exame físico, laboratorial e ultra-sonográfico no período pós-operatório, sem que trouxessem prejuízos ao desenvolvimento do experimento e recuperação do animal. A toracoscopia mostrou ser exame de auxílio importante, pela facilidade, rapidez de execução, ampla visibilização da cavidade pleural e trauma mínimo ao paciente.

Abordagem Crânio-Lateral para Tratamento Cirúrgico de Osteocondrite Dissecante da Cabeça Umeral no Cão

Este trabalho descreve uma abordagem crânio-lateral para tratamento cirúrgico de osteocondrite dissecante da cabeça umeral, sem osteotomia, tenotomia ou miotomia, com retração crânio-dorsal e caudo-dorsal da borda ventral do músculo omotransverso e retração caudal do músculo deltóide porção acromial e retração cranial do músculo supra-espinhal, associadas à luxação parcial da articulação escápulo-umeral. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 41 cães com diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico de osteocondrite dissecante da cabeça umeral, onde 16 animais apresentavam lesões bilaterais e 25 apresentavam lesões unilaterais. No pós-operatório adotou-se imobilização externa e restrição de exercícios, seguida de retorno gradual às atividades físicas, e em torno do 30º dia os animais tiveram suas funções motoras completamente restabelecidas. Houve formação de seroma em apenas seis dos 57 procedimentos realizados. A técnica é simples, reduz o traumatismo permitindo exposição adequada da superfície articular para o tratamento da lesão.

Abordagem Crânio-Lateral para Tratamento Cirúrgico de Osteocondrite Dissecante da Cabeça Umeral no Cão

Este trabalho descreve uma abordagem crânio-lateral para tratamento cirúrgico de osteocondrite dissecante da cabeça umeral, sem osteotomia, tenotomia ou miotomia, com retração crânio-dorsal e caudo-dorsal da borda ventral do músculo omotransverso e retração caudal do músculo deltóide porção acromial e retração cranial do músculo supra-espinhal, associadas à luxação parcial da articulação escápulo-umeral. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 41 cães com diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico de osteocondrite dissecante da cabeça umeral, onde 16 animais apresentavam lesões bilaterais e 25 apresentavam lesões unilaterais. No pós-operatório adotou-se imobilização externa e restrição de exercícios, seguida de retorno gradual às atividades físicas, e em torno do 30º dia os animais tiveram suas funções motoras completamente restabelecidas. Houve formação de seroma em apenas seis dos 57 procedimentos realizados. A técnica é simples, reduz o traumatismo permitindo exposição adequada da superfície articular para o tratamento da lesão.

Thoracotomy in the horse / Toracotomia em eqüinos

Six healthy equine were used to evaluate surgical technique of thoracotomy; surgical access to the right hemithorax was assured by anesthesia with mechanical controlled ventilation. The technique employed resulted in intense and diffuse bleeding throughout the muscular layers and provided easy approach to elevate the periosteum of the rib to be partially excised. After undoing of the negative thoracic pressure, pulmonary expansion was adequate, as assessed by visual examination. The bone endings provided good support and stability to the muscular sutures, and the suture material was of enough strength to support different degrees of tension. The technique allowed surgical procedures to be carried out in the horses cranial and accessory pulmonary lobes as well as satisfactory exploration of the right pleural cavity. The suture methods employed were efficient and no signs of respiratory distress or pneumothorax were observed.

Foram utilizados 6 eqüinos hígidos, sob anestesia com ventilação controlada, para a realização de acesso cirúrgico ao hemitórax direito com o objetivo de se avaliar a técnica cirúrgica empregada, mediante a utilização de anestesia com ventilação controlada mecânica. A técnica de toracotomia provocou sangramento difuso intenso nas camadas musculares; o descolamento do periósteo da costela a ser parcialmente excisada foi realizado facilmente; após a pressão negativa intratorácica ser desfeita, a expansão pulmonar manteve-se visualmente adequada; os cotos ósseos forneceram bom suporte para os músculos da região e tornaram a síntese cirúrgica mais estável; e, o fio de sutura utilizado na musculatura mostrou força de tensão suficiente para suportar os diferentes graus de tração. Concluiu-se que a técnica cirúrgica empregada permite a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos nos lobos pulmonares cranial e acessório e boa exploração da cavidade pleural direita e que a técnica de sutura empregada é eficiente, pois não causa transtornos respiratórios ou sinais de pneumotórax.

Toracotomia em eqüinos sob anestesia com ventilação mecânica controlada

Several surgical and diagnostic procedures can be performed on thoracic surgery in the equine. To carry out these procedures controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is necessary, as well as full understanding of the possible side effects of this type of ventilation. Six healthy equine were used under anesthesia wiith CMV to do right hemithorax approach. The goals were to evaluate efficiency of CMV in the improvement of ventilation and oxigenation as well as in the prevention of pulmonar atelectasis during intrathoracic manipulation. For such evaluation of physiologic parameters measurement, ventigraphy and blood gas analysis were performed. A decrese in PaCO2 and rise of pH values were observed, in despite of pneumothorax presence. Also the interpleural pressure showed elevated values during CMV. The use of CMV, during thoracotomy, allows padronization of respiratory rates with improvement of ventilation and for this, further normalization of alterations in PaCO2 and pH. As well as it allows visually adequate lung expansion. CMV promotes interpleural pressure elevation while the thoracic cavity remains closed.

Diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos e diagnósticos podem ser realizados através da cirurgia torácica em eqüinos. Para tanto faz-se necessária a utilização da ventilação controlada mecânica (VCM) e a compreensão dos efeitos respiratórios deste tipo de ventilação durante a toracotomia. Foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos, sob anestesia com ventilação controlada, para a realização de acesso cirúrgico ao hemitórax direito com o objetivo de se avaliar, através da mensuração dos parâmetros fisiológicos, ventigrafia, pH e gases sangüíneos, a eficácia da ventilação controlada em otimizar a ventilação e a oxigenação e em prevenir a atelectasia pulmonar durante manipulações intratorácicas. Verificou-se diminuição dos valores da PaCO2 e aumento dos valores de pH durante a ventilação controlada, mesmo com o pneumotórax instalado. A pressão interpleural também apresentou aumento de seus valores durante a VCM. Concluiu-se que o uso da VCM, durante a prática da toracotomia, permite a padronização da freqüência respiratória com melhora da ventilação, e subseqüente normalização das alterações da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono e pH, bem como mantém visualmente adequada a expansão pulmonar. A VCM promove aumento da pressão interpleural, enquanto o tórax permanece fechado.

Avaliação pós-operatória, através de exame clínico, laboratorial e ultra-sonográfico, de eqüinos submetidos à toracotomia experimental

Pertaining litterature does not usually foccus on the possible consequences in the thoracic cavity of horses subjected to thoracotomy procedures. Ultrasound is not mentioned as a method of contrai in post-operatory evaluation, which is mostiy exclusively based on post-mortem examination. Six healthy equine were used in the experiment; surgical access to the right hemitórax was assured by controiled mechanical anesthesia. The thoracotomy in the equine was further evaluated by means of a complete clinicai examination, blood gás analysis, complete blood count and thoracic ultrasonography.The suture technique aiso revealed itself efficient and the animais exbited no sings of respiratory distress, pneumotórax or thoracic wall suture dehiscense. The complete clinicai examination, pH, blood gases as well as blood cell count, did not show any significant changes at the pos-operative period. The ultrasonographic exam allowed the evaluation of pleural fluid appearance and quantity, changes of visceral pleura, presence of pneumotórax and subpleural changes.

Nos trabalhos encontrados na literatura é dada pouca ênfase às conseqüências na cavidade torácica de eqüinos que são submetidos à toracotomia. Também não mencionam a ultra-sonografia como método auxiliar e de controle na avaliação pós-operatória, muitas vezes, optando-se exclusivamente pela necropsia. Neste experimento, foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos, sob anestesia com ventilação controlada, para a realização de acesso cirúrgico ao hemitórax direito, com o objetivo de se avaliarem através de exame clínico, mensuração de pH e gases sanguíneos, hemograma e ultra-sonografia torácica, as conse- qüências da prática de toracotomia em eqüinos. Não foram observados em nenhum dos animais transtornos respiratórios, sinais de pneumotórax ou deiscências de sutura de parede torácica. Os valores dos parâmetros fisiológicos, do pH e gases sanguíneos e do hemograma não apresentaram alterações significativas no pós-operatório. O exame ultra-sonográfico proporcionou informações sobre a quantidade e o aspecto do líquido pleural, evolução das alterações na pleura visceral, presença ou não de pneumotórax e alterações parenquimatosas subpleurais.

Membrana amniótica preservada em glicerina no reparo de feridas cutâneas de membros locomotores de eqüinos

In the present experimental study, the use of the equine amniotic membrane preserved in glvcerol 98%, at room temperature, in wounds with secound intention healing of equine limbs were evaluated. Surgical wounds of the size of 9.6cm² were made on the fetiock joint, medial aspect of the proximal third of the metacarpus and lateral aspect of the medium third of the metatarsus ofboth limbs offive adult horses, making a total of thirty wounds. Two experimental groups were made with fifteen wounds in each group, where one of these groups was treated with amniotic membrane, and the other, the control group, treated only with a damp gauze changed every 48 hours. In all the wounds the procedure was to evaluate the measurement of the área, degree of secretion, development of exuberant granulation tissue and the complete time of epitheliazation. Bacteriologic and histopatologic exams were made in a sample of the treated and contrai groups. The biochemical determination of proteins and the identification of fibroblastic growth factor were realized in the amnionic membrane. In all the treated wounds were observed shorter healing time, less formation of exuberant granulation tissue, smaller incidence of pathogenic bacterias and a smaller increase of the wound area.

Neste estudo experimental, avaliou-se o uso de membrana amniótica eqüina preservada em glicerina 98%, à temperatura ambiente, em feridas com cura por segunda intenção, nos membros locomotores de eqüinos. Foram provocadas cirurgicamente feridas de 9,6cm² na face lateral da articulação metacarpo-falangeana, face medial do terço proximal do metacarpo e face lateral do terço médio do metatarso de ambos os membros locomotores de cinco eqüinos adultos, perfazendo total de trinta feridas. Foram constituídos dois grupos experimentais com quinze feridas cada, sendo um destes grupos tratado com membrana amniótica, e o outro, grupo controle, tendo recebido apenas gaze umidecida em solução fisiológica. Os curativos foram trocados a cada 48horas, tendo sido a membrana amniótica e a gaze umidecida substituídas. Em todas as feridas foram mensurados a área, o grau de secreção, a formação de tecido de granulação exuberante e o tempo para a epitelização se completar. Realizou-se também exame bacteriológico e histopatológico em um grupo de feridas, tratadas e controle. Na membrana amniótica, fez-se determinação bioquímica de proteínas e identificação de fator de crescimento de fibroblasto. Em todas as feridas tratadas, observou-se: menor tempo para cicatrização, menor formação de tecido de granulação exuberante, menor incidência de bactérias patológicas e menor aumento na área total.

Controlled mechanical ventilation in horses under vecuronium blockage / Ventilação controlada mecânica em cavalos com o emprego de vecurônio

The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic and cardiorespiratory effects of the administration of vecuronium under controlled mechanical ventilation versus spontaneous ventilation in horses. Twenty healthy horses scheduled to elective surgery were randomized and assigned in two groups. All animals were pre-medicated with romifidine (100 mu g/kg iv), anesthesia was induced with an association of tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg/kg iv) and was maintained with halothane. Animals of group I remained in spontaneous ventilation without muscle relaxation while group II received vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg IV) and was submitted to controlled mechanical ventilation. Vecuronium administration did not cause any significant change of heart rate or rhythm, central venous pressure and arterial pressure. With the animals that remained under spontaneous ventilation, no differences were observed in these parameters. The animals that received vecuronium showed lower values of PaCO2 and normal values of pH in relation to the spontaneous ventilation group. Vecuronium duration was 12.83 ± 1.72 minutes. After halothane discontinuation the weaning time in group I I was 6.09 minutes with mean final PaCO2 values of 50.78 mmHg. There was no need of pharmacological reversion of vecuronium effect and recovery from anesthesia was similar in the two groups. In conclusion, the use of mechanical controlle

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos metabólicos e respiratórios da administração de vecurônio em cavalos submetidos a ventilação controlada e compará-los àqueles que permaneceram em respiração espontânea. Foram empregados vinte animais hígidos alotados em dois grupos experimentais. Todos os animais foram pré-medicados com romifidina (100 mi g/kg IV) sendo a anestesia induzida com a associação de tiletamina-zolazepam (2 mg/kg IV) e a manutenção realizada com halotano. Os animais do grupo I permaneceram em respiração espontânea enquanto os animais do grupo II receberam vecurônio na dose de 0,1 mg/kg IV sendo submetidos a ventilação controlada mecânica. A administração do vecurônio não promoveu qualquer alteração significativa da freqüência ou ritmo cardíaco, pressão venosa central ou pressão arterial. No atinente aos animais que permaneceram em respiração espontânea, não houve qualquer diferença em relação a estes parâmetros quando comparados aos dos animais que permaneceram em respiração espontânea. Os animais que receberam o vecurônio apresentaram valores inferiores de PaCO2 e valores normais de pH em relação aos animais do grupo I. A duração de ação do vecurônio foi de 12,83 ± 1,72 minutos. Após o término da administração do halotano, os animais do grupo II retornaram à ventilação espontânea em 6,09 minutos demonstrando valores de PaCO2 da ordem de 50,78 mmHg.