Contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana, Perú / Sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima, Peru

El objetivo fue caracterizar el contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio transversal para el cual se identificaron veinte preparaciones de consumo frecuente según el lugar de expendio. La determinación del contenido de sodio se obtuvo mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica en preparaciones recolectadas en el 2019. La mediana del contenido de sodio en productos de venta ambulatoria fue 492,36 mg/100 g (RIQ: 83,93 - 918,78); 471,37 mg/100 g, en preparaciones tradicionales y típicas (RIQ: 76,04 - 765,39); y 471,06 mg/100 g (RIQ: 115,31 - 695,18), en comidas rápidas. El 65% de las preparaciones fueron consideradas altas en sodio según los parámetros peruanos, mientras que el 30% de las preparaciones también presentaron un alto contenido, de acuerdo con los parámetros del Reino Unido. La mayoría de las preparaciones expendidas y consumidas fuera del hogar presentan un elevado contenido de sodio. Es esencial involucrar a todos los actores que participan en la preparación de alimentos para el consumo fuera del hogar, con el fin de sensibilizarlos e incluirlos en la promoción de políticas enfocadas en la reducción del consumo de sodio.

The aim of this study was to characterize the sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which twenty frequently consumed foods were identified according to the place of sale. Sodium content was determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy in preparations collected in 2019. The median sodium content in street food products was 492.36 mg/100g (IQR: 83.93 - 918.78), 471.37 mg/100 g in artisanal food (IQR: 76.04 - 765.39) and 471.06 mg/100 g in fast food (IQR: 115.31 - 695.18). Sixty-five percent of the foods were classified as having high sodium content according to Peruvian regulations, while 30% of the preparations had high sodium content, according to UK parameters. Most food sold and consumed away from home have high sodium content. It is essential to engage all stakeholders involved in food preparation for away-from-home consumption in order to raise awareness and involve them in the promotion of policies aimed at reducing sodium intake.

Associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal de adolescentes / Association between ultraprocessed food consumption and body composition of adolescents / Asociación entre el consume de alimentos ultraprocesados y la composición corporal de los adolescentes

O processo de transição nutricional vem elevando o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados na população. Esses alimentos apresentam alta densidade energética e baixas propriedades nutricionais, afetando o estado nutricional e a composição corporal, inclusive dos adolescentes. Este trabalho visa avaliar a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal de adolescentes. Este é um estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes matriculados em uma instituição filantrópica de ensino. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre o consumo regular de alimentos ultraprocessados e o excesso de peso, por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Para as análises estatísticas, foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS versão 22.0. Cerca de um terço da amostra apresentava excesso de peso (índice de massa corporal: 27,2%; pregas cutâneas: 33,9%; bioimpedância: 29,6%). O consumo regular de alimentos ultraprocessados esteve presente em 64,2% da amostra e foi associado ao excesso de peso avaliado pela bioimpedância (p = 0,016) e pelas pregas cutâneas (p = 0,008). Os indivíduos que apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso não consumiam regularmente alimentos ultraprocessados. Destaca-se a necessidade de realização de outros estudos, principalmente longitudinais, para avaliar e compreender a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal dos adolescentes.

The nutritional transition has been increasing the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in the population. These foods have high energy and low nutritional properties, affecting the nutritional status and body composition, including of adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the association between ultraprocessed food consumption and body composition in adolescents. This is a cross sectional study carried out with adolescents enrolled in a philanthropic education institution. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and ultraprocessed food consumption data were collected. An analysis of association between regular ultraprocessed food consumption and overweight was performed using Pearson's Chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%. The program IBM SPSS version 22.0 was used for statistical analyzes. About one-third of the sample was overweight (body mass index: 27.2%; skin folds: 33.9%; bioimpedance: 29.6%). Regular ultraprocessed food consumption was found in 64.2% of the sample and was associated with overweight assessed by bioimpedance (p = 0.016) and skin folds (p = 0.008). The individuals who had higher prevalence of overweight did not consume ultraprocessed food regularly. Carrying out other studies, especially longitudinal studies, to evaluate and understand how the association between ultraprocessed food intake and body composition occurs in adolescents is necessary.

El proceso de transición nutricional ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en la población. Estos alimentos tienen alta densidad energética y bajas propriedades nutricionales, afectando el estado nutricional y la composición corporal, incluso de los adolescentes. Este trabajo pretende evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y la composición corporal de adolescentes. Este es un estudio transversal realizado con adolescentes matriculados en una institución educativa filantrópica. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos y de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados. El análisis de la asociación entre el consumo regular de los ultraprocesados y el exceso de peso se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con nivel de significancia del 5%. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS, versión 22.0. Casi un tercio de la muestra tenía exceso de peso (índice de masa corporal: 27,2%; pliegues cutáneos: 33,9%; bioimpedancia: 29,6%). El consumo habitual de alimentos ultraprocesados estuvo presente en el 64,2% de la muestra y se asoció con el exceso de peso evaluado por bioimpedancia (p=0,016) y pliegues cutáneos (p=0,008). Las personas que tenían una mayor prevalencia de exceso de peso no consumían regularmente alimentos ultraprocesados. Se necesitan más estudios, principalmente longitudinales, para evaluar y comprender la asociación entre el consumo de los ultraprocesados y la composición corporal en adolescentes.

Non-alcoholic beverage and fast-food consumption, among first- and fourth-year nursing students in Madrid

Sugar-sweetened beverages and fast-food consumption have been associated with non-communicable diseases. Objective. Was to analyze consumption of non-alcoholic beverage and fast-food consumption among first- and fourth-year nursing students. Materials and methods. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among first-and fourth-year nursing students in Madrid, Spain. Anthropometric data (weight and height) and demographic data were collected, as were data on consumption of specific foods and beverages. Results. The survey was completed by 436 students. Mean (SD) age was 22.0 (6.8) years, 84.1 % of were women.26.2 % of the students were underweight; 6.3 % were overweight. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and diet drinks was moderate. Slightly more than three-quarters of the students (75.5 %) purchased fast food in the previous month. Burger bars were the most frequently visited fast-food outlet (77.2 %). A direct relationship was observed between BMI and fast-food consumption (rho = 0.099; p = 0.042) and between BMI and consumption of diet cola or carbonated drinks (rho = 0.120; p = 0.013). Conclusion. We provide new epidemiological data from a specific university population that could be useful to promote more studies that help design appropriate strategies to increase a healthy lifestyle(AU)

Las bebidas azucaradas y el consumo de comida rápida se han asociado con enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo. Analizar el consumo de bebidas no alcohólicas y el consumo de comida rápida entre estudiantes universitarios de primer y cuarto curso de enfermería. Materiales y métodos. Cuestionario validado entre estudiantes de enfermería de primer y cuarto año en Madrid, España. Se recopilaron datos antropométricos (peso y altura) y demográficos, así como datos sobre consumo de alimentos y bebidas específicos. Resultados. La encuesta fue completada por 436 estudiantes. La edad media (DE) fue de 22,0 (6,8) años, el 84,1 % eran mujeres; el 26,2 % de los estudiantes tenían bajo peso y el 6,3% mostraban sobrepeso. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas y bebidas dietéticas fue moderado. Más de tres cuartas partes de estudiantes (75,5%) compraron comida rápida en el mes anterior. Las hamburgueserías fueron el restaurante de comida rápida más visitado (77,2%). Se observó una relación directa entre el IMC y el consumo de comida rápida (rho = 0,099; p = 0,042) y entre el IMC y el consumo de refrescos dietéticos o bebidas gaseosas (rho = 0,120; p = 0,013). Conclusión. Aportamos nuevos datos epidemiológicos de una población universitaria concreta, que podrían ser de utilidad para promover más estudios que ayuden a diseñar estrategias adecuadas para incrementar un estilo de vida saludable(AU)

Perfil de nutrientes de productos alimenticios procesados y ultra-procesados consumidos por mujeres que asisten a un hospital público de la ciudad de La Plata / Nutrient profile of processed and ultra-processed foods consumed by women attending a state hospital in La Plata

Resumen Introducción: el incremento de productos alimenticios procesados y ultra-procesados (APUP) en las dietas a nivel global se relaciona con la epidemia de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles (ECNT) ya que suelen contener concentraciones altas de sal, azúcar y grasas y bajas de fibra, micronutrientes y compuestos bioactivos. Objetivo: analizar el perfil de nutrientes de alimentos procesados y ultra-procesados consumidos con frecuencia por mujeres que asistieron al hospital público de niños "Sor Maria Ludovica" en La Plata, Argentina. Materiales y método: entre noviembre 2018 y febrero 2019 se realizaron recordatorios de 24 horas a 202 mujeres. Se identificaron los alimentos procesados y ultra-procesados consumidos por 2 mujeres o más y se analizó su perfil de nutrientes de acuerdo al "Modelo de Perfil de Nutrientes" de la OPS. Resultados: el 91% de 102 alimentos analizados poseían algún nutriente crítico en exceso. El exceso de sodio se encontró en el 58,2% de los alimentos, seguido por el exceso de azúcar (52%), otros edulcorantes (32,4%), grasas saturadas (29,4%), grasas totales (26,4%) y grasas trans (8%). Conclusión: la mayoría de los alimentos procesados y ultra-procesados consumidos por las mujeres que asistieron a este hospital público presentaron exceso de nutrientes críticos, principalmente sodio.

Abstract Introduction: the increase in processed and ultra-processed food products (APUP) in diets at a global level is related to the epidemic of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCD) as they usually contain high concentrations of salt, sugar and fat and low fiber , micronutrients and bioactive compounds. Aim: to analyze the nutrient profile of processed and ultra-processed foods frequently consumed by women attending the state children´s hospital "Sor Maria Ludovica" in La Plata, Argentina. Materials and methods: from November 2018 to February 2019, 24-hour reminders were given to 202 women. Processed and ultra-processed foods consumed by at least 2 women were identified and their nutrient profile was analyzed according to PAHO Nutrient Profile Model. Results: out of 102 food items analyzed, 91% had excess of critical nutrients. Excess of sodium was found in 58.2% of the items, followed by excess of sugar (52%), other sweeteners (32.4%), saturated fat (29.4%), total fat (26.4%). %) and trans fats (8%). Conclusion: the majority of processed and ultra-processed foods consumed by women attending this state hospital had excess of critical nutrients, mainly sodium.

Estado nutricional, actividad física y consumo de comida chatarra asociados a colelitiasis en huánuco: estudio de casos y controles / Nutritional status, physical activity and consumption of junk food were associating to colelitiasis in huánuco: a case-control study

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de comida chatarra, actividad física y estado nutricional en pacientes con colelitiasis a la ecografía (casos), comparados con controles aparentemente sanos sin colelitiasis a la ecografía, en consulta externa del Hospital EsSalud II Huánuco. Materiales y Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron 107 casos y 107 controles. El consumo de comida "chatarra" se valoró con la encuesta validada por RSEQ (Red deportiva estudiantil de Québec), la frecuencia del consumo (días por semana); la actividad física por el cuestionario IPAQ (Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física) y el estado nutricional mediante el índice de masa corporal. En el análisis estadístico se empleó el χ2, U de Mann Whitney y Odds Ratio (p < 0,05). Resultados: La edad y la procedencia no fueron significativos. El consumo de comida "chatarra" estuvo asociado a la colecistitis (OR 10,30; IC 95% 5,48-19,37). La actividad física moderada-vigorosa (≥ 600 MET) promovió el diagnóstico de colecistitis (OR 8,38; IC 95% 4,54-15,48) y el estado nutricional (sobrepeso o mayor), en forma significativa, promovía la colecistitis (OR 11,38; IC 95% 6,01-21,55). Ser femenino estuvo asociado al desarrollo de colecistitis (OR 2,06; IC 95% 1,19-3,55). Conclusión: El consumo de comida "chatarra", la actividad física moderada-vigorosa (≥ 600 MET), el estado nutricional (sobrepeso o mayor) y el género (femenino) fueron asociados al desarrollo de colelitiasis diagnosticados mediante ecografía.

Aim: To determine the association between junk food consumption, physical activity and nutritional status in patients with cholelithiasis on ultrasound (cases), compared with apparently healthy controls without cholelithiasis on ultrasound, in an outpatient EsSalud II Hospital, Huánuco Hospital, 2017. Materials and Method: Case-control study. 107 cases and 107 controls were included. The consumption of junk food was assessed with the survey validated by RSEQ (Québec Student Sports Network), the frequency of consumption (days per week); Physical activity through the IPAQ questionnaire (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and nutritional status through the Body Mass Index. The chi-square, Mann Whitney U and Odds Ratio (p < 0.05) were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Gender, age and origin were not significant. None or low consumption of "junk" food were associated with cholecystitis (OR 0.097; 95% CI 0.052-0.182). Low physical activity (< 600 MET) did not promote the diagnosis of cholecystitis (OR 0.119; 95% CI 0.064-0.22) and the nutritional status (normal weight), significantly, did not promote cholecystitis (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.05-0.167). Being male was associated with the non-development of cholecystitis (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.281-0.838). Conclusión: Low or no consumption of "junk" food, low physical activity (< 600 MET), nutritional status (normal) and gender (male) were associated for the non-development of cholelithiasis diagnosed by ultrasound.

Relación entre consumo de alimentos procesados, ultraprocesados y riesgo de cáncer: una revisión sistemática / Relationship between consumption of processed, ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: a systematic review

RESUMEN La alimentación es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo de cáncer. El consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados se ha asociado a mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar sistemáticamente la evidencia publicada sobre la relación entre el consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos de Pubmed en los últimos 10 años. Se incluyeron estudios de cohorte, caso control o transversales que evaluaran riesgo de cáncer, no recidiva, en adultos y midieron la alimentación a través de encuestas o patrones dietarios. Dos autores revisaron de forma independiente títulos y resúmenes para seleccionar los artículos, posteriormente ambos realizaron una revisión de texto completo, extrajeron los datos y analizaron la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos. Los resultados contemplan las conclusiones de 18 estudios, cuatro estudios de cohorte, 13 caso-control y uno transversal. Catorce de los estudios incluidos asocian positivamente la ingesta de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer.

ABSTRACT Diet is a modifiable risk factor for the development of cancer. Consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods has been associated with an increased risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate the published evidence on the relationship between the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods with the development of different types of cancer. A systematic review of the Pubmed database was carried out for articles published in the last 10 years. Cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies that evaluated cancer risk in adults, no cancer recurrence, and studies that evaluated diet through surveys or dietary patterns were included. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts to select articles, and subsequently carried out a text review. Data was extracted and the methodological quality was analyzed of the included studies. The results contemplate the conclusions of 18 studies, four cohort studies, 13 case-control and one cross-sectional. Fourteen of the included studies showed a positive association between the intake of processed and ultra-processed foods and the development of cancer.

Is the local food environment associated with excess body weight in adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil? / O ambiente alimentar local está associado ao excesso de peso em adolescentes em São Paulo, Brasil? / ¿El ambiente alimentario local está asociado al exceso de peso en adolescentes en São Paulo, Brasil?

The obesogenic environment stimulates an inadequate diet by hampering healthy choices. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between the local food environment and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a representative sample population of adolescents living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, using multilevel logistic regression models. Among the adolescents, 29.6% were overweight/obese. There were no significant differences between food environment and adolescents' weight status. However, the presence of fast food restaurants near their home increased the chances of being overweight or obese (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.02-6.27). Results suggest the need to intensify food and nutrition policies, development of culinary skills, and the reduction in prices of healthy foods to facilitate access to these foods, so that adolescents have options in locations to socialize with friends and family.

O ambiente obesogênico estimula uma dieta inadequada, ao dificultar escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Este estudo transversal avaliou a associação entre o ambiente alimentar local e a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em uma amostra representativa da população de adolescentes residentes na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, usando modelos de regressão logística multinível. Entre os adolescentes, 29,6% apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade. Não houve diferenças significativas entre o ambiente alimentar e o status de peso dos adolescentes. Entretanto, a presença de restaurantes de fast food próximos ao domicílio aumentava a probabilidade de apresentarem sobrepeso ou obesidade (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,02-6,27). Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de intensificar as políticas de alimentação e nutrição, o desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias e a redução nos preços dos alimentos para facilitar o acesso a eles, de maneira que os adolescentes disponham de opções saudáveis em locais para socializar com amigos e familiares.

El ambiente obesogénico estimula una dieta inadecuada, al dificultar elecciones alimentarias saludables. Este estudio transversal evaluó la asociación entre el ambiente alimentario local y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra representativa de la población de adolescentes residentes en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, usando modelos de regresión logística multinivel. Entre los adolescentes, un 29,6% presentaban sobrepeso u obesidad. No hubo diferencias significativas entre el ambiente alimentario y el estado de peso de los adolescentes. No obstante, la presencia de restaurantes de fast food cercanos al domicilio aumentaba la probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,02-6,27). Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de intensificar las políticas de alimentación y nutrición, el desarrollo de habilidades culinarias y la reducción de los precios de los alimentos para facilitar el acceso a ellos, de forma que los adolescentes dispongan de opciones saludables en lugares para socializar con amigos y familiares.

Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in adolescents / Asociación entre patrones de alimentación y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes

Abstract: Objective: Evaluate association of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic markers. Materials and methods: 654 adolescents from Guadalajara, Jalisco, participated in a cross-sectional study. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire; 24 food groups were integrated, and dietary patterns were derived using cluster analysis. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Cook and colleagues, Ford and colleagues, and de Ferranti and colleagues criteria. Results: Dietary patterns identified were: "DP1", "DP2", and "DP3". Among males, "DP3" was associated with MetS (Cook and collaborators) (OR, 12.14; 95%CI, 1.66-89.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 3.89; 95%CI, 1.01-15.07), and insulin resistance (OR, 6.66; 95%CI, 1.12-39.70). "DP2" was associated with abdominal obesity (OR, 5.11; 95%CI, 1.57-16.66). Conclusions: "DP3" entertained a greater risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while "DP2" possessed a greater risk of abdominal obesity among adolescent males.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de patrones dietarios (PD) con síndrome metabólico (SM) y marcadores metabólicos. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal con 654 adolescentes. Dieta evaluada con el cuestionario "frecuencia de consumos de alimentos"; se identificaron 24 grupos de alimentos, para obtener PD mediante análisis de conglomerados. SM se definió según los criterios: Federación de Diabetes Internacional (IDF), Cook y colaboradores, Ford y colaboradores y Ferranti y colaboradores. Resultados: Se identificaron tres PD: "PD1", "PD2" y "PD3". En hombres, "PD3" se asoció con SM (Cook y colaboradores) (RM, 12.14; IC95%, 1.66-89.05), hipertrigliceridemia (RM, 3.89; IC95%, 1.01-15.07) y resistencia a insulina (RM, 6.66; IC95%, 1.12-39.70). El patrón "PD2" se asoció con obesidad abdominal (RM, 5.11; IC95%, 1.57-16.66). Conclusiones: El patrón "PD3" aumenta el riesgo de SM, hipertrigliceridemia y resistencia a insulina y el "PD2" el riesgo de obesidad abdominal en adolescentes hombres.

Calidad microbiológica de ensaladas crudas que se expenden en puestos ambulantes de comida rápida de la ciudad de Maracaibo-Venezuela / Microbiological quality of raw salads that are sold at roadside food stalls quick Maracaibo-Venezuela

Las ensaladas crudas juegan un papel importante en las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, sobre todo si durante su procesamiento no se cumplen con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para impedir su contaminación. El objetivo es determinar la calidad microbiológica de ensaladas crudas que se expenden en puestos ambulantes de comida rápida de Maracaibo, Venezuela. 15 establecimientos fueron estudiados mediante el doble muestreo con intervalo de un mes. Para el estudio microbiológico, las muestras fueron preparadas según la Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales (COVENIN N°1126-89). Del homogenizado, se determinó el contaje Aerobios Mesόfilos, Salmonella, Coliformes Totales, Fecales y Escherichia coli. En relación a Aerobios Mesofilos, de las 30 muestras, 2 (6,67%) mostraron contajes de 225.000 UFC/g; y 28 (93, 33%) con recuentos incontables. Para Coliformes Totales, 28 (93.3%) mostraron contajes que oscilaron entre 350 x 107 hasta 730 x 107 y en 2 (6.6%) el contaje promedio fue 197 UFC/g. En el 93,3% (28) de las muestras se observó recuentos elevados para Escherichia coli, y en 2 (6,6%) fue menor a 1 UFC/g. Salmonella se detectó en 4 (13,3%) muestras. Las ensaladas estudiadas no son aptas para el consumo humano, por no cumplir con los requerimientos mínimos de inocuidad, según las normativas establecidas.

Raw salads play an important role in foodborne, especially during processing is not necessary meet to prevent its contamination hygienic conditions. The objective is to determine the microbiological quality of raw salads that are sold in fast food stalls Maracaibo, Venezuela. 15 establishments were studied by double sampling interval of one month. For microbiological study, samples were prepared according to the Venezuelan Industrial Standards Commission (COVENIN No. 1126-1189). Homogenate, counting mesophilic aerobics, Salmonella, Total and Fecal Coliforms and Escherichia coli by the method most probable number and rehydratable plate with dry films was determined. Regarding mesophilic aerobics, of the 30 samples, 2 (6.67%) showed counts of 225,000 CFU/g; and 28 (93, 33%) had countless counts. For Total Coliforms, 28 (93.3%) showed counts ranging from 350 to 730 x107 x 107 and 2 (6.6%) the average count was 197 CFU/g. Escherichia coli in 93.3% (28) of the samples was observed high counts, and in 2 (6.6%) counting was less than 1 CFU/g. Salmonella was detected in 4 (13.3%) samples. The salads studied are unfit for human consumption, not to meet the minimum safety requirements, according to established regulations.

Factores asociados con dispepsia funcional en trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en un centro comercial de Huancayo, Perú / Factors associated with functional dyspepsia among fast food workers at a shopping center in Huancayo, Peru

Resumen Introducción: La dispepsia funcional (DF) comprende trastornos crónicos y recurrentes del tracto digestivo superior y no tiene origen orgánico. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados con DF en trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en un centro comercial de Huancayo, Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico, se encuestó a 128 trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en una ciudad de la serranía peruana. Se usó la prueba "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" para el diagnóstico de DF, esto se cruzó con variables sociales, de consumo y de hábitos alimenticios; se obtuvieron estadísticas de asociación. Resultados: El 40 % tuvo DF. Estuvo asociado con una menor frecuencia de DF el sexo femenino (razones de prevalencias ajustadas [RPa]: 0,64; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 0,41-0,99; valor p = 0,044); en cambio, los que tenían dificultad para conciliar el sueño o padecían de despertares nocturnos (RPa: 1,89; IC 95 %: 1,37-2,61; valor p <0,001) y los que tomaban alcohol regularmente tenían mayor frecuencia de DF (RPa: 3,28; IC 95 %: 1,02-10,6; valor p = 0,047); ajustadas por 5 variables. Según los hábitos de alimentación, se encontró que estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia de dispepsia quien omitiera comer el almuerzo (RPa: 1,88; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,90; valor p = 0,004), quien omitiera la cena (RPa: 3,44; IC 95 %: 2,72-4,35; valor p <0,001) y quien se alimentase regularmente en otros restaurantes (RPa: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,88; valor p = 0,004); ajustadas por 3 variables. Conclusiones: se encontraron algunas características asociadas con la DF en esta población que comparte características con otras similares, lo que puede ser útil para generar estrategias de detección y diagnóstico oportunos.

Abstract Introduction: Functional dyspepsia includes chronic and recurrent disorders of the upper digestive tract and which have no organic origin. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine factors associated with functional dyspepsia among the workers of fast food establishments at a mall in Huancayo, Perú. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of 128 fast food workers in a city in the Peruvian highlands. "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" was used to diagnose functional dyspepsia and record social variables, consumption and eating habits. From this information statistical measures of association were obtained. Results: Forty percent of those surveyed had functional dyspepsia. There was a lower frequency of functional dyspepsia among women than men (Prevalence ratio: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99, p-value = 0.044). Those who had difficulty falling asleep and/or suffered from nighttime awakening (Prevalence ratio: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.37-2.61, p value <0.001) and those who drank alcohol regularly (Prevalence ratio: 3.28, 95% CI: 1, 02-10.6, p value = 0.047) had a higher frequency of functional dyspepsia. This was adjusted by five variables. According to eating habits, it was found that a higher frequency of dyspepsia was associated with skipping lunch (Prevalence ratio: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.22-2.90, p-value = 0.004), skipping dinner (Prevalence ratio: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.72-4.35, p value <0.001) and eating regularly in other restaurants (Prevalence ratio: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.22-2.88; p = 0.004). This was adjusted by three variables. Conclusions: We found some characteristics associated with functional dyspepsia in this population shares characteristics with similar populations which could be useful for developing strategies for detection and timely diagnosis.

Comparação da qualidade microbiológica de sanduíches comercializados em estabelecimentos do tipo fast food franqueados e não franqueados / Comparison of the microbiological quality of commercialized sandwiches in franchised and non-franked fast food establishments

Este trabalho objetivou comparar a qualidade microbiológica e higienicossanitáriade sanduíches comercializados por restaurantes do tipo fast food, franqueados e não-franqueados. Sanduíches de mesmo padrão foram adquiridos, sob a forma de consumidor, em 4 estabelecimentos franqueados e 4 não-franqueados, em três dias diferentes durante a semana, incluindo o final de semana. As temperaturas dos lanches foram aferidas no momento da compra e, em laboratório, as amostras foram analisadas para contagem de colônias e identificação das bactérias com os testes Enterokit B e Staphy Test da Probac do Brasil. Os estabelecimentos franqueados apresentaram mais sanduíches contaminados por coliformes fecais e S. aureus. Quanto à temperatura no momento da compra, por vários dias, ambos os tipos de estabelecimento não atenderam à legislação, apresentando valores inferiores a 60ºC, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre franqueados e não-franqueados. Estabelecimentos não-franqueados são mais contaminados, mas as lojas franqueadas também não conseguem colocar em prática o que a legislação preconiza para Boas Práticas higienicossanitárias.

This study aimed to compare the microbiological and sanitary conditions between sandwiches sold by fast food restaurants, franchised and nonfranchised. The same standard sandwiches were purchased by consumers on 4 franchised restaurants and 4 non-franchised, on three different days of the week, including the weekend. Temperatures were measured at the time of purchase, and in the laboratory, the samples were immersed in BHI broth and subsequently inoculated in Agar MacConkey, Agar Salmonella Shigella and Agar BairdParker for colony counting and identification of bacteria with Enterokit B and Staphy tests Test the Probac Brazil.The franchised outlets had more sandwiches contaminated by fecal coliforms and S.aureus. When it comes to temperature at the time of purchase, in several days, both types of establishment did not comply the legislation, presenting values inferior than 60° C, but there wasn't statistically significant difference between franchised and non-franchised. Nonfranchised outlets are more contaminated, but the franchised stores also fail to put into practice what the legislation proposes for Best Practice Sanitary Hygienic.

Hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes de medicina de primer y sexto año de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú / Food habits in medical students in first and sixth year of a prívate university of Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Determinar los hábitos alimentarios y evaluar los factores asociados al consumo de gaseosas y comida rápida. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, realizado en estudiantes de primer (n=269) y sexto año (n=165) de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad San Martín de Porres, de Lima, Perú. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario estructurado en dos partes: la primera parte constó de 11 preguntas que incluyó los datos sociodemográficos y hábitos alimentarios generales; la segunda parte constó de 12 preguntas y recolectó la frecuencia de consumo de varios alimentos. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo, bivariado y multivariado correspondiente. Resultados: Ambos grupos omitieron principalmente el desayuno. Asimismo, tomar desayuno fue un factor protector del consumo de comidas rápidas y gaseosas, y cursar sexto año como un factor de riesgo. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de años superiores consumen comidas rápidas y gaseosas con mayor frecuencia, por lo que resulta necesario promover la educación alimentaria desde los primeros años.

Objective: To assess food habits and factors associated with the consumption of soft drinks and fast food. Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional study in first (n = 269) and sixth year (n = 165) students of the Faculty of Medicine at the University San Martin de Porres. A questionnaire structured was applied in twoparts: the firstpart consisted of 11 questions about socio-demographic data and general food habits; the second part consisted of 12 questions and collected the frequency of consumption of various foods. Descriptive analysis was performed, bivariate and multivariate accordingly. Results: Both groups omitted mainly breakfast. Also, eating breakfast was a protective factor in the consumption of fast foods and soft drinks. Being on sixth year was a risk factor. Conclusion: Students of higher years consume fast foods and soft drinks more often, making it necessary to promote food education from the early years.

Comparação da qualidade microbiológica de sanduíches comercializados em estabelecimentos do tipo fast food franqueados e não franqueados

Este trabalho objetivou comparar a qualidade microbiológica e higienicossanitária de sanduíches comercializados por restaurantes do tipo fast food, franqueados e não-franqueados. Sanduíches de mesmo padrão foram adquiridos, sob a forma de consumidor, em 4 estabelecimentos franqueados e 4 não- -franqueados, em três dias diferentes durante a semana, incluindo o final de semana. As temperaturas dos lanches foram aferidas no momento da compra e, em laboratório, as amostras foram analisadas para contagem de colônias e identificação das bactérias com os testes Enterokit B e Staphy Test da Probac do Brasil. Os estabelecimentos franqueados apresentaram mais sanduíches contaminados por coliformes fecais e S. aureus. Quanto à temperatura no momento da compra, por vários dias, ambos os tipos de estabelecimento não atenderam à legislação, apresentando valores inferiores a 60ºC, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre franqueados e não-franqueados. Estabelecimentos não-franqueados são mais contaminados, mas as lojas franqueadas também não conseguem colocar em prática o que a legislação preconiza para Boas Práticas higienicossanitárias.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the microbiological and sanitary conditions between sandwiches sold by fast food restaurants, franchised and non-franchised. The same standard sandwiches were purchased by consumers on 4 franchised restaurants and 4 non-franchised, on three different days of the week, including the weekend. Temperatures were measured at the time of purchase, and in the laboratory, the samples were immersed in BHI broth and subsequently inoculated in Agar MacConkey, Agar Salmonella Shigella and Agar Baird- Parker for colony counting and identification of bacteria with Enterokit B and Staphy tests Test the Probac Brazil. The franchised outlets had more sandwiches contaminated by fecal coliforms and S.aureus. When it comes to temperature at the time of purchase, in several days, both types of establishment did not comply the legislation, presenting values inferior than 60° C, but there wasn't statistically significant difference between franchised and non-franchised. Non-franchised outlets are more contaminated, but the franchised stores also fail to put into practice what the legislation proposes for Best Practice Sanitary Hygienic.(AU)

Análisis cuali-cuantitativo de menús infantiles ofrecidos en restoranes familiares y de comida rápida en Santiago de Chile / Qualitative-quantitative analysis of children's menus offered in family and fast food restaurants in Santiago, Chile

Childhood obesity in Chile is at its highest history level of food consumption away from home and it is becoming more frequent; in turn, infant food offer is being questioned in the world by its relationship to childhood obesity and its unhealthy characteristics. In this study 45 children's menus of family and fast food restaurants were evaluated, conducting a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The obtained results showed that most of the menus exceeded nutritional recommendations in fat and sodium, and 40% of them provided over 800 calories, considered half of energy recommendations for a child per day. In conclusion, the energy input supplied by the analyzed infant menus exceeds the requirements of children, there is no direct relationship between price and nutritional quality, and the children's menus have few healthy properties, 80% being classified as bad or very bad according to Chilean Dietary Guidelines 2013.

En Chile, la obesidad infantil está en su nivel más alto, el consumo de alimentos fuera del hogar es cada vez más frecuente, siendo la oferta alimentaria infantil cuestionada a nivel mundial por su relación con la obesidad infantil y por poseer características poco saludables. Se evaluaron 45 menús infantiles de restoranes familiares y de comida rápida realizando un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo. Se observó que la mayoría de los menús estudiados exceden las recomendaciones de grasa y sodio (sobre 150% y 328%, respectivamente); y 40% de ellos superaban las 800 calorías, considerada la mitad de las recomendaciones de energía para un niño al día. Así, el aporte de energía entregado por los menús analizados superaba los requerimientos infantiles, no existiendo una relación directa entre el precio y calidad nutricional. Estos menús tienen pocas propiedades saludables, clasificándose 80% como malos o muy malos según las guías alimentarias para la población chilena publicadas por el MINSAL el año 2013.

Participacao crescente de produtos ultraprocessados na dieta brasileira (1987-2009) / Participacion creciente de productos ultra procesados en la dieta brasilena (1987-2009) / Increased contribution of ultra-processed food products in the Brazilian diet (1987-2009)

OBJETIVO Estimar tendências temporais do consumo domiciliar de itens alimentícios no Brasil, levando em conta a extensão e o propósito do seu processamento industrial. MÉTODOS Os dados analisados são provenientes de Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares realizadas no Brasil em 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Foram analisadas amostras probabilísticas dos domicílios das áreas metropolitanas em todos os períodos mencionados e, nas duas amostras mais recentes, a abrangência foi nacional. As unidades de análise foram registros de aquisições de agregados de domicílios. Os itens alimentícios foram divididos segundo extensão e propósito de seu processamento industrial em: alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários processados e produtos alimentícios prontos para consumo, processados ou ultraprocessados. A quantidade adquirida de cada item foi convertida em energia. Estimaram-se a disponibilidade diária total per capita de calorias e a contribuição dos grupos de alimentos em cada pesquisa. Calcularam-se estimativas por quintos de renda para as pesquisas nacionais. Variações temporais foram testadas por teste de diferença de médias e modelos de regressão linear. RESULTADOS Houve aumento significativo da participação de produtos prontos para o consumo (de 23,0% para 27,8% das calorias), graças ao aumento no consumo de produtos ultraprocessados (de 20,8% para 25,4%) entre 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Houve redução significativa na participação de alimentos e de ingredientes culinários nesse período. O aumento da participação de produtos ultraprocessados ocorreu em todos os estratos de renda. Observou-se aumento uniforme da participação calórica de produtos prontos para o consumo em áreas metropolitanas, ...

OBJETIVO Estimar tendencias temporales del consumo domiciliar de ítems alimenticios en Brasil, tomando en cuenta la extensión y el propósito del procesamiento industrial. MÉTODOS Los datos analizados provienen de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares realizada en Brasil en 1987-8, 1995-6, 2002-3 y 2008-9. Se analizaron muestras probabilísticas de los domicilios de las áreas metropolitanas en todos los períodos mencionados y, en las dos más recientes, la amplitud fue nacional. Las unidades de análisis fueron registros de adquisiciones de agregados de domicilios. Los ítems alimenticios fueron divididos según extensión y propósito del procesamiento industrial en: alimentos in natura o muy poco procesados, ingredientes culinarios procesados y productos alimenticios listos para consumo, procesados o ultra procesados. La cantidad adquirida de cada ítem fue convertida en energía. Se estimaron la disponibilidad diaria total per capita de calorías y la contribución de los grupos alimenticios en cada investigación. Se calcularon estimativas por quintos de renta para las investigaciones nacionales. Variaciones temporales fueron evaluadas usando la prueba de diferencia de medias y modelos de regresión linear. RESULTADOS Hubo aumento significativo de la participación de productos listos para el consumo (de 23,0% a 27,8% de las calorías), gracias al aumento en el consumo de productos ultra procesados (de 20,8% a 25,4%) entre 2002-3 y 2008-9. Hubo reducción significativa en la participación de alimentos y de ingredientes culinarios en ese período. El aumento de la participación de productos ultra procesados ocurrió en todos los estratos de renta. Se observó aumento uniforme en la participación calórica de productos listos para el consumo en áreas metropolitanas, nuevamente a costa de productos ...

OBJECTIVE To establish temporal trends in household food and drink consumption in Brazil, taking into account the extent and purpose of its industrial processing. METHODS Data was obtained from Household Budget Surveys conducted in Brazil in 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. In all surveys, probabilistic samples of households in the metropolitan areas were studied and, for the last two surveys, the scope was national. The units of analysis were food purchases records of clusters of households. The purchased food items were divided according to the extent and purpose of their industrial processing into: ‘in natura’ or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients and ready-to-consume, processed and ultra-processed food and drink products. The quantity of each item was converted into energy. For each survey, the daily availability of calories per capita and the caloric share of the food groups were estimated. For the national surveys, estimates were calculated by income quintiles. Temporal trends were assessed using linear regression models and difference of means tests. RESULTS The caloric share of ready-to-consume products significantly increased between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 (from 23.0% to 27.8% of total calories), mainly because of the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed products (20.8% to 25.4%). In the same period, there was a significant reduction in the caloric share of foods and culinary ingredients. The increase in the ultra-processed products caloric share occurred across all income quintiles. There was an uniform increase in the caloric share of ready-to-consume products in the metropolitan areas, mostly in place of ultra-processed products, accompanied by a decrease in the share of ‘in natura’ or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients. CONCLUSIONS The share of ultra-processed products significantly increased in the Brazilian diet, as seen in the ...

Aporte calórico y macronutrimental de los menús infantiles de la comida rápida y convencional / Caloric and macronutrient contribution of the children's menu of fast and conventional food

The caloric and macronutrient contribution of the children's menu in fast food restaurants and conventional restaurants was analyzed, according to mealtimes and recommended intakes for children between 4 and 8 years old in a city in the Northeastern of Mexico with the highest childhood obesity rate in the world. This is an observational, descriptive and transversal study. The sampling was by convenience and directed when typical cases of children's menus were selected from 152 restaurants. The range of carbohydrates contribution of the children's menu varied from 53.8% to 97.9% of the recommendation; in any case the protein contribution was less than 82.2%. With regard to fats, contribution ranges were from 63% to 165.3%. These contributions increase considerably when they are analyzed by mealtimes: from 97.8% to 373.4%. In conclusion, fast food and conventional restaurants offer unhealthy meals in big portions to child population.

Se analizó el aporte calórico y de macronutrientes de me-nús infantiles en restaurantes de comida rápida y restaurantes convencionales según tiempos de comidas e ingesta recomendada para niños de 4 a 8 años en una ciudad del noreste mexicano que presenta una prevalencia de obesidad infantil de las más altas del mundo. Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El muestreo fue por conveniencia y dirigido al ser seleccionados casos típicos de menús infantiles de cadenas de restaurantes de mayor presencia (152 establecimientos). Los resultados muestran que el rango de aporte de hidratos de carbono varió del 53,8% a 97,9% de la recomendación; el aporte de proteína no fue menor al 82,2%; el aporte de lípidos fue de 63.0% a 165,3%. Estos aportes aumentan considerablemente al analizarlos por tiempos de comida: de 97,8% a 373,4%. Se concluye que tanto los restaurantes de comida rápida como los restaurantes convencionales ofrecen a la población infantil alimentos y porciones poco saludables.

Composición nutricional de pan con salchicha disponible en el campus central de la USAC / Nutritional composition of bread sausage available in the central campus of the USAC

Se estudiaron doce panes con salchicha obtenidos en el campus central de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, se registró su peso y se determinó su contenido de macronutrientes y minerales. También se registró la información de la etiqueta nutricional de las bebidas con que se consume el pan con salchicha.