Etiological spectrum and diagnostic challenges of short-duration fever in West Bengal (India). A cross-sectional tertiary care study.

INTRODUCTION: The scarcity of epidemiological data on acute febrile illnesses from South Asia impairs evidence-based clinical decision-making. Our study aimed to explore the etiological spectrum of short-duration fever in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from May 2021 to April 2022 involving 150 adult patients presenting with a fever lasting less than two weeks at Burdwan Medical College and Hospital (West Bengal, India). We performed comprehensive clinical assessments, including microbiological, serological, and other specific investigations, to identify the causes of the fever. RESULTS: The demographic profile predominantly included individuals aged 21-40 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.9:1; 60.7% of participants were from rural areas. The primary etiological agents identified were scrub typhus (25.3%), dengue (15.3%), and enteric fever (13.3%). Notably, 80% of patients presented with non-localizing symptoms, while 14.7% had respiratory symptoms. Blood cultures pinpointed Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus in a minority of cases (3.3%); malaria, primarily Plasmodium vivax, was diagnosed in 12% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the complexity of diagnosing short-duration fevers, dominated by a wide range of etiological agents, with a notable prevalence of scrub typhus. These results underscore the urgent need for enhanced diagnostic facilities, including the availability of scrub typhus testing at primary healthcare centers. We recommend empirical doxycycline therapy for suspected cases and emphasize the need for further research to develop management guidelines for acute febrile illnesses. This study also highlights the importance of raising both community and clinician awareness to prevent irrational antibiotic use.

Educational interventions to prevent urinary infections in institutionalized elderly people. Quasi-experimental Study / Intervención educativa para prevenir las infecciones urinarias en ancianos institucionalizados. Estudio cuasi-experimental / Intervenção educativa para prevenção de infecções urinárias de idosos institucionalizados. Estudo quase-experimental

Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of an educational intervention among nursing professionals and caregivers to prevent urinary tract infections in institutionalized elderly people. Methods. this is a quasi-experimental study carried out with 20 people (7 nurses and 13 formal caregivers). A questionnaire was applied during the pre-intervention stage, then professional training was carried out and finally, the questionnaire was reapplied 6 months after the intervention. The prevalence profile and factors associated with urinary infections in 116 elderly people was evaluated before and after the educational interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using association and correlation tests, logistic regression model comparison and prevalence rates. Results. The average number of correct answers by the nursing professionals Invest Educ Enferm. 2024; 42(1): e05Educational interventions to prevent urinary infections in institutionalized elderly people. Quasi-experimental Studyand caregivers after the educational intervention increased from the pre to the post-test by 52% regarding signs of urinary infection, 32% regarding its symptoms, 72.5% regarding its treatment, 40% regarding personal/behavioral and morbidity-related risk factors, 59% regarding conditional factors and 43.8% regarding its preventive measures. The team of caregivers showed a greater gain in knowledge compared to the nursing team in almost every question (p<0.05). The length of time working in elderly care showed no positive correlation with any variable (R<1; p>0.05). The prevalence of urinary tract infection in the pre-intervention period was 33.62%, and 20% in the post-intervention period. Conclusion.The educational intervention was effective in preventing urinary tract infections in the elderly. The increased knowledge acquired by nurses and caregivers was associated with a reduction in the infection rate and an improvement in the most prevalent modifiable factors for the development of this type of pathology

Objetivo. Analizar la eficacia de una intervención educativa con profesionales de enfermería y cuidadores para prevenir las infecciones urinarias en ancianos institucionalizados. Métodos. Estudio cuasi-experimental realizado con 20 personas (7 enfermeros y 13 cuidadores formales). Se aplicó un cuestionario antes de la intervención, se llevó a cabo la capacitación de los enfermeros y se volvió a aplicar el cuestionario 6 meses después de la intervención. Se evaluó el perfil de prevalencia de las infecciones urinarias y los factores asociados de 116 ancianos antes y después de las intervenciones educativas. En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron pruebas de asociación y correlación, comparación de modelos de regresión logística y tasas de prevalencia. Resultados. El promedio de respuestas correctas del equipo de enfermería y de los cuidadores tras la intervención educativa aumentó del pre al post-test en un 52% con los signos de infección urinaria, un 32% con los síntomas, un 72.5% con el tratamiento, y un 40% con los factores de riesgo personales/conductuales y los relacionados con la morbilidad, un 59% con los factores condicionales y un 43.8% con las medidas preventivas. El equipo de cuidadores mostró una mayor aprehensión de conocimientos en relación al equipo de enfermería en casi todas las preguntas (p<0.05). El tiempo dedicado al cuidado de ancianos no mostró correlación positiva con ninguna variable (R<1; p>0.05). La prevalencia de infección urinaria en el período pre-intervención fue del 33.62% y en el post-intervención del 20%. Conclusión. La intervención educativa fue eficaz en la prevención de las infecciones urinarias en ancianos. El aumento de conocimientos adquiridos por los enfermeros y por los cuidadores se relacionó con la reducción de la tasa de infecciones y el mejoramiento de los factores modificables más prevalentes para desarrollar este tipo de patología.

Objetivo. Analisar a efetividade de intervenção educativa com profissionais de enfermagem e cuidadores para prevenção de infecções do trato urinário de idosos institucionalizados. Métodos. Estudo quase experimental realizado com 20 pessoas (7 enfermeiros e 13 cuidadores formais). Aplicou-se questionário na pré-intervenção, realizou-se capacitação dos profissionais e reaplicação do questionário 6 meses pós-intervenção. O perfil de prevalência de infecções urinárias e fatores associados de 116 idosos foi avaliado antes e após as intervenções educativas. Na análise estatística utilizou-se testes de associação e de correlação, comparação de modelos de regressão logística e de taxas de prevalência. Resultados. A média de acertos da equipe de enfermagem e de cuidadores, após intervenção educativa, aumentou do pré para o pós-teste em 52% com relação aos sinais de infecção urinária, 32% a sintomas, 72.5% tratamento, e 40% sobre fatores de risco pessoais/comportamentais e relacionados a morbidade, 59% a fatores condicionais e 43,8% sobre medidas preventivas. A equipe de cuidadores apresentou maior ganho de conhecimento em relação à equipe de enfermagem em quase todas as questões (p<0.05). O tempo de cuidado com idoso não apresentou correlação positiva com nenhuma variável (R<1; p>0.05). A prevalência de infecção do trato urinário no período pré-intervenção foi de 33.62% e pós intervenção 20%. Conclusão. A intervenção educativa foi efetiva na prevenção às infecções do trato urinário dos idosos. O aumento do conhecimento adquirido por enfermeiros e cuidadores foi associado à redução da taxa de infecções e à melhoria dos fatores modificáveis mais prevalentes para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de patologia.

Long COVID-19 and primary care: Challenges, management and recommendations / COVID-19 prolongado y atención primaria: desafíos, manejo y recomendaciones

Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent symptoms after COVID-19 onset. This article explores the challenges, management strategies, and recommendations for addressing long COVID-19 in primary care settings. The epidemiology of long COVID-19 reveals significant variability, with a substantial portion of COVID-19 survivors experiencing post-acute symptoms. Pathophysiological mechanisms include viral persistence, endothelial dysfunction, autoimmunity, neurological dysregulation, and gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Multiple risk factors, including age, sex, pre-existing comorbidities, smoking, BMI, and acute COVID-19 severity, influence the development of long COVID-19. Effective management requires proactive measures such as vaccination, identification of high-risk populations, public awareness, and post-infection vaccination. Collaboration of primary care physicians with specialists is essential for holistic and individualized patient care. This article underscores the role of primary care physicians in diagnosing, managing, and mitigating the long-term effects of COVID-19. (AU)

La COVID-19 prolongada, también conocida como secuela postaguda de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, se caracteriza por síntomas persistentes después de la aparición de la COVID-19. Este artículo explora los desafíos, las estrategias de manejo y las recomendaciones para abordar la COVID-19 prolongada en entornos de atención primaria. La epidemiología de la COVID-19 prolongada revela una variabilidad significativa, y una parte sustancial de los supervivientes de la COVID-19 experimentan síntomas postagudos. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos incluyen persistencia viral, disfunción endotelial, autoinmunidad, desregulación neurológica y disbiosis gastrointestinal. Múltiples factores de riesgo, como la edad, el sexo, las comorbilidades preexistentes, el tabaquismo, el IMC y la gravedad aguda de la COVID-19, influyen en el desarrollo de la COVID-19 prolongada. Una gestión eficaz requiere medidas proactivas, como la vacunación, la identificación de poblaciones de alto riesgo, la concienciación pública y la vacunación posterior a la infección. La colaboración de los médicos de atención primaria con los especialistas es esencial para una atención holística e individualizada al paciente. Este artículo subraya el papel de los médicos de atención primaria en el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la mitigación de los efectos a largo plazo de la COVID-19. (AU)

Long COVID-19 and primary care: Challenges, management and recommendations.

Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent symptoms after COVID-19 onset. This article explores the challenges, management strategies, and recommendations for addressing long COVID-19 in primary care settings. The epidemiology of long COVID-19 reveals significant variability, with a substantial portion of COVID-19 survivors experiencing post-acute symptoms. Pathophysiological mechanisms include viral persistence, endothelial dysfunction, autoimmunity, neurological dysregulation, and gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Multiple risk factors, including age, sex, pre-existing comorbidities, smoking, BMI, and acute COVID-19 severity, influence the development of long COVID-19. Effective management requires proactive measures such as vaccination, identification of high-risk populations, public awareness, and post-infection vaccination. Collaboration of primary care physicians with specialists is essential for holistic and individualized patient care. This article underscores the role of primary care physicians in diagnosing, managing, and mitigating the long-term effects of COVID-19.

Clinical profile of Spanish hepatitisC virus-infected treatment-naïve patients with compensated cirrhosis in the CREST study. / Perfil clínico de los pacientes españoles con hepatitisC naïve con cirrosis compensada tratados en el estudio CREST.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: There are still patients with hepatitisC in Spain who have yet to be diagnosed, but their clinical profile is unclear. In 2021, 21.93% of patients diagnosed had cirrhosis and were mostly treatment-naïve. METHODS: This sub-analysis describes the clinical profile of the 60Spanish treatment-naïve patients with compensated cirrhosis who were included in the CREST study. MAJOR RESULTS: Sixty percent of patients were male, median age 56years, and 33% had a history of drug use. Almost three-quarters (71.3%) had more than one comorbidity and 78.3% took concomitant medication. At treatment initiation, median platelet count was 139×103/µL and FibroScan® 17kPa. No virological failure was observed and no patient discontinued treatment due to adverse events. No clinically significant changes were noted during or after treatment in the median platelet, albumin, bilirubin, and transaminase levels. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8weeks in this cohort of treatment-naïve patients with compensated cirrhosis in Spain was safe and effective. This information reinforces the use of this short antiviral regimen even when there is compensated cirrhosis, simplifying the approach to hepatitisC among those patients still to be diagnosed and treated in Spain.

Family burden after critical illness: the forgotten caregivers / La sobrecarga familiar tras una enfermedad crítica: los cuidadores olvidados

Objective To determine the incidence of primary caregiver burden in a cohort of family members of critically ill patients admitted to ICU and to identify risk factors related to its development in both the patient and the family member. Design Prospective observational cohort study was conducted for 24 months. Setting Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada. Patients The sample was the primary caregivers of all patients with risk factors for development of PICS (Post-Intensive Care Syndrome). Interventions The follow-up protocol consisted of evaluation 3 months after discharge from the ICU in a specific consultation. Main variables of interest The scales used in patients were Barthel, SF-12, HADS, Pfeiffer, IES-6 and in relatives the Apgar and Zarit. Results A total of 93 patients and caregivers were included in the follow-up. 15 relatives did not complete the follow-up questionnaires and were excluded from the study. The incidence of PICS-F (Family Post Intensive Care Syndrome) defined by the presence of primary caregiver burden in our cohort of patients is 34.6% (n=27), 95% CI 25.0−45.7. The risk factors for the development of caregiver burden are the presence of physical impairment, anxiety or post-traumatic stress in the patient, with no relationship found with the characteristics studied in the family member. Conclusions One out of 3 relatives of patients with risk factors for the development of PICS presents at 3 months caregiver burden. This is related to factors dependent on the patient's state of health. (AU)

Objetivo Determinar la incidencia de la sobrecarga del cuidador principal en una cohorte de familiares de pacientes críticos ingresados en UCI e identificar los factores de riesgo relacionados con su desarrollo tanto en el paciente como en el familiar. Diseño Estudio de cohortes observacional prospectivo durante 24 meses. Ámbito Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio de Granada. Pacientes La muestra estuvo compuesta por los cuidadores principales de todos los pacientes con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de SPCI (Síndrome Post-Cuidados Intensivos). Intervenciones El protocolo de seguimiento consistió en la evaluación a los 3 meses del alta de la UCI en una consulta específica. Variables de interés principales Las escalas utilizadas fueron Barthel, SF-12, HADS, Pfeiffer, IES-6, Apgar y Zarit. Resultados Un total de 93 pacientes y cuidadores fueron incluidos en el seguimiento. 15 cuidadores no completaron los cuestionarios de seguimiento y fueron excluidos del estudio. La incidencia de PICS-F (Síndrome Post-Cuidados Intensivos Familiar) definido por la presencia de sobrecarga del cuidador en nuestra cohorte es del 34,6% (n=27), IC 95% 25,0–45,7. Los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del mismo son la presencia de deterioro físico, ansiedad o estrés postraumático en el paciente, no encontrándose relación con las características estudiadas en el familiar. Conclusiones Uno de cada 3 familiares de pacientes con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de SPCI presenta a los 3 meses sobrecarga del cuidador, relacionándose con factores dependientes del estado de salud del paciente. (AU)

Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed) / Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)

Objetivo: Conocer estadísticas reales sobre lactancia materna en España, así como factores socioculturales y perinatales que afectan a su inicio y mantenimiento. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, longitudinal, de ámbito nacional (estudio LAyDI). Sitio: Consulta de pediatras de atención primaria. Participantes: Cohorte de recién nacidos entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2018 en España que se siguieron hasta los dos años en ocho visitas. Medidas principales: Se analizaron las tasas de los diferentes tipos de lactancia en cada visita y también se analizaron variables relacionadas con la gestación, el parto, el período neonatal, sociales, económicas y biológicas. Resultados: Muestra inicial de 1.946 (50,1% varones). El 90,7% decidieron iniciar lactancia materna al nacimiento. La cifra de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue del 66,4% a los 15días y del 35,2% a los 6meses. Cualquier tipo de lactancia materna (lactancia materna total [LMT]) a los 6meses fue del 61,7%. La supervivencia de LMT presentó una mediana de 6,0meses (IC95%: 6,0-6,1). Variables relacionadas con LME a los 15días: hijos previos, nivel de educación de madre, ausencia de enfermedad durante el embarazo, no separación madre e hijo al nacer, no utilización de chupete, no existencia de problemas en pezones, y momento de decisión tipo lactancia. Variables relacionadas con mayor duración LMT son: la relación mayor de 5años de los padres, no usar de chupete, colecho al mes de vida, decidir lactancia materna antes del embarazo, recibir información sobre lactancia durante el embarazo y utilizar apoyo de asociaciones. Conclusiones: El abandono temprano de la lactancia materna es un problema importante en las sociedades occidentales. Existen factores sobre los que se puede actuar para mejorar resultados.(AU)

Objective: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. Design: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). Site: Primary care paediatricians’ office. Participants: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. Main measures: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. Results: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. Conclusions: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.(AU)

[Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)]. / Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed).

OBJECTIVE: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). SITE: Primary care paediatricians' office. PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. MAIN MEASURES: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. RESULTS: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. CONCLUSIONS: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

Family burden after critical illness: the forgotten caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of primary caregiver burden in a cohort of family members of critically ill patients admitted to ICU and to identify risk factors related to its development in both the patient and the family member. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study was conducted for 24 months. SETTING: Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada. PATIENTS: The sample was the primary caregivers of all patients with risk factors for development of PICS (Post-Intensive Care Syndrome). INTERVENTIONS: The follow-up protocol consisted of evaluation 3 months after discharge from the ICU in a specific consultation. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: The scales used in patients were Barthel, SF-12, HADS, Pfeiffer, IES-6 and in relatives the Apgar and Zarit. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients and caregivers were included in the follow-up. 15 relatives did not complete the follow-up questionnaires and were excluded from the study. The incidence of PICS-F (Family Post Intensive Care Syndrome) defined by the presence of primary caregiver burden in our cohort of patients is 34.6% (n=27), 95% CI 25.0-45.7. The risk factors for the development of caregiver burden are the presence of physical impairment, anxiety or post-traumatic stress in the patient, with no relationship found with the characteristics studied in the family member. CONCLUSIONS: One out of 3 relatives of patients with risk factors for the development of PICS presents at 3 months caregiver burden. This is related to factors dependent on the patient's state of health.

Evidence of intrauterine device insertion by nurses in Primary Health Care: an integrative review / Evidencias de inserción de dispositivos intrauterinos por parte de enfermeros en Atención Primaria de Salud: revisión integradora / Evidências da inserção de dispositivo intrauterino por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to synthesize and analyze evidence on intrauterine device insertion by nurses in Primary Health Care. Methods: an integrative review, carried out in the BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases in June 2022, delimiting the period from 1960 to 2022. Results: 141 articles were identified in the initial search, and 10 studies made up the final sample. Four (40%) were developed in the United States and one (10%) in Brazil, with publications from 1979 to 2021. The findings were grouped into three categories: Nurse training to insert an intrauterine device; Nurses' competency to insert an intrauterine device; and Women's access to intrauterine devices. Conclusions: nurse theoretical and practical training is a prominent element, consolidated in the favorable outcomes of insertions performed by nurses and satisfaction among women, a practice that has expanded access to the contraceptive method in Primary Health Care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: sintetizar y analizar la evidencia sobre la inserción de dispositivos intrauterinos por parte de enfermeras en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: revisión integrativa, realizada en las bases de datos BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed y Web of Science en junio de 2022, delimitando el período de 1960 a 2022. Resultados: se identificaron 141 artículos en la búsqueda inicial y 10 publicaciones conformaron la muestra final. Cuatro (40%) fueron desarrollados en Estados Unidos y uno (10%) en Brasil, con publicaciones de 1979 a 2021. Los hallazgos se agruparon en tres categorías: Capacitación de enfermeras para insertar un dispositivo intrauterino; Competencia de las enfermeras para insertar un dispositivo intrauterino; y Acceso de las mujeres a los dispositivos intrauterinos. Conclusiones: la formación teórica y práctica de los enfermeros es un elemento destacado, consolidado en los resultados favorables de las inserciones realizadas por los enfermeros y la satisfacción de las mujeres, práctica que ha ampliado el acceso al método anticonceptivo en la Atención Primaria de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: sintetizar e analisar as evidências da inserção de dispositivo intrauterino por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed e Web of Science em junho de 2022, delimitando-se o período de 1960 a 2022. Resultados: identificaram-se 141 artigos na busca inicial, e 10 publicações compuseram a amostra final. Quatro (40%) foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos e um (10%) no Brasil, sendo publicações de 1979 a 2021. Os achados foram agrupados em três categorias: Treinamento dos enfermeiros para inserção de dispositivo intrauterino; Competência dos enfermeiros para inserção de dispositivo intrauterino; e Acesso das mulheres aos dispositivos intrauterinos. Conclusões: o treinamento teórico e prático dos enfermeiros é um elemento de destaque, consolidado nos desfechos favoráveis das inserções realizadas por enfermeiros e satisfação entre as mulheres, prática que tem ampliado o acesso ao método contraceptivo na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Fatores que aumentam o tempo do processo judicial no Brasil / Factores que aumentan el tiempo del proceso judicial en Brasil / Factors increasing case disposition time in Brazil

Resumo A morosidade judicial no Brasil é um problema grave e persistente. Este trabalho ajuda a compreender as causas desse problema, na medida em que identifica e discute 12 fatores que aumentam o tempo do processo judicial no país, os quais foram identificados com base na análise de conteúdo de entrevistas com 15 atores-chave do sistema brasileiro de Justiça, entre juízes, promotores e advogados. Cada um dos fatores foi discutido segundo a literatura acadêmica, relatórios oficiais e indicadores de desempenho. Os achados da pesquisa mostram que fatores como o baixo custo do ajuizamento, a ausência de punição a litigantes repetitivos e o ajuizamento de execuções fiscais promovem uma sobrecarga de processos nos tribunais. O Judiciário também parece sobrecarregado por atribuições que extrapolam a função jurisdicional, como coletar evidências e localizar devedores e bens. O excesso de disputas e atribuições teria tornado a máquina judiciária brasileira grande e lenta, além de cara. Políticas públicas de redução da morosidade judicial no país são sugeridas.

Resumen Las demoras judiciales en Brasil son un problema grave y persistente. Este trabajo ayuda a comprender las causas de este problema, ya que identifica y discute 12 factores que aumentan la duración del proceso judicial en el país. Los factores fueron identificados a partir del análisis de contenido de entrevistas con 15 actores clave del sistema de justicia brasileño, entre jueces, fiscales y abogados. Cada factor fue discutido con base en la literatura académica, informes oficiales e indicadores de desempeño. Los hallazgos de la investigación muestran que factores como el bajo costo de presentación, la ausencia de sanción para los litigantes reincidentes y la presentación de ejecuciones fiscales promueven una sobrecarga de procesos en los tribunales. El Poder Judicial también parece estar cargado de atribuciones que van más allá de la función jurisdiccional, como reunir pruebas y localizar deudores y bienes. El exceso de disputas y asignaciones habría hecho grande y lenta la máquina judicial brasileña, además de costosa. Se sugieren políticas públicas para reducir las demoras judiciales en el país.

Abstract Judicial delay in Brazil is a severe and persistent problem. This work helps to understand the causes of this issue, by identifying and discussing 12 factors that increase the length of the judicial process in the country. These factors were identified through content analysis of interviews with 15 key players in the Brazilian justice system, including judges, prosecutors, and lawyers. Each factor was discussed based on academic literature, official reports, and performance indicators. The research findings show that factors such as the low cost of filling, the absence of punishment for repetitive litigants, and tax foreclosures promote an overload of processes in the courts. The Judiciary also seems to be burdened with attributions beyond the jurisdictional function, such as collecting evidence and locating debtors and assets. The excess of disputes and assignments has made the Brazilian judicial machine large, slow, and expensive. Public policies to reduce judicial delays in the country are suggested.

SUNCT/SUNA: ¿frecuentemente mal diagnosticada como neuralgia del trigémino? / SUNCT/SUNA: frequently misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia?

Objetivo: Identificar el número de casos con posible diagnóstico de cefalea neuralgiforme unilateral de corta duración con inyección conjuntival y lagrimeo (SUNCT) o cefalea neuralgiforme unilateral de corta duración con síntomas autonómicos craneales (SUNA) en pacientes con un previo diagnóstico de neuralgia del trigémino (NT) en el servicio de neurología del Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, comprobando así que estas cefaleas trigeminoautonómicas deben ser descartadas y consideradas como diagnósticos diferenciales de la NT. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal y retrospectivo. Se evaluaron los expedientes clínicos electrónicos completos de 100 pacientes con diagnóstico de NT durante el período de abril de 2010 a mayo de 2020. Intencionalmente se buscaron síntomas autonómicos en éstos y se compararon con los criterios diagnósticos de SUNCT y SUNA de la Clasificación Internacional de las Cefaleas, tercera edición. Se realizaron pruebas de chi cuadrado y posteriormente de regresión bivariada para determinar la asociación entre las variables. Resultados: Se incluyó a 100 pacientes con diagnóstico de NT. Tras la revisión de las manifestaciones clínicas, se encontró a 12 pacientes con síntomas autonómicos y se compararon con los criterios diagnósticos de SUNCT y SUNA. Estos no cumplieron los criterios absolutos para ser diagnosticados con las enfermedades previamente mencionadas; sin embargo, cumplieron las características del espectro de cefaleas trigeminoautonómicas. Conclusión: La NT es una entidad dolorosa y frecuente que puede presentar síntomas autonómicos, y es importante pensar en diagnósticos diferenciales, como la SUNCT y la SUNA, para la identificación y el tratamiento correctos.(AU)

Objective: Identify the number of cases with a possible diagnosis of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) or short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA) in patients with a previous diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) at the Neurology Service of the National Medical Center 20 de Noviembre. This will confirm that these trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias should be ruled out and considered as differential diagnoses of trigeminal neuralgia. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional and retrospective study. The complete electronic medical records of 100 patients with a diagnosis of TN were evaluated during the period from April 2010 to May 2020. Autonomic symptoms were intentionally searched for in these patients and compared with the diagnostic criteria of SUNCT and SUNA of the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Chi-square tests and subsequent bivariate regression were performed to determine the association between variables. Results: One hundred patients with a diagnosis of TN were included. After reviewing the clinical manifestations, 12 patients with autonomic symptoms were found and compared with the diagnostic criteria of SUNCT and SUNA. However, they did not meet the absolute criteria to be diagnosed with the previously mentioned diseases, nor to be ruled out. Conclusions: TN is a painful and frequent entity that can present with autonomic symptoms, therefore making it important to identify SUNCT and SUNA as differential diagnoses, to recognize them and treat them appropriately.(AU)

Rol de los cuidados perioperatorios guiados por protocolo para mejorar la recuperación tras la cirugía de cáncer de cabeza y cuello: experiencia institucional / Role of protocol-guided perioperative care to enhance recovery after head and neck neoplasm surgery: An institutional experience

Antecedentes: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) mejora la recuperación tras la cirugía. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si ERAS causa una reducción de la estancia hospitalaria y mejora la recuperación funcional global tras la cirugía de cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Métodos Realizamos un estudio prospectivo de control de casos histórico tras la aplicación de ERAS. La base de datos del hospital seleccionó 50 pacientes elegibles confirmados para el grupo control no ERAS, incluyéndose prospectivamente 54 pacientes en el grupo ERAS. El resultado primario fue el tiempo transcurrido hasta la disposición al alta (TRD), siendo los resultados secundarios la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (DEH), la tasa de reingreso de hasta 30 días y la puntuación QoR-15 (Quality of recovery). Los datos fueron comparados mediante pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas adecuadas. Resultados Los datos demográficos basales de los pacientes fueron comparables entre ambos grupos. Los pacientes del grupo ERAS reflejaron un TRD significativamente más breve, en comparación con el grupo no ERAS: 8 (6-10) frente a 11 (8-16); p=0,002. La DEH fue también significativamente más corta en el grupo ERAS en comparación con el grupo no ERAS (8 [7-11] frente a 12 [9-17]; valor p=0,002). El reingreso en el plazo de 30 días no fue diferente, con una cifra de 6 pacientes en cada grupo. La puntuación QoR-15 fue estadísticamente mejor en el grupo ERAS (94,88±12,50) en comparación con el grupo no ERAS (85,44±12,68; p <0,001). Conclusión La implementación del programa ERAS redujo el TRD y la DEH, mejorando la puntuación QoR-15 sobre el resultado de la recuperación reportado por el paciente en las cirugías de cáncer de cabeza y cuello. (AU)

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) improve recovery after surgery. This study aimed to determine whether ERAS leads to a decrease in stay in the hospital and improves global and functional recovery after head and neck neoplasms surgery. Methods We performed a prospective case and historical control study after the ERAS application. The hospital database selected 50 confirmed eligible patients in control non-ERAS group. Prospectively 54 patients were included in the ERAS group. The primary outcome was time to readiness for discharge (TRD); secondary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS), readmission rate of up to 30 days and Quality of recovery score QoR-15. Data were compared with appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. Results Baseline demographic data of patients were comparable between the two groups. Patients in ERAS group had significantly shorter TRD compared to the non-ERAS group 8 (6-10) versus 11 (8-16); P=.002. LOS was also significantly shorter in the ERAS group compared to the non-ERAS group (8 [7-11] versus 12 [9-17]; P=.002). Readmission at 30-days was no different, with six patients in each group. QoR-15 score was statistically better in ERAS group (94.88±12.50) compared to non-ERAS group (85.44±12.68; P<.001). Conclusion Implementing the ERAS programme decreased TRD and LOS and improved patient-reported recovery outcome QoR-15 in head and neck neoplasms surgery. (AU)

Depressive symptoms and associated factors in elderly residents of Homes for the Aged / Síntomas depresivos y factores asociados en personas mayores que viven en una institución de cuidados a largo plazo / Sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em idosos residentes em instituição de longa permanência

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em pessoas maiores que vivem em instituições de cuidados de longo prazo (ILPI). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com desenho transversal composto por indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas três ILPI públicas da cidade de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde se verificaram aspectos sociodemográficos; vermelho de apoio e condições de saúde.Para detectar sintomas depressivos foi utilizado o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM).O presente estudo associa uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados. . , com prevalência do sexo masculino (39,4%). Hubo associação significativa entre os sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: dor (p=0,006) e limitações de movimento (p=0,003). Com base na apresentação, é necessário criar e implementar políticas públicas e acompanhamento desses pacientes, que permitam o tratamento e prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em pessoas maiores que vivem em instituições de cuidados de longo prazo (ILPI). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com desenho transversal composto por indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas três ILPI públicas da cidade de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde se verificaram aspectos sociodemográficos; vermelho de apoio e condições de saúde.Para detectar sintomas depressivos foi utilizado o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM).O presente estudo associa uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados. . . , com prevalência do sexo masculino (39,4%). Hubo associação significativa entre os sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: dor (p=0,006) e limitações de movimento (p=0,003). Com base na apresentação, é necessário criar e implementar políticas públicas e acompanhamento desses pacientes, que permitam o tratamento e prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

O objetivo desse artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência (ILPIs). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com delineamento transversal composto por indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas dez ILPIs públicas do município de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde foram verificados os aspectos sociodemográficos; rede de apoio e as condições de saúde. Para detecção de sintomas depressivos foi utilizada o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). O presente estudo identificou uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados, com predomínio do sexo masculino (39,4%). Houve associação significante entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: de dor (p=0,006) e limitação do movimento (p=0,003). Através do que foi observado, se faz necessário a criação e implementação de políticas públicas e o acompanhamento desses pacientes, que possibilitem o tratamento e a prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

Role of protocol-guided perioperative care to enhance recovery after head and neck neoplasm surgery: An institutional experience.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) improve recovery after surgery. This study aimed to determine whether ERAS leads to a decrease in stay in the hospital and improves global and functional recovery after head and neck neoplasms surgery. METHODS: We performed a prospective case and historical control study after the ERAS application. The hospital database selected 50 confirmed eligible patients in control non-ERAS group. Prospectively 54 patients were included in the ERAS group. The primary outcome was time to readiness for discharge (TRD); secondary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS), readmission rate of up to 30 days and Quality of recovery score QoR-15. Data were compared with appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Baseline demographic data of patients were comparable between the two groups. Patients in ERAS group had significantly shorter TRD compared to the non-ERAS group 8 (6-10) vs 11 (8-16); p-value = 0.002. LOS was also significantly shorter in the ERAS group compared to the non-ERAS group [8 (7-11) vs 12 (9-17); p-value = 0.002]. Readmission at 30-days was no different, with six patients in each group. QoR-15 score was statistically better in ERAS group (94.88 ±â€¯12.50) compared to non-ERAS group (85.44 ±â€¯12.68) [p value < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Implementing the ERAS programme decreased TRD and LOS and improved patient-reported recovery outcome QoR-15 in head and neck neoplasms surgery.

Mini nutritional assessment-short form test: criterion and predictive validity in older adults from a long-term care unity / Versión corta del test de valoración nutricional: validez de criterio y predictiva en adultos mayores de una unidad de cuidados de larga duración

Introduction: the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form test (MNA-SF) is valid for malnutrition screening and diagnosis of older adults, but few studies evaluated if it predicts hospital length of stay (LOS) and were conducted in long-term care units. Objective: this study aims to evaluate the criterion and predictive validity of MNA-SF. Methods: a prospective observational study was conducted in older adults from a long-term care unity. MNA Long Form test (MNA-LF) and MNA-SF were applied, at admission and at discharge. Percentage of agreement, kappa and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were determined. Sensitivity and specificity of MNA-SF were calculated. The independent association of MNA-SF with LOS (adjustment for Charlson index, sex, age, education) was assessed by Cox regression analysis [results presented as hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI)]. Results: this sample is composed of 109 older adults (62.4 % women), aged 66-102 years. According to MNA-SF at admission, 7.3 % of participants presented normal nutrition status, 55.1 % were at risk of malnutrition and 37.6 % were malnourished. Agreement, kappa and ICC were 83.5 %, 0.692 and 0.768 at admission, and 80.9 %, 0.649 and 0.752 at discharge. MNA-SF sensitivities were 96.7 % at admission and 92.9 % at discharge; specificities were 88.9 % and 89.5 %, at admission and at discharge. According to MNA-SF at discharge, being at risk of malnutrition (HR = 0.170, 95 % CI: 0.055-0.528) or malnourished (HR = 0.059, 95 % CI: 0.016-0.223) lowered the odds of being discharged to home or to usual residence. Conclusions: a high agreement was found between MNA-LF and MNA-SF. MNA-SF revealed high sensitivities and specificities. An independent association was found between risk of malnutrition or malnutrition by MNA-SF and LOS. The use of MNA-SF instead of MNA-LF should be considered in long-term care units given its criterion and predictive validity.(AU)

Introducción: la versión corta del test de valoración nutricional (MNA-SF) es válida para la evaluación del riesgo nutricional y de la desnutriciónde los adultos mayores, pero pocos estudios han evaluado si predice la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (LOS) y se realizaron en unidadesde cuidados de larga duración.Objetivo: evaluar la validez predictiva y de criterio del MNA-SF.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo en adultos mayores de una unidad de cuidados de larga duración. Se aplicaronel formulario largo del MNA (MNA-LF) y el MNA-SF al ingreso y al alta. Se determinó el porcentaje de concordancia, kappa y coeficientes decorrelación interclase (CCI). Se calcularon la sensibilidad y la especificidad del MNA-SF. Se evaluó la asociación independiente del MNA-SFcon la LOS (ajustada por: índice de Charlson, sexo, edad y educación) mediante análisis de regresión de Cox (resultados: hazard ratio [HR] eintervalos de confianza [IC] del 95 %).Resultados: esta muestra está compuesta por 109 adultos mayores (62,4 % mujeres), con edades de 66-102 años. Según el MNA-SF al ingreso,el 7,3 % de los participantes estaban bien nutridos, el 55,1 % estaban en riesgo nutricional y el 37,6 % estaban desnutridos. La concordancia,kappa y CCI fueron del 83,5 %, del 0,692 y del 0,768 al ingreso y del 80,9 %, del 0,649 y del 0,752 al alta. Las sensibilidades del MNASFfueron de 96,7 % al ingreso y de 92,9 % al alta; las especificidades fueron de 88,9 % y de 89,5 %, al ingreso y al alta. Según el MNA-SF al alta,estar en riesgo nutricional (HR = 0,170, IC 95 %: 0,055-0,528) o desnutrido (HR = 0,059, IC 95 %: 0,016-0,223) redujo las probabilidades deser dado de alta al domicilio o la residencia habitual.Conclusiones: se encontró una gran concordancia entre el MNA-LF y el MNA-SF el MNA-SF reveló grandes sensibilidad y especificidad. Seencontró una asociación independiente entre la desnutrición o el riesgo nutricional por MNA-SF y la LOS...(AU)

Mini nutritional assessment-short form test: criterion and predictive validity in older adults from a long-term care unity.

Introduction: Introduction: the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form test (MNA-SF) is valid for malnutrition screening and diagnosis of older adults, but few studies evaluated if it predicts hospital length of stay (LOS) and were conducted in long-term care units. Objective: this study aims to evaluate the criterion and predictive validity of MNA-SF. Methods: a prospective observational study was conducted in older adults from a long-term care unity. MNA Long Form test (MNA-LF) and MNA-SF were applied, at admission and at discharge. Percentage of agreement, kappa and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were determined. Sensitivity and specificity of MNA-SF were calculated. The independent association of MNA-SF with LOS (adjustment for Charlson index, sex, age, education) was assessed by Cox regression analysis [results presented as hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI)]. Results: this sample is composed of 109 older adults (62.4 % women), aged 66-102 years. According to MNA-SF at admission, 7.3 % of participants presented normal nutrition status, 55.1 % were at risk of malnutrition and 37.6 % were malnourished. Agreement, kappa and ICC were 83.5 %, 0.692 and 0.768 at admission, and 80.9 %, 0.649 and 0.752 at discharge. MNA-SF sensitivities were 96.7 % at admission and 92.9 % at discharge; specificities were 88.9 % and 89.5 %, at admission and at discharge. According to MNA-SF at discharge, being at risk of malnutrition (HR = 0.170, 95 % CI: 0.055-0.528) or malnourished (HR = 0.059, 95 % CI: 0.016-0.223) lowered the odds of being discharged to home or to usual residence. Conclusions: a high agreement was found between MNA-LF and MNA-SF. MNA-SF revealed high sensitivities and specificities. An independent association was found between risk of malnutrition or malnutrition by MNA-SF and LOS. The use of MNA-SF instead of MNA-LF should be considered in long-term care units given its criterion and predictive validity.

Introducción: Introducción: la versión corta del test de valoración nutricional (MNA-SF) es válida para la evaluación del riesgo nutricional y de la desnutrición de los adultos mayores, pero pocos estudios han evaluado si predice la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (LOS) y se realizaron en unidades de cuidados de larga duración. Objetivo: evaluar la validez predictiva y de criterio del MNA-SF. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo en adultos mayores de una unidad de cuidados de larga duración. Se aplicaron el formulario largo del MNA (MNA-LF) y el MNA-SF al ingreso y al alta. Se determinó el porcentaje de concordancia, kappa y coeficientes de correlación interclase (CCI). Se calcularon la sensibilidad y la especificidad del MNA-SF. Se evaluó la asociación independiente del MNA-SF con la LOS (ajustada por: índice de Charlson, sexo, edad y educación) mediante análisis de regresión de Cox (resultados: hazard ratio [HR] e intervalos de confianza [IC] del 95 %). Resultados: esta muestra está compuesta por 109 adultos mayores (62,4 % mujeres), con edades de 66-102 años. Según el MNA-SF al ingreso, el 7,3 % de los participantes estaban bien nutridos, el 55,1 % estaban en riesgo nutricional y el 37,6 % estaban desnutridos. La concordancia, kappa y CCI fueron del 83,5 %, del 0,692 y del 0,768 al ingreso y del 80,9 %, del 0,649 y del 0,752 al alta. Las sensibilidades del MNA-SF fueron de 96,7 % al ingreso y de 92,9 % al alta; las especificidades fueron de 88,9 % y de 89,5 %, al ingreso y al alta. Según el MNA-SF al alta, estar en riesgo nutricional (HR = 0,170, IC 95 %: 0,055-0,528) o desnutrido (HR = 0,059, IC 95 %: 0,016-0,223) redujo las probabilidades de ser dado de alta al domicilio o la residencia habitual. Conclusiones: se encontró una gran concordancia entre el MNA-LF y el MNA-SF. El MNA-SF reveló grandes sensibilidad y especificidad. Se encontró una asociación independiente entre la desnutrición o el riesgo nutricional por MNA-SF y la LOS. El uso de MNA-SF en lugar de MNA-LF debe considerarse en unidades de cuidados de larga duración dada su validez predictiva y de criterio.

Factores de riesgo asociados a estancia hospitalaria prolongada en cuidados intensivos neonatales: Un estudio de casos y controles

Objetivo: Identificar las patologías o condiciones neonatales que influyen en la prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de casos y controles; en neonatos hospitalizados de la UCIN, durante el periodo 2015 - 2019, considerando sus diagnósticos perinatales y posnatales como factores a evaluar, así como la estancia hospitalaria. Se dividieron dos grupos: casos (estancia prolongada) y controles (estancia no prolongada). Los datos recolectados fueron procesados en el programa SPSS v.23 obteniendo el OR y la Regresión Logística Binaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 361 neonatos (91 casos y 270 controles), encontrándose significancia en factores perinatales (p<0.05): Peso al nacer (1000g a <1500g, ORa 8.2: IC3.1 - 21.2) y edad gestacional (28 a 31 sem., ORa 18.6: IC4.8-71.4; 32-33 sem, ORa 8.1: IC3.5 - 18.4); y factores posnatales (p<0.05): Síndrome de distrés respiratorio (ORa 10.3:IC 4.8-22.2), Hipertensión pulmonar persistente (OR 32.2:IC 1.8-559.0), sepsis (ORa 7.1: IC 3.1-16.0), Malnutrición neonatal (ORa 10.2:IC 4.7-22.1) y anemia del prematuro (ORa 8.3:IC 2.4-28.1). No alcanzaron significancia: asfixia, taquipnea transitoria del recién nacido, neumonía, neumotórax, displasia broncopulmonar, síndrome de aspiración meconial, conducto arterioso persistente, cardiopatía congénita, hiperbilirrubinemia, hipoglicemia, enterocolitis necrotizante y apnea del prematuro. Conclusiones: El peso al nacer, edad gestacional, Síndrome de distrés respiratorio, Hipertensión pulmonar persistente, sepsis, malnutrición neonatal y anemia del prematuro son factores de riesgo para estancia hospitalaria prolongada.

Objective: Identify neonatal pathologies or conditions that influence the prolongation of hospital stay in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Materials and methods: An observational, retrospective, case-control study was carried out; in neonates hospitalized in the NICU, during the period 2015-2019, considering their perinatal and postnatal diagnoses as factors to be evaluated, as well as hospital stay. Two groups were divided: cases (prolonged stay) and controls (non-prolonged stay). The collected data were processed in the SPSS v.23 program, obtaining the OR and the Binary Logistic Regression. Results: 361 neonates (91 cases and 270 controls) were included, finding significance in perinatal factors (p<0.05): Birth weight (1000g to <1500g, ORa 8.2: CI3.1 - 21.2) and gestational age (28 to 31 weeks , ORa 18.6: CI4.8-71.4; 32-33 weeks, ORa 8.1: CI3.5 - 18.4); and postnatal factors (p<0.05): RDS (ORa 10.3: CI 4.8-22.2), PHT (OR 32.2: CI 1.8-559.0), sepsis (ORa 7.1: CI 3.1-16.0), Neonatal malnutrition (ORa 10.2: CI 4.7 -22.1) and anemia of prematurity (aOR 8.3: CI 2.4-28.1). The following did not reach significance: asphyxia, transient tachypnea of ​​the newborn, pneumonia, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, meconium aspiration syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, congenital heart disease, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and apnea of ​​prematurity. Conclusions: Birth weight, gestational age, RDS, PHPT, sepsis, neonatal malnutrition and anemia of prematurity are risk factors for prolonged hospital stay.

Resección transuretral en bloque vs. resección transuretral convencional para el cáncer de vejiga primario no músculo-infiltrante: metaanálisis / En-bloc transurethral resection vs. conventional transurethral resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis

Introducción Se realizó un metaanálisis para evaluar el efecto de la resección transuretral en bloque en comparación con la resección transuretral convencional para el cáncer de vejiga primario no músculo-infltrante. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la literatura hasta enero de 2022 y se incluyeron 28 estudios con 3.714 sujetos con cáncer de vejiga primario no músculo-infltrante al inicio del estudio; a 1.870 de ellos se les efectuó una resección transuretral en bloque y a 1.844 una resección transuretral convencional para el cáncer de vejiga primario no músculo-infltrante. Se calculó la odds-ratio (OR) y la diferencia de medias (DM) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% para evaluar el efecto de una y otra en el cáncer primario de vejiga no invasivo por métodos dicotómicos o continuos con un modelo de efectos aleatorios o fijos. Resultados La resección transuretral en bloque obtuvo valores significativamente menores en términos de recurrencia a los 24 meses (OR: 0,63; IC 95%: 0,50-0,78; p<0,001), tiempo de sondaje (DM: –0,66; IC 95%: –1,02-[–0,29]; p<0,001); duración de la estancia hospitalaria (DM: –0,95; IC 95%: –1,55-[–0,34]; p=0,002), tiempo de irrigación vesical postoperatoria (DM: –6,06; IC 95%: –9,45-[–2,67]; p<0,001), contracción del nervio obturador (OR: 0,08; IC 95%: 0,02-0,34; p=0,03) y perforación de la vejiga (OR: 0,14; IC 95%: 0,06-0,36; p<0,001) y no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a la recurrencia a los 12meses (OR: 0,79; IC 95%: 0,61-1,04: p=0,09), tiempo quirúrgico (DM: 0,67; IC 95%: –1,92-3,25; p=0,61) y estenosis uretral (OR: 0,46; IC 95%: 0,14-1,47; p=0,19) en comparación con la resección transuretral convencional para sujetos con cáncer de vejiga primario no invasivo...(AU)

Introduction We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of en-bloc transurethral resection vs. conventional transurethral resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Methods A systematic literature search up to January 2022 was done and 28 studies included 3714 primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer subjects at the start of the study; 1870 of them were en-bloc transurethral resection, and 1844 were conventional transurethral resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We calculated the odds-ratio (OR) and mean-difference (MD) with 95% confidence-intervals (CIs) to evaluate the effect of en-bloc transurethral resection compared with conventional transurethral resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by the dichotomous or continuous methods with random or fixed-effects models. Results En-bloc transurethral resection had significantly lower twenty-four-month recurrence (OR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.50-0.78; P<0.001), catheterization-time (MD: –0.66; 95%CI: –1.02-[–0.29]; P<0.001), length of hospital stay (MD: –0.95; 95%CI: –1.55-[–0.34]; P=0.002), postoperative bladder irrigation duration (MD: –6.06; 95%CI: –9.45-[–2.67]; P<0.001), obturator nerve reflex (OR: 0.08; 95%CI: 0.02-0.34; P=0.03), and bladder perforation (OR: 0.14; 95%CI: 0.06-0.36: P<0.001) and no significant difference in the 12-month-recurrence (OR: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.61-1.04; P=0.09), the operation time (MD: 0.67; 95%CI: –1.92-3.25; P=0.61), and urethral stricture (OR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.14-1.47; P=0.19) compared with conventional transurethral resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer subjects... (AU)

[The impact of a full implementation of the Action Plan on Dependency 2021-2023 on the Spanish economy]. / Impacto económico de una implantación plena del Plan de Choque en Dependencia 2021-2023 en España.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact on the economy of the implementation of the Action Plan on Dependency (APD), devised by the Spanish government as a first measure to tackle the major shortages in Dependency Services brought to light pursuant to COVID-19 pandemic. The APD establishes as priority areas the suppression of waiting lists, the improvement of dependency services, with a focus on home-care, and the professionalization and stabilization of employment. METHOD: To achieve this goal, first, an estimate of the increased demand for benefits and services in 2023 has been carried out, supposing that all the priority measures established in the PCD in 2021 are fully implemented. Then, the impact of investment on the economy has been measured using multisector modeling. This analysis considers not only the direct economic impact on the sectors providing services to dependent population, but also the indirect and induced impact on the economy as a whole. RESULTS: The total public investment required for the plan in 2023 will reach 13,962 million Euro, which represents around 1% of the GDP. The impact on the economy in terms of production is expected to reach 41,570 million, while the impact on gross value added will be 21,046 million, together with the creation of nearly 440,000 jobs. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal that, for the APD to be fully implemented, public funding needs to be increased way beyond the occasional allocation of funds established in the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan. These investments have a positive impact not only on the social and welfare sector, but also on the country's economy.