A arte de saborear maçãs ácidas: a recepção de fenômenos incomuns pelos pioneiros da Psicanálise

Uma incursão aos primórdios da psicanálise com o objetivo de estabelecer recortes históricos a respeito da recepção de fenômenos incomuns como telepatia, mediunidade e, experiências de quase-morte em alguns pioneiros da psicanálise. Entre estes, destaca-se a atitude cuidadosa e reticente de Freud a respeito da telepatia, a curiosidade de Ferenczi para com a premonição e mediunidade, e os estudos de Oskar Pfister sobre experiências de quase-morte. Embora afirmados como campos separados, mostra-se que não deixaram de influenciar as teorizações, especialmente da comunicação inconsciente e da empatia. Destaca-se ainda a afirmação pioneira da interdisciplina para compreensão mais profunda desses fenômenos, antecipatória do atual quadro epistemológico para tais estudos.

An incursion to the beginnings of psychoanalysis with the objective to establish historical cuts in respect to the reception of uncommon phenomena such as telepathy, mediumship, and near-death experiences of some pioneers of psychoanalysis. Among these, the careful and reluctant attitude of Freud in respect to telepathy, the curiosity of Ferenczi towards premonitions and mediumship, and the studies of Oscar Pfister about near-death experiences stand out. Although affirmed in separate fields, it is shown that they have not ceased to influence theorizations, especially unconscious communication and empathy. Also highlighted is that the pioneer affirmation of the interdiscipline for deeper understanding of these phenomena, anticipatory of the epistemological framework for such studies.

Coronary Heart Disease and Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load: Dose-Response Meta-analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) in progression from health to coronary heart disease (CHD) by determining disease-nutrient risk relation (RR) values needed for intake ranges within jurisdictions and across the globe. METHODS: We performed a literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for prospective cohort studies that used truly valid dietary instruments in heathy adults published from January 1, 2000, to June 5, 2018. Relevant observations were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. We used dose-response meta-analysis accounting for nonindependence of results within studies. Bradford-Hill criteria were used to assess causality. RESULTS: Eligible studies had a mean follow-up of 11 years (range, 5-19 years), were conducted in North America, Europe, and East Asia, and yielded combined RRs of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.25-1.65) per 65 g/d GL (11 studies) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.12-1.38) per 10 U GI (10 studies) (glucose scale). The CHD-carbohydrate RR on GI was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.23-2.25) per 98 g/d of carbohydrates per 10 units GI. The 65 g/d GL, 10 U GI, and 98 g/d carbohydrate values corresponded to oral intakes from the 10th to the 90th percentiles within sampled populations. Inconsistencies were minor (I 2 ≤20%), as were small-study effects (P=.61 for GL and P=.26 for GI). Funnel plots were symmetric. Cubic spline dose-response meta-analysis yielded RRs as follows: across the global range for GL (55-290 g/d), 5.5 (95% CI, 3.1-9.8) (I 2 =0); for GI (47-82 U), 2.71 (95% CI, 1.47-4.40) (I 2 =0); and for the CHD-carbohydrate dependence on GI (50-80 U), 4.57 (95% CI, 1.86-11.4) (I 2 =16%). Bradford-Hill criteria indicated that these relations were probably causal. CONCLUSION: Strong and probably causal CHD-GL and GI RRs exist within populations. The RRs were remarkably higher across global exposures. The results support the consideration of these markers of carbohydrate food quality in dietary guidelines for general populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42013004504.

Equivalência semântica da versão em português da Escala de Experiência de Quase-Morte / Semantic equivalence of the portuguese version of the Near-Death Experience Scale

Na literatura internacional, a experiência de quase-morte (EQM) é avaliada principalmente por meio do instrumento The Near-Death Experience Scale (NDE), elaborado por Bruce Greyson, em 1983. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar a existência de equivalência semântica entre a versão original da escala (em inglês) e a versão traduzida ao português do Brasil, avaliando os significados geral e referencial. Após as diversas etapas de avaliação da equivalência semântica, a escala foi pré-testada em seis pacientes internados após alta de um Centro de Tratamento Intensivo (CTI) de um Hospital Universitário. Na avaliação realizada por dois psicólogos e dois psiquiatras, constatou-se existir equivalência semântica entre a versão final em português e o original. Na aplicação da escala na população-alvo, verificou-se boa compreensão dos itens. Portanto, a escala está adequada à cultura brasileira, podendo ser utilizada para pesquisas sobre Experiências de Quase-Morte neste contexto.

In the international literature, near-death experiences are often measured by The Near-Death Experience Scale (NDE), developed by Bruce Greyson in 1983. The aim of this study is to verify the existence of the semantic equivalence between the original version (in English) and the translated version to Brazilian Portuguese, evaluating both the general and the referential meaning. The semantic evaluation was conducted according to the several steps. Thereafter, a pre-testing was performed in six post Intensive Care Unit patients of a University Hospital. The evaluations of two psychologists and two psychiatrists have found existence of semantic equivalence between the Brazilian and the original version of the scale. The pre-test applied on the target population proved the items were intelligible. Our findings suggest that the Brazilian version of the NDE might be used in the investigation of near-death experience in Brazilian culture.

Equivalência semântica da versão em português da Escala de Experiência de Quase-Morte / Semantic equivalence of the portuguese version of the Near-Death Experience Scale

Na literatura internacional, a experiência de quase-morte (EQM) é avaliada principalmente por meio do instrumento The Near-Death Experience Scale (NDE), elaborado por Bruce Greyson, em 1983. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar a existência de equivalência semântica entre a versão original da escala (em inglês) e a versão traduzida ao português do Brasil, avaliando os significados geral e referencial. Após as diversas etapas de avaliação da equivalência semântica, a escala foi pré-testada em seis pacientes internados após alta de um Centro de Tratamento Intensivo (CTI) de um Hospital Universitário. Na avaliação realizada por dois psicólogos e dois psiquiatras, constatou-se existir equivalência semântica entre a versão final em português e o original. Na aplicação da escala na população-alvo, verificou-se boa compreensão dos itens. Portanto, a escala está adequada à cultura brasileira, podendo ser utilizada para pesquisas sobre Experiências de Quase-Morte neste contexto(AU)

In the international literature, near-death experiences are often measured by The Near-Death Experience Scale (NDE), developed by Bruce Greyson in 1983. The aim of this study is to verify the existence of the semantic equivalence between the original version (in English) and the translated version to Brazilian Portuguese, evaluating both the general and the referential meaning. The semantic evaluation was conducted according to the several steps. Thereafter, a pre-testing was performed in six post Intensive Care Unit patients of a University Hospital. The evaluations of two psychologists and two psychiatrists have found existence of semantic equivalence between the Brazilian and the original version of the scale. The pre-test applied on the target population proved the items were intelligible. Our findings suggest that the Brazilian version of the NDE might be used in the investigation of near-death experience in Brazilian culture(AU)