Implications of opioid-sparing medications in critically ill patients: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate literature involving opioid-sparing medications in critically ill patients with a focus on clinically meaningful outcomes. DESIGN: Scoping review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. SETTING: Intensive care unit. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients in an intensive care unit setting. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched from October 1, 2019 to June 1, 2023. Inclusion criteria consisted of randomized controlled trials evaluating adjunctive analgesic use in adult patients in an intensive care unit setting. RESULTS: There were 343 citations and titles identified in the initial search, with 328 remaining after removal of duplicates, 294 excluded at title and abstract screening, 34 available for full text review, and six included in the scoping review. Most studies reported modest reductions in opioid use as a secondary endpoint. Improvement in clinical outcomes such as reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation or delirium were reported in two trials with dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSIONS: In recently published trials of adjunctive agents in critically ill patients, opioid-sparing effects were small. Data to support improvements in clinical outcomes remains limited.

[Role of neuromuscular blocking agents in the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy in critically ill patients]. / Rol de los bloqueantes neuromusculares en el desarrollo de polineuropatía y miopatía del enfermo crítico.

BACKGROUND: Acquired critical illness weakness (AWCIP) is the most frequent neuromuscular disease in intensive care medicine departments. Its importance is given by the prolongation of hospital stay and the delayed recovery it causes to patients after hospitalization. The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between neuromuscular blocking agents and the development of acquired weakness in critically ill patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 103 critically ill patients who were periodically monitored with electromyography. RESULTS: The development of AWCIP was observed in 63 patients. The group of patients who developed AWCIP had a significantly higher utilization of neuromuscular blocking agents than the group who did not develop AWCIP [79.4% vs 50%, OR:3.85 (1.63-9.39), p <0.02]; likewise, this group of patients had a longer ICU stay [32 days vs 14 days, OR: 1.11 (1.06-1.17), p <0. 001] and a longer mechanical ventilation time [24 days vs 9 days, OR:1.2 (1.11-1.32), p <0.001]. CONCLUSION: Neuromuscular blocking agents are a factor associated with the occurrence of AWCIP.

Cuidados paliativos en la atención primaria de salud / Palliative care in primary health care

En la actualidad, la oferta de cuidados paliativos especializados ha sido superada por la demanda, por lo cual la atención a pacientes con enfermedades en estado terminal o en fase final de la vida suele estar a cargo del médico del nivel primario de asistencia. En ese sentido, los cuidados paliativos primarios incluyen el diagnóstico, el tratamiento paliativo, la planificación anticipada, la gestión y coordinación de intervenciones multidisciplinarias y la transferencia a cuidados especializados cuando sea necesario y haya disponibilidad para ello. Al respecto, en este artículo se exponen brevemente algunos elementos sobre el tema y se propone, además, un algoritmo práctico y fácil de aplicar en la atención primaria, que permitirá identificar a la población aquejada por dolencias en esas etapas, con diferenciación en cuanto a afecciones neoplásicas o no neoplásicas.

Nowadays, the offer of specialized palliative care has been overcome by the demand, reason why care to patients with terminal illness or in end-of-life period is usually in charge of the doctor from primary care level. In that sense, primary palliative care includes the diagnosis, palliative treatment, early planning, administration and coordination of multidisciplinary interventions and referring to specialized care when it is necessary and the service is available. In this respect, some elements on the topic are shortly exposed in this work and, also, a practical and easy implementation algorithm in primary care is proposed that will allow identifying population suffering from pain in those stages, with differentiation as for neoplastic or non neoplastic affections.

Why do physicians go to work when they are sick? Presenteeism at different career stages.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Physicians find it difficult to take on the role of the patient and they show unusual behaviors when ill. One of these behaviors is presenteeism, which is working while sick. The objective of this research is to analyze the factors that contribute to the phenomenon of presenteeism in Spanish physicians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mixed methodology study: one national survey through the General Council of Medical Associations website (quantitative part), 22 semistructured interviews with sick residents and practicing physicians, and three focus groups involving professionals from the occupational health services (qualitative). A bivariate analysis using parametric and non-parametric tests. The significance level was p<0.05 (95% confidence interval). Qualitative analysis using the comparative-constant method until saturation of information. RESULTS: Presenteeism is reported by 89.4% of doctors who responded to the survey, and it is more common among women. Contributing factors include fear of overburdening colleagues (the main reason and more common among women 58.14% vs 48.35%), self-perception of doing one's duty (the second reason and more common among men, 44.63% vs 33.14%) and economic impact and difficulty in accepting the role of a sick person. This behavior has an impact on patient safety, and is part of the hidden curriculum that also affects the training of medical professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Presenteeism is a widespread and accepted practice among medical professionals. Although normalized, and even appreciated as a way to avoid overburdening colleagues, presenteeism has important implications for clinical ethics and patient safety.

Association between diastolic dysfunction and fluid balance in critically ill patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation / Asociación entre la disfunción diastólica y el balance de hídrico en pacientes críticos durante el destete de la ventilación mecánica

Objective: To assess the role of diastolic dysfunction and fluid balance in weaning failure. Design: Prospective, observational, single center. Setting: Intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: Adult patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h who underwent a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). Interventions: Echocardiography was performed immediately before and at the end of SBT. Patients were classified into two groups according to weaning outcome. Main variable of interest: Weaning failure. Results: Among 89 patients included, weaning failure occurred in 33 patients (37%). Isolated diastolic dysfunction at the end of the SBT was more frequent in the failure group (39.3% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.025). Average daily fluid balance from ICU admission until first SBT was less negative in patients who failed than in those who succeed in the weaning (−648 mL [−884 to -138] vs. −893 mL [−1284 to −501], p = 0.007). Average daily fluid balance from the first SBT until the ICU discharge was more negative in the weaning failure than in the success group (−973 mL [−1493 to −201] vs. −425 mL [−1065 to 12], p = 0.034). Cox regression analysis showed that diastolic dysfunction was not an independent factor related to weaning failure but needed the association of positive fluid balance and age. Conclusions: Weaning failure due to diastolic dysfunction is highly related to fluid balance, and the deleterious effect of fluid balance on diastolic function is associated with age The timing of fluid removal could play a key role in this scenario. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el papel de la disfunción diastólica (DD) y el balance hídrico en el fracaso del destete de la ventilación mecánica. Diseño: Prospectivo, observacional.Ámbito: Unidad de cuidados intensivos hospital universitario. Pacientes: Pacientes adultos con ventilación mecánica más de 48 h sometidos a una prueba de respiración espontánea (SBT).Intervenciones: Ecocardiografía antes y al final del SBT. Los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos según el resultado del destete. Variable de interés principal: Fracaso del destete. Resultados: Se incluyeron 89 pacientes, el fracaso del destete ocurrió en 33 (37%). La DD al final de la SBT fue más frecuente en el grupo de fracaso (39,3% vs 17,8%, p = 0,025). El balance hídrico diario desde el ingreso en UCI hasta la SBT fue menos negativo en los pacientes que fracasaron que en los que tuvieron éxito del destete (−648 mL [-884 a -138] vs −893 mL [-1284 a -501], p = 0,007). El balance hídrico diario desde el primer SBT hasta el alta de UCI fue más negativo en el grupo de fracaso que en el de éxito (−973 ml [−1493 a −201] vs. −425 ml [−1065 a 12], p = 0,034). La regresión de Cox mostró que la DD no era un factor independiente relacionado con el fracaso, necesitando la asociación del balance hídrico y la edad. Conclusiones: El fracaso del destete debido a DD se relaciona con el balance hídrico, incrementando su efecto nocivo con la edad. El momento de inicio del balance hídrico negativo puede jugar un papel clave en el fracaso. (AU)

Factores relacionados con el síndrome del edificio enfermo en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud

Introducción: El síndrome del edificio enfermo (SEE) ha sido descrito como una afección de salud que sufren los trabajadores debido a factores de riesgo físicos, químicos, biológicos y psicosociales del entorno laboral. Su origen es multifactorial y sus síntomas desaparecen cuando el trabajador abandona el edificio. En Colombia no existe un instrumento para su diagnóstico. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia del síndrome de edificio enfermo e identificar los factores asociados en las instalaciones de una institución prestadora de servicios de salud. Métodos: Se aplicó la encuesta de la Norma Técnica de Prevención 290 (Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, adscrito al Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España) a 130 trabajadores administrativos. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron la presencia del SEE y se identificó como síntoma más prevalente el dolor de espalda. De acuerdo con los análisis estadísticos, los factores de riesgo asociados fueron físicos y múltiples factores psicosociales relacionados con la organización, por lo que se sugiere fortalecer este aspecto. Conclusiones: A diferencia de estudios similares, el porcentaje de la presencia de síntomas respiratorios, oculares y relacionados con alergias fue menor al 20 %, esto podría ser explicado por las condiciones de bioseguridad y aislamiento debidas al programa de mitigación de la COVID-19, por lo cual es aconsejable seguir manteniendo estas condiciones y realizar un estudio más profundo sobre el origen de los síntomas destacados.

Introduction: The sick building syndrome has been described as a health condition suffered by workers due to physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial risk factors of the work environment. Its origin is multifactorial and symptoms disappear when the worker leaves the building. In Colombia there is not an instrument for its diagnosis. Objective: To determine the presence of the sick building syndrome and identify the associated factors in the facilities of an institution providing health services. Methods: The survey of the Technical Prevention Standard 290 (National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at Work, attached to the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of Spain) was applied to 70 administrative workers. Results: The results demonstrated the presence of the sick building syndrome, and back pain was identified as the most prevalent symptom. According to the statistical analysis, the associated risk factors were physical and multiple psychosocial factors related to the organization, therefore, strengthening this aspect is suggested. Conclusions: Unlike similar studies, the percentage of the presence of respiratory, eye and allergy-related symptoms was less than 20%, which could be explained by the biosafety and isolation conditions due to the COVID-19 mitigation program therefore; it is advisable to continue maintaining these conditions and carry out a more in-depth study on the origin of the outstanding symptoms.

Processo de cuidados entre cuidador informal e doente com necessidades paliativas no domicílio: Metassíntese / The care process between informal caregivers and patients with palliative care needs at home: Meta-synthesis / Proceso de atención entre el cuidador informal y el paciente con necesidades paliativas en el domicilio: metasíntesis

Resumo Introdução: O cuidador informal e o doente com necessidades paliativas são fundamentais no sucesso dos cuidados no domicílio, porém pouco se sabe sobre o cuidado que decorre entre os dois. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores que influenciam o cuidado entre o cuidador informal e o doente com necessidades paliativas no domicílio. Metodologia: Metassíntese seguindo a metodologia Joanna Briggs Institute. Incluíram-se estudos qualitativos com a perspetiva de cuidadores informais e/ou doentes com necessidades paliativas no domicílio. Pesquisa nas bases MEDLINE, CINHAL, Embase e Scopus (2009-2021). Resultados: Incluíram-se 30 estudos com 605 participantes. Surgiram oito temas centrais: fatores facilitadores/ dificultadores dos cuidados informais; estratégias utilizadas; a influência do tempo e da progressão da doença nos cuidados; as motivações para cuidar em casa; as aprendizagens contínuas e as funções do cuidador. Conclusão: O cuidado informal é um processo dinâmico onde se interligam fatores facilitadores/dificultadores, estratégias e a progressão da doença. Os resultados permitem compreender a experiência de cuidar e estruturar cuidados centrados na pessoa, flexíveis e adaptados ao contexto.

Abstract Introduction: Informal caregivers and patients with palliative care needs are essential for a successful home-based care experience. However, little is known about the care process between informal caregivers and these patients. Objective: To identify the factors that influence the care process between informal caregivers and patients with palliative care needs at home. Methodology: Meta-synthesis following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. We included qualitative studies with informal caregivers and/or patients with palliative care needs at home. We searched MEDLINE, CINHAL, Embase, and Scopus databases (2009-2021). Results: Thirty studies were included, with 605 participants. Eight main themes emerged: facilitating factors of informal care; complicating factors of informal care; strategies used; the influence of time in care; the influence of disease progression in care; motivations to provide home-based care; continuous learning; and caregiver's roles. Conclusion: Informal care is a dynamic process where facilitating/complicating factors, strategies, and disease progression are interconnected. The results contribute to understanding the care process and designing person-centered, flexible, and context-sensitive care plans.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidador informal y el paciente con necesidades paliativas son fundamentales para el éxito de los cuidados a domicilio, pero se sabe poco sobre la atención que se presta entre ambos. Objetivos: Identificar los factores que influyen en la atención entre el cuidador informal y el paciente con necesidades paliativas en el domicilio. Metodología: Metasíntesis siguiendo la metodología Joanna Briggs Institute. Se incluyeron estudios cualitativos con la perspectiva de cuidadores informales y/o pacientes con necesidades paliativas en el domicilio. Búsqueda en las bases MEDLINE, CINHAL, Embase y Scopus (2009-2021). Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 estudios con 605 participantes. Surgieron ocho temas centrales: factores que facilitan / dificultan los cuidados informales; estrategias utilizadas; influencia del tiempo y de la progresión de la enfermedad en los cuidados; motivaciones para cuidar en casa; aprendizaje continuo y funciones del cuidador. Conclusión: Los cuidados informales son un proceso dinámico en el que se incluyen factores que facilitan / dificultan, estrategias y progresión de la enfermedad. Los resultados permiten comprender la experiencia de cuidar y estructurar unos cuidados centrados en la persona, flexibles y adaptados al contexto.

Factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes con tuberculosis: Revisión integrativa / Factors influencing adherence to treatment in patients with tuberculosis: An integrative review

El objetivo general de la investigación fue identificar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes con tuberculosis: Revisión integrativa. Se realizó una revisión integrativa, la cual se caracterizó por la indagación científica sobre una materia en particular a partir de la revisión del conocimiento existente. El enfoque adoptado fue el propuesto por PRISMA, el cual se basó en 27 ítems para determinar la validez de los artículos a utilizar en el desarrollo de la revisión, algunos de estos son: criterios de elegibilidad, fuentes de información, proceso de extracción de datos, certeza de la evidencia, entre otros. Se concluye que, la revisión integrativa permitió conocer que la adherencia al tratamiento de la tuberculosis es un tema que continúa siendo relevante para el personal sanitario. Su prevalencia está fuertemente anclada en países de escasos recursos, y es en estas zonas en las que afecta más gravemente.

The general objective of the research was to identify the factors that influence adherence to treatment in patients with tuberculosis: Integrative review. An integrative review was carried out, which was characterized by the scientific inquiry on a particular subject based on the review of existing knowledge. The approach adopted was the one proposed by PRISMA, which was based on 27 items to determine the validity of the articles to be used in the development of the review, some of these are: eligibility criteria, sources of information, data extraction process, certainty of the evidence, among others. It is concluded that, the integrative review allowed to know that adherence to tuberculosis treatment is an issue that continues to be relevant for health personnel. Its prevalence is strongly anchored in resource-poor countries, and it is in these areas that it affects more severely.

La medicina de los niños. Las peculiaridades pediátricas de la relación médico-enfermo en España (1880-1960 / Medicine of children. Pediatric peculiarities of the doctor-patient relationship in spain (1880-1960)

La aparición del especialismo pediátrico en el siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX, fue un proceso muy complejo que obligó a reformular aspectos de la ciencia y, sobre todo, de la práctica médica. La necesidad de hacer frente a los problemas de un paciente peculiar, con unos rangos de edad que había que definir y cuyas características singulares eran las de ser un organismo en fase de crecimiento y desarrollo, planteaba unos retos nuevos a estos nuevos profesionales, entre ellos, la relación que había que establecer con la madre y la familia. A esta tarea se enfrentaron los nuevos especialistas, que pusieron todo su empeño en transmitir sus experiencias a las nuevas generaciones de profesionales lo que supuso, por un lado, abordar las enfermedades infantiles desde nuevas perspectivas y por otro, legitimar su posición de expertos.(AU)

The appearance of pediatric specialization in the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th was a very complex process that forced the reformulation of aspects of science and, above all, of medical practice. The need to deal with the problems of a peculiar patient, with age ranges that had to be defined and whose specific characteristics were that of being an organism in a phase of growth and development, posed new challenges for these new professionals. This task was faced by the new specialists, who made every effort to transmit their experiences to the new generations of professionals, which meant, on the one hand, addressing childhood diseases from new perspectives and, on the other, legitimizing their position as experts.(AU)

Association between diastolic dysfunction and fluid balance in critically ill patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of diastolic dysfunction and fluid balance in weaning failure. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, single center. SETTING: Intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Adult patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h who underwent a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). INTERVENTIONS: Echocardiography was performed immediately before and at the end of SBT. Patients were classified into two groups according to weaning outcome. MAIN VARIABLE OF INTEREST: Weaning failure. RESULTS: Among 89 patients included, weaning failure occurred in 33 patients (37%). Isolated diastolic dysfunction at the end of the SBT was more frequent in the failure group (39.3% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.025). Average daily fluid balance from ICU admission until first SBT was less negative in patients who failed than in those who succeed in the weaning (-648 mL [-884 to -138] vs. -893 mL [-1284 to -501], p = 0.007). Average daily fluid balance from the first SBT until the ICU discharge was more negative in the weaning failure than in the success group (-973 mL [-1493 to -201] vs. -425 mL [-1065 to 12], p = 0.034). Cox regression analysis showed that diastolic dysfunction was not an independent factor related to weaning failure but needed the association of positive fluid balance and age. CONCLUSIONS: Weaning failure due to diastolic dysfunction is highly related to fluid balance, and the deleterious effect of fluid balance on diastolic function is associated with age The timing of fluid removal could play a key role in this scenario.

Aspectos bioéticos relacionados aos cuidados de fim de vida: uma revisão integrativa

esta é uma revisão integrativa da literatura que tem como objetivo ressaltar e discutir os aspectos bioéticos relacionados com a atenção ao paciente no final da vida no contexto brasileiro. Em específico, pretende-se identificar as circunstâncias relacionadas com esses aspectos bioéticos, bem como seus fatores desencadeantes. Foram selecionadas publicações de autores brasileiros, publicadas entre 2014 e 2020. A busca foi realizada em outubro de 2020, por meio das bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed e SciELO. Dos 231 artigos encontrados, 24 foram selecionados. Da análise temática, surgiram duas categorias que compreendem os aspectos bioéticos: "(não) morrer com dignidade" e "obstinação e futilidade terapêuticas". Foram identificadas seis circunstâncias relacionadas com esses aspectos bioéticos e 15 fatores desencadeantes. Os aspectos foram associados principalmente à não aceitação da morte, às falhas na formação acadêmica dos profissionais de saúde e ao insuficiente conhecimento sobre os conceitos e práticas em cuidados paliativos. Portanto, integrar o ensino da bioética na formação e na prática profissionais se torna fundamental para o cuidado dos pacientes no final da vida.

this integrative review of the literature aims to highlight and discuss the bioethical aspects of end-of-life patient care in the Brazilian context. Specifically, it seeks to identify the circumstances related to these bioethical aspects and their triggering factors. Publications by Brazilian authors published between 2014 and 2020 were selected. The search was conducted in October 2020 through PubMed and SciELO electronic databases. Of the 231 articles found, 24 were selected. Two categories comprising bioethical aspects emerged from the thematic analysis: "(not) dying with dignity" and "therapeutic obstinacy and futility." Six circumstances related to these bioethical aspects and 15 triggering factors were identified. The aspects were mainly associated with the non-acceptance of death, failures in the academic training of health professionals, and insufficient knowledge about palliative care concepts and practices. Therefore, integrating bioethics teaching in professional training and practice becomes fundamental for the care of patients at the end of life.

esta es una revisión integradora de la literatura que tiene como objetivo resaltar y discutir los aspectos bioéticos relacionados con la atención al paciente al final de la vida en el contexto brasileño. Específicamente, busca identificar las circunstancias relacionadas con estos aspectos bioéticos, así como sus factores desencadenantes. Se seleccionaron publicaciones de autores brasileños, publicadas entre 2014y 2020. La búsqueda se realizó en octubre de 2020, a través de las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed y SciELO. De los 231 artículos encontrados, 24 fueron seleccionados. Del análisis temático surgieron dos categorías que comprenden los aspectos bioéticos: "(no) morir con dignidad" y "obstinación y futilidad terapéuticas". Se identificaron seis circunstancias relacionadas con estos aspectos bioéticos y 15 factores desencadenantes. Los aspectos se asociaron principalmente a la no aceptación de la muerte, las fallas en la formación académica de los profesionales de salud y el insuficiente conocimiento sobre los conceptos y prácticas en cuidados paliativos. Por lo tanto, integrar la enseñanza de la Bioética en la formación y práctica profesionales se vuelve fundamental para el cuidado de los pacientes al final de la vida.

Medicina familiar, principios bioéticos y final de la vida en Colombia / Family Medicine, Bioethical Principles and End of Life in Colombia

Introducción: La medicina familiar, dentro de su enfoque biopsicosocial, acoge la valoración integral de cada individuo en su curso de vida, donde es indispensable integrar todos los principios bioéticos para brindar una atención adecuada, oportuna y humanizada. El abordaje del especialista en medicina familiar sobre el final de vida debe estar ligado a estos aspectos, lo que permite ampliar la relación clínica desde el paciente hasta su núcleo familiar y su equipo en salud. Objetivo: Discutir los principios bioéticos desde una perspectiva integrativa a partir de un recorrido por los principales apartados legales que se han desarrollado en Colombia desde la sentencia C-239 de 1997, en relación con el derecho a morir dignamente. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda en PubMed, Elsevier, Scielo y la normativa del contexto colombiano. Conclusiones: La disponibilidad de la información permite tener claridad sobre los conceptos al final de vida y el quehacer de los profesionales de la salud en esta etapa, que permita brindar al paciente y a su familia información clara y alternativas en su manejo integral, que dignifique la relación médico-paciente-familia-equipo de salud(AU)

Introduction: Family medicine, within its biopsychosocial approach, welcomes the comprehensive assessment of each individual in his or her life course, where it is essential to integrate all bioethical principles to provide adequate, timely and humanized care. The approach of the family medicine specialist at the end of life should be linked to these aspects, which allows extending the clinical relationship of the patient to the family nucleus and the health team. Objective: To discuss bioethical principles from an integrative perspective based on the review of the main legal paragraphs that have been developed in Colombia since the C-239 ruling of 1997 in relation to the right to die with dignity. Methods: A narrative review was carried out through searches in PubMed, Elsevier, SciELO and in the normativity of the Colombian context. Conclusions: The availability of information allows clarity about the concepts at the end of life and the work of health professionals at this stage, which allows providing the patient and family with clear information and alternatives in their comprehensive management, which dignifies the doctor-patient-family-health team relationship(AU)

Ethical dilemmas in infant mental health: Examples from child protection, home visiting, and medical contexts.

Infant mental health is explicitly relational and strengths based as a field. Ethical dilemmas in infant mental health have received insufficient attention at the level of infant mental health professionals (IMHP) and other professionals caring for infants who must grapple with questions of when caregivers and infants have conflicting interests. We present composite cases drawn from North American and Australian contexts, using three systems in which such conflicts may commonly manifest: child protection, home visiting, and medical settings. The field of infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH) should begin to discuss such dilemmas and how best to balance the needs of caregivers and infants when they are not well aligned.

Como campo profesional, la salud mental infantil se basa explícitamente en relaciones y puntos fuertes. Los dilemas éticos en el campo de la salud mental infantil no han recibido suficiente atención al nivel de los practicantes profesionales que luchan con preguntas de cuando quienes prestan el cuidado y los infantes tienen intereses que entran en conflicto. Presentamos casos compuestos tomados de contextos en Norteamérica y Australia, usando tres sistemas en los cuales tales conflictos pudieran comúnmente manifestar: protección infantil, visitas a casa y escenarios médicos. El campo de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez debe comenzar a hablar de tales dilemas y cómo equilibrar mejor las necesidades de quienes prestan el cuidado y de los infantes cuando ambos no se encuentran bien emparejados.

La santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance est explicitement relationnelle ainsi que basée sur les forces qui existent, en tant que domaine. Les dilemmes éthiques en santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance n'ont pas assez reçu d'attention au niveau des praticiens aux prises avec des questions ayant trait aux moments et situations où les personnes prenant soin des enfants et les nourrissons ont des intérêts qui sont en conflit. Nous présentons des cas complexes issus de contextes nord-américains et australiens, en utilisant trois systèmes au sein desquels de tels conflits peuvent se manifester : la protection de l'enfant, la visite à domicile, et le cadre médical. Le domaine de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance devrait commencer à discuter de tels dilemmes et de la meilleure manière d'équilibrer les besoins des personnes prenant soin des bébés et des bébés lorsqu'ils ne sont pas bien alignés.

Nutrition intake in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A nationwide, multicentre, observational study in Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: In 2020 the pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2 demanded an enormous number of healthcare resources in order to guarantee adequate treatment and support for those patients. This study aims to assess caloric and protein intake and evaluate its associations with relevant clinical outcomes in critically ill with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: A nationwide, multicentre prospective observational study including twelve Argentinian intensive care units (ICUs,) was conducted between March and October 2020. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Adult ICU patients>18 years admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 diagnosis and mechanical ventilation for at least 48h. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM-SPSS© 24 programme. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-five patients were included in the study. Those who died had lower protein intake (0.73g/kg/day (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.75 vs 0.97g/kg/day (CI 0.95-0.99), P<0.001), and lower caloric intake than those who survived (12.94kcal/kg/day (CI 12.48-13.39) vs 16.47kcal/kg/day (CI 16.09-16.8), P<0.001). A model was built, and logistic regression showed that factors associated with the probability of achieving caloric and protein intake, were the early start of nutritional support, modified NUTRIC score higher than five points, and undernutrition (Subjective Global Assessment B or C). The patients that underwent mechanical ventilation in a prone position present less caloric and protein intake, similar to those with APACHE II>18. CONCLUSIONS: Critically ill patients with COVID-19 associated respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation who died in ICU had less caloric and protein intake than those who survived. Early start on nutritional support and undernutrition increased the opportunity to achieve protein and caloric goals, whereas the severity of disease and mechanical ventilation in the prone position decreased the chance to reach caloric and protein targets.

Design and implementation of the Professional Wellbeing Programme of the Medical Council of Uruguay.

Multiple studies have reported a high prevalence of mental health problems among male and female physicians. Although doctors are reluctant to seek professional help when suffering from a mental disorder, specialised services developed specifically to treat their mental health problems have reported promising results. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and implementation of the Professional Wellbeing Programme (Programa de Bienestar Profesional) of the Uruguayan Medical Council (Colegio Médico del Uruguay). The context, inputs, activities and some of the outputs are described according to a case study design. The main milestones in the implementation of the programme are also outlined, as well as the enabling elements, obstacles and main achievements. Emphasis will be placed on the importance of international collaboration to share experiences and models, how to design the care process to promote doctors' access to psychiatric and psychological care, the need for them to be flexible and dynamic in adapting to new and changing circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and to work in parallel with the medical regulatory bodies. It is hoped that the experience described in this work may be of use to other Latin American institutions interested in developing mental health programmes for doctors.

Diseño e implementación del Programa de Bienestar Profesional del Colegio Médico del Uruguay

Son múltiples los estudios que informan de una alta prevalencia de problemas de salud mental en médicos y médicas. Aunque los médicos presentan resistencias a la hora de solicitar ayuda profesional cuando están aquejados de trastornos mentales, los servicios especializados desarrollados específicamente para tratar sus problemas de salud mental han reportado resultados prometedores. El propósito de este artículo es describir el diseno y la implementación del Programa de Bienestar Profesional del Colegio Médico del Uruguay. El contexto, los insumos, las actividades y algunos de los productos se describen de acuerdo con el diseno de un estudio de caso. También se sefñalan los principales hitos en la puesta en marcha del programa, así como los elementos facilitadores, los obstáculos y los principales logros. Se enfatizará la importancia de la colaboración internacional para compartir experiencias y modelos, cómo articular el proceso asistencial para fomentar el acceso de los médicos a la atención psiquiátrica y psicológica, la necesidad de que sean flexibles y dinámicos para adaptarse a circunstancias novedosas y cambiantes como la pandemia por COVID-19 y la necesidad de que vayan en paralelo con las exigencias de los organismos reguladores de la práctica médica. Se espera que la experiencia descrita en este trabajo pueda ser de utilidad a otros colectivos latinoamericanos interesados en desarrollar programas de salud mental para los médicos.

Multiple studies have reported a high prevalence of mental health problems among male and female physicians. Although doctors are reluctant to seek professional help when suffering from a mental disorder, specialized services developed specifically to treat their mental health problems have reported promising results. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and implementation of the Professional Wellbeing Programme (Programa de Bienestar Profesional) of the Uruguayan Medical Association (Colegio Médico del Uruguay). The context, inputs, activities and some of the outputs are described according to a case study design. The main milestones in the implementation of the programme are also outlined, as well as the enabling elements, obstacles and main achievements. Emphasis will be placed on the importance of international collaboration to share experiences and models, how to design the care process to promote doctors' access to psychiatric and psychological care, the need for them to be flexible and dynamic in adapting to new and changing circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and to work in parallel with the medical regulatory bodies. It is hoped that the experience described in this work may be of use to other Latin American institutions interested in developing mental health programmes for doctors.

Gender analysis of Spanish National Questionnaire on behaviours and attitudes of doctors towards their own illness (CAMAPE).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Physicians' health is a key element for quality healthcare. Medical professionals have difficulty accepting their role as patients and it might be different among sexes. The aim was to describe behaviours and attitudes of doctors towards their own illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey was launched through the General Council of Medical Associations webpage for all Spanish registered doctors. A bivariate analysis by sex was performed for all the questionnaire variables using parametric and non-parametric tests. The significance level was p<0.05 (95% confidence interval). RESULTS: A total of 4,308 registered doctors (1,858 men and 2,450 women) answered. Women were younger, single, and worked mainly in non-surgical specialities in the public sector. Men were older, married, and worked more frequently in public-private practice. Women had less chronic conditions, except for anxiety disorders (11.52% vs 15.18%). Both sexes, especially women, primarily self-treated (94.29% vs 95.02%), went to work while ill (88.16% vs 90.29%), visited their GP (56% vs 70%), and half of them underwent annual occupational health checks (40% vs 48%). Women self-prescribed more analgesics (93.43% vs 95.63%), more presenteeism (88% vs 90%) and felt more insecure when treating sick fellows (9.96% vs 20.12%) and requested training for it. More women agreed to make deontological recommendations about doctors' health (91.55% vs 96.16%) and considered revalidation may contribute to improve doctors' health (65.29% vs 66.16%). CONCLUSIONS: Male and female doctors show illness-health behaviours and attitudes at work to improve. There are differences among male and female doctors. Regarding, medical feminization, ethical recommendations may be of benefit regarding doctors' health-illness issues and considering gender perspective.

Spiritual well-being, symptoms and performance of patients under palliative care / Bienestar espiritual, síntomas y funcionalidad de pacientes en cuidados paliativos / Bem-estar espiritual, sintomas e funcionalidade de pacientes em cuidados paliativos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the relationship between spiritual well-being, symptoms and performance of patients under palliative care. Methods: this is a descriptive correlational study, conducted with 135 patients seen in palliative care outpatient clinics. Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, Spirituality Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Spearman's correlation. Results: among participants, 68.2% were cancer patients. The most prevalent symptoms were changes in well-being (65.2%), anxiety (63.7%), sadness (63%) and fatigue (63%). Sadness, dyspnea, sleepiness, anxiety and depression presented weak to moderate correlation with spiritual well-being. Symptom overload showed weak negative correlation with performance. Conclusions: symptom intensification was correlated with worsening in spiritual well-being perception. The reduction in performance was related to increased number of symptoms, especially depression and anxiety.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la relación entre bienestar espiritual, síntomas y funcionalidad de pacientes en cuidados paliativos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, realizado con 135 pacientes atendidos en consultas externas de cuidados paliativos. Se utilizaron la Escala Funcional de Karnofsky, la Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas de Edmonton, la Escala de Espiritualidad y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo y correlación de Spearman. Resultados: entre los participantes, 68,2% eran pacientes con cáncer. Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron cambios en el bienestar (65,2%), ansiedad (63,7%), tristeza (63%) y fatiga (63%). Tristeza, disnea, somnolencia, ansiedad y depresión mostraron una correlación débil a moderada con el bienestar espiritual. La carga de síntomas mostró una débil correlación negativa con la funcionalidad. Conclusiones: la intensificación de los síntomas se correlacionó con el empeoramiento de la percepción de bienestar espiritual. La reducción de la funcionalidad se relacionó con un aumento del número de síntomas, especialmente depresión y ansiedad.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a relação entre bem-estar espiritual, sintomas e funcionalidade de pacientes em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: estudo descritivo correlacional, realizado com 135 pacientes atendidos em ambulatórios de cuidados paliativos. A Escala Funcional de Karnofsky, a Escala de Avaliação de Sintomas de Edmonton, a Escala de Espiritualidade e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão foram utilizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: entre os participantes, 68,2% eram pacientes oncológicos. Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram alterações do bem-estar (65,2%), ansiedade (63,7%), tristeza (63%) e fadiga (63%). Tristeza, dispneia, sonolência, ansiedade e depressão apresentaram correlação fraca a moderada com bem-estar espiritual. A sobrecarga de sintomas mostrou correlação negativa fraca com funcionalidade. Conclusões: a intensificação dos sintomas esteve correlacionada à piora na percepção de bem-estar espiritual. A redução da funcionalidade esteve relacionada ao aumento da quantidade de sintomas, em especial depressão e ansiedade.

Spiritual well-being, symptoms and performance of patients under palliative care / Bienestar espiritual, síntomas y funcionalidad de pacientes en cuidados paliativos / Bem-estar espiritual, sintomas e funcionalidade de pacientes em cuidados paliativos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the relationship between spiritual well-being, symptoms and performance of patients under palliative care. Methods: this is a descriptive correlational study, conducted with 135 patients seen in palliative care outpatient clinics. Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, Spirituality Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Spearman's correlation. Results: among participants, 68.2% were cancer patients. The most prevalent symptoms were changes in well-being (65.2%), anxiety (63.7%), sadness (63%) and fatigue (63%). Sadness, dyspnea, sleepiness, anxiety and depression presented weak to moderate correlation with spiritual well-being. Symptom overload showed weak negative correlation with performance. Conclusions: symptom intensification was correlated with worsening in spiritual well-being perception. The reduction in performance was related to increased number of symptoms, especially depression and anxiety.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la relación entre bienestar espiritual, síntomas y funcionalidad de pacientes en cuidados paliativos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, realizado con 135 pacientes atendidos en consultas externas de cuidados paliativos. Se utilizaron la Escala Funcional de Karnofsky, la Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas de Edmonton, la Escala de Espiritualidad y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo y correlación de Spearman. Resultados: entre los participantes, 68,2% eran pacientes con cáncer. Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron cambios en el bienestar (65,2%), ansiedad (63,7%), tristeza (63%) y fatiga (63%). Tristeza, disnea, somnolencia, ansiedad y depresión mostraron una correlación débil a moderada con el bienestar espiritual. La carga de síntomas mostró una débil correlación negativa con la funcionalidad. Conclusiones: la intensificación de los síntomas se correlacionó con el empeoramiento de la percepción de bienestar espiritual. La reducción de la funcionalidad se relacionó con un aumento del número de síntomas, especialmente depresión y ansiedad.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a relação entre bem-estar espiritual, sintomas e funcionalidade de pacientes em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: estudo descritivo correlacional, realizado com 135 pacientes atendidos em ambulatórios de cuidados paliativos. A Escala Funcional de Karnofsky, a Escala de Avaliação de Sintomas de Edmonton, a Escala de Espiritualidade e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão foram utilizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: entre os participantes, 68,2% eram pacientes oncológicos. Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram alterações do bem-estar (65,2%), ansiedade (63,7%), tristeza (63%) e fadiga (63%). Tristeza, dispneia, sonolência, ansiedade e depressão apresentaram correlação fraca a moderada com bem-estar espiritual. A sobrecarga de sintomas mostrou correlação negativa fraca com funcionalidade. Conclusões: a intensificação dos sintomas esteve correlacionada à piora na percepção de bem-estar espiritual. A redução da funcionalidade esteve relacionada ao aumento da quantidade de sintomas, em especial depressão e ansiedade.

Neumotórax a tensión secundario a colocación de sonda enteral: reporte de caso / Tension pneumothorax secondary to enteral tube: a case report / Pneumotórax hipertensivo secundário à colocação de sonda enteral: relato de caso

Resumen: La colocación de una sonda enteral es un procedimiento invasivo rutinario que puede presentar complicaciones graves. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 54 años de edad que presentó paro cardiorrespiratorio secundario a infarto de miocardio y que, después de la colocación de una sonda nasoyeyunal, desarrolló neumotórax, por lo que ameritó su retiro, la colocación de una sonda endopleural y la administración de antibióticos. El paciente mostró adecuada expansión pulmonar, lo cual permitió el retiro de la sonda endopleural a los seis días de su instalación, la extubación del enfermo y finalmente su egreso por mejoría. El neumotórax asociado a la colocación de la sonda enteral se presenta en 1.2% de los pacientes. Los factores de riesgo son: déficit neurológico, alteración de la deglución y del reflejo tusígeno. El tratamiento descrito en la literatura es el retiro de la sonda, el uso de antibióticos y el drenaje torácico.

Abstract: Enteral tube placement is a routine invasive procedure that can present serious complications. We present the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to myocardial infarction and who, after placement of a nasojejunal tube, developed pneumothorax that required removal of the tube, placement of a chest tube and administration of antibiotics. The patient presented adequate lung expansion, which allowed removal of the chest tube six days after its installation, extubation and finally discharge due to improvement. Pneumothorax associated with enteral tube placement occurs in 1.2% of patients. Risk factors are neurological deficit, impaired swallowing and cough reflex. Treatment described in the literature is removal of the tube, use of antibiotics and chest drainage.

Resumo: A colocação de sonda enteral é um procedimento invasivo de rotina que pode apresentar complicações graves. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 54 anos que apresentou parada cardiorrespiratória secundária a infarto do miocárdio e que, após colocação de sonda nasojejunal, desenvolveu pneumotórax que exigiu sua retirada, colocação de sonda endopleural e administração de antibióticos.O paciente apresentou expansão pulmonar adequada, o que permitiu a retirada do tubo endopleural 6 dias após sua instalação, a extubação do paciente e por fim sua alta por melhora. O pneumotórax associado à colocação de sonda enteral ocorre em 1.2% dos pacientes. Os fatores de risco são: déficit neurológico, deglutição prejudicada e reflexo da tosse. O tratamento descrito na literatura é a retirada da sonda, uso de antibióticos e drenagem torácica.