Evaluation of a prison violence prevention program: impacts on violent and non-violent prison infractions.

BACKGROUND: Individuals who commit acts of violence in prisons are often placed in highly controlled environments called restrictive housing (i.e., solitary confinement), which can have severe physical and mental health consequences and does not reduce violence. As such, North Carolina prisons have introduced the rehabilitative diversion unit (RDU) to reduce the use of restrictive housing and reduce violence in prison. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of the RDU on prison infractions. We compared rates of infractions by type (including violent infractions) among men enrolled in the RDU and men who were eligible for the RDU but placed in restrictive housing for control purposes (RHCP). We also evaluated sustained program impacts by comparing the hazard of first infraction among these same two groups of men after program completion, when they had returned to the general prison population. Finally, we compared the hazard of first promotion to a less restrictive custody level (medium custody) when these men had returned to the general prison population. RESULTS: The primary analytic cohort was made up of 3128 men contributing 897,822 person-days. Adjusted rates of violent infractions were lower in the RDU than in RHCP (adjusted rate ratio: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1). All other categories of infractions, including drug-related infractions, occurred at higher rates during RDU, as compared to RHCP. In analyses of sustained program impacts, for most categories of infractions, there were no differences in the hazard of first infraction post-RDU and post-RHCP. However, the hazard of violent infraction post-RDU was higher (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.0) than post-RHCP. The hazard of promotion to a less restrictive custody level was higher post-RDU (adjusted hazard ratio: 17.4; 95% CI: 7.2, 42.2) than post-RHCP. CONCLUSIONS: We found the RDU program may be effective in reducing violence for men enrolled in the program, but that these benefits were not sustained. Continued programming may be a useful tool to transition men from the programmatically intensive environment of the RDU to the general prison population. Additionally, we recommend the expansion of evidence-based treatment for substance use disorder.

Assessment of the Influence of Technology-Based Distracted Driving on Drivers' Infractions and Their Subsequent Impact on Traffic Accidents Severity.

Multitasking while driving negatively affects driving performance and threatens people's lives every day. Moreover, technology-based distractions are among the top driving distractions that are proven to divert the driver's attention away from the road and compromise their safety. This study employs recent data on road traffic accidents that occurred in Spain and uses a machine-learning algorithm to analyze, in the first place, the influence of technology-based distracted driving on drivers' infractions considering the gender and age of the drivers and the zone and the type of vehicle. It assesses, in the second place, the impact of drivers' infractions on the severity of traffic accidents. Findings show that (i) technology-based distractions are likely to increase the probability of committing aberrant infractions and speed infractions; (ii) technology-based distracted young drivers are more likely to speed and commit aberrant infractions; (iii) distracted motorcycles and squad riders are found more likely to speed; (iv) the probability of committing infractions by distracted drivers increases on streets and highways; and, finally, (v) drivers' infractions lead to serious injuries.

Higher Levels of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence are Associated with Younger Onset Age of Violent Criminality: A Follow-Up Study of Former Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: Earlier studies have reported that smoking is associated with violent behaviour. This study investigated nicotine dependence (ND), defined as already present in adolescence, and its relation to subsequent violent criminal offending. METHOD: The baseline dataset is composed of 508 former adolescent inpatients, admitted to a psychiatric hospital between the ages of 13-17. Adolescent ND was assessed using the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Follow-up data on crimes up to young adulthood was acquired from the Legal Register Centre of Finland. The study analyzes the participants with violent offences (n = 78) and those without any criminal history (n = 368). RESULTS: Over 80% of the violent offenders had ND already in adolescences. One third (32.2%) of those with high ND had committed their first violent crime before 18 years of age, the proportions being 15.2% in moderate and 7.1% in no-ND groups. The likelihood for committing first violent crimes at a younger age was increased in the participants with high (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) = 2.66, p = .008) or moderate ND (aHR = 2.40, p = .011). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent psychiatric patients, showing moderate to high levels of addiction to nicotine, should be a target population for adolescent focused smoking cessation interventions and programs. Adolescents addicted to nicotine may benefit from intensive clinical attention in order to avoid more adverse and unfavorable outcomes in life, beyond merely physical health related problems.

OBJECTIF: Les études précédentes ont rapporté que le tabagisme est associé au comportement violent. La présente étude a investigué la dépendance à la nicotine (DN), définie comme étant déjà présente à l'adolescence, et sa relation aux infractions criminelles violentes subséquentes. MÉTHODE: L'ensemble des données de base se compose de 508 anciens patients adolescents hospitalisés dans un hôpital psychiatrique entre 13 et 17 ans. La DN des adolescents a été évaluée à l'aide du questionnaire de tolérance Fagerström modifié. Les données de suivi sur les crimes jusqu'au jeune âge adulte ont été obtenues du centre de registre légal de Finlande. L'étude analyse les participants qui ont des infractions avec violence (n = 78) et ceux qui n'ont pas d'antécédents criminels (n = 368). RÉSULTATS: Plus de 80 % des délinquants violents avaient la DN déjà à l'adolescence. Un tiers (32,2 %) de ceux ayant une DN élevée avaient commis leur premier crime violent avant l'âge de 18 ans, dans des proportions de 15,2 % chez les modérés et de 7,1 % chez les groupes sans DN. La probabilité de commettre les premiers crimes violents plus jeune était accrue chez les participants ayant (un rapport de risque ajusté (RRa) = 2,66, p = ,008) élevé ou une DN modérée (RRa = 2,40, p = ,011). CONCLUSIONS: Les patients psychiatriques révélant des niveaux modérés à élevés de dépendance à la nicotine devraient constituer une population cible pour les interventions et les programmes de cessation du tabagisme axés sur les adolescents. Les adolescents dépendants à la nicotine peuvent bénéficier d'une attention clinique intensive afin d'éviter des résultats indésirables et défavorables dans la vie, au- delà des simples problèmes de santé physique.

Intervenção psicossocial com ofensoras/es sexuais intrafamiliares: Reflexões e componentes de avaliação de processo / Psychosocial intervention with intrafamilial sex offenders: reflections and process evaluation components / Intervención psicosocial com delincuentes sexuales intrafamiliares: reflexiones y componentes de evaluación de procesos / Intervention psychosociale auprès de sexuels délinquants Intrafamiliaux: réflexionss et composantes de l'évaluation du processus

As intervenções enfocando ofensoras/es sexuais de crianças e adolescentes são recentes e pouco estudadas no Brasil. Nesta pesquisa, utilizou-se o referencial teórico sistêmico e partiu-se de uma perspectiva de avaliação de processo para identificar fatores contextuais, de barreiras e facilitadores, para a implementação de uma intervenção a este público. Foram realizadas entrevistas, no segundo semestre de 2017, com profissionais de equipe de saúde pública que oferecem tal intervenção. A análise de conteúdo dos resultados apontou para a inter-relação existente entre os diversos contextos, trazendo barreiras que dialogam entre processos socioculturais, socioeconômicos, éticos, legais e políticos. Considera-se relevante a divulgação de tais resultados, diante da carência de estudos com avaliação de processo em intervenções com pessoas que cometem ofensas sexuais. Tal divulgação pode representar um primeiro passo para mudanças em crenças e estereótipos relacionados aos ofensores sexuais e que, por sua vez, ampliem a implementação e avaliação de intervenções desta natureza.

The implementation of interventions focusing on child and adolescent's sexual offenders is a recent phenomenon, scarcely studied, especially in Brazil. In this research, the systemic framework was the theory used along with a process evaluation perspective to identify contextual factors, barriers and facilitators for the implementation of an intervention to this public. Interviews were conducted during the second semester of 2017 with professionals of a public health team that offers such intervention. The content analysis of the interviews pointed to the interrelationship between the different contexts, bringing barriers that dialogue between socio-cultural, socioeconomic, ethical, legal and politcal processes. It is considered relevant to disseminate such results, due to the lack of studies focusing on process evaluations in the context of interventions with sexual offenders. Such disclosure may represent a first step towards changes in sexual offender-related beliefs and stereotypes, and, in turn, broaden the implementation and evaluation of interventions of this nature.

La realización de intervenciones enfocando ofensores sexuales es un fenómeno reciente y poco estudiado, especialmente en Brasil. Se utilizó el referencial teórico sistémico y se partió de una perspectiva de evaluación de proceso para identificar factores contextuales para la implementación de una intervención a este público. Las entrevistas se realizaron em la segunda mitad de 2017 com profesionales del equipo de salud pública que ofrece tal intervención. El análisis de contenido de los resultados apuntó a la interrelación existente entre los diversos contextos, trayendo barreras que dialogan entre procesos socioculturales, socioeconómicos, éticos, legales y políticos. Se considera relevante la divulgación de tales resultados, ante la carencia de estudios sobre evaluación de proceso con intervenciones con ofensores sexuales. Tal divulgación puede representar un primer paso para cambios en creencias y estereo-tipos relacionados con los ofensores sexuales y que a su vez amplíen la implementación y evaluación de intervenciones de esta naturaleza.

Les interventions visant les délinquants sexuels d'enfants et d'adolescents sont récentes etpeu étudiées au Brésil. Dans cette recherche, nous avons utilisé le cadre théorique systémique et commencé à partir d'une perspective d'évaluation de processus pour identifier les facteurs contextuels, les obstacles et les facilitateurs, en vue de la mise en wuvre d'une intervention destinée à ce public. Des entretiens ont été menés au cours du second semestre de 2017 avec des professionnels des équipes de santé publique proposant une telle intervention. L 'analyse du contenu des résultats a mis en évidence l'interdépendance des divers contextes, faisant ainsi obstacle au dialogue entre les processus socioculturels, socioéco-nomiques, éthiques, juridiques et politiques. La diffusion de ces résultats est jugée pertinente compte tenu du manque d'études d'évaluation des processus d'évaluation des interventions auprès des auteurs d'infractions sexuelles. Une telle divulgation peut constituer un premier pas vers la modification des croyances et des stéréotypes liés aux délinquants sexuels et, à son tour, élargir la mise en wuvre et l'évaluation d'interventions de cette nature.

Adolescentes autores de atos infracionais: dificuldades de acesso e permanência na escola / Adolescentes autores de infracciones: dificultades de acceso y permanencia en la escuela / Teenagers responsible for infractions: difficulties in accessing and staying in school

RESUMO Este artigo discute parte de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo compreender a construção da identidade de adolescentes autores de atos infracionais durante suas trajetórias escolares. O enfoque deste artigo trata das dificuldades enfrentadas por esses alunos em acessar e permanecer no sistema educacional e as implicações na constituição das suas identidades. A pesquisa se utilizou de registros dos Livros de Ocorrência Escolares (LOE), de processos judiciais e entrevistas com os adolescentes. A análise foi feita a partir de núcleos de significação apreendidos nos discursos dos adolescentes, em conjunto com a análise documental. Os dados demonstraram que a escola é um lugar, para a maioria desses adolescentes, de reposição de identidade estigmatizada, o que dificulta o acesso e a permanência nesse ambiente. Portanto, o estudo sugere uma urgente discussão no âmbito das políticas públicas de educação que visem o acesso e a permanência desses adolescentes na escola.

RESUMEN Este artículo discute parte de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender la construcción de la identidad de adolescentes autores de infracciones durante su trayectoria escolar. El enfoque de este artículo trata de las dificultades que esos alumnos enfrentan para acceder y permanecer en el sistema educativo y las implicaciones en la constitución de sus identidades. La investigación se basó en el registro de los Libros de Ocurrencia Escolares (LOE), en procesos judiciales y en entrevistas con los adolescentes. El análisis se hizo a partir de núcleos de significación aprehendidos en los discursos de los adolescentes, en conjunto con el análisis documental. Los datos demostraron que la escuela es un lugar, para la mayoría de estos adolescentes, de reposición de identidad estigmatizada, lo que dificulta el acceso y la permanencia en ese ambiente. Por lo tanto, el estudio sugiere una urgente discusión en el ámbito de las políticas públicas de educación que tengan como objetivo el acceso y la permanencia de esos adolescentes en la escuela.

ABSTRACT This article discusses part of a research that had as its aim to understand the construction of the identity of adolescents who committed infractions during their school trajectories. The focus of this article is the difficulties faced by these students to access and remain in the educational system and the implications in the constitution of their identities. The research was based on records of School Occurrences Books (LOE), court proceedings and interviews with adolescents. The analysis was made from nuclei of meaning detected in the discourses of the adolescents, together with the documentary analysis. The data showed that the school is a place, for most of these adolescents, that supports stigmatized identites, which makes it difficult to access and stay in school. Therefore, the study points to an urgent discussion in the scope of the public policies of education that aim at the access and permanence of these adolescents at school.

Psychological indicators on transgresor behavior of traffic rules / Indicadores psicológicos en la conducta transgresora de normas de tránsito

RESUMEN Este artículo de reflexión derivado de la investigación Perfilpsicológico de infractores frecuentes de normas de tránsito en el Valle de Aburrá tiene como propósito fundamental plantear la evidencia de indicadores psicológicos que expliquen la propensión en conductores a la comisión de infracciones reiteradas a las normas del Código Nacional de Tránsito Terrestre. Utilizando el instrumento de medición de la personalidad, 16 PF-5, los resultados indican la existencia de rasgos comunes en conductores infractores frecuentes y no frecuentes, en niveles bajos de ansiedad e inestabilidad emocional (C-), baja autoestima y poco interés por dar una buena imagen de sí (MI-), extraversión baja (EX-), distraídos y con falta de sentido práctico (M+), recelosos, ensimismados y calculadores (N+), con dificultad para actuar con otros (Q2+) y propensos a ser tensos e impacientes (Q4+). Lo que se constata es la presencia de unos rasgos de personalidad que favorecen una tendencia generalizada en los conductores a la transgresión del Código Nacional de Tránsito Terrestre.

ABSTRACT This article of reflection derived from the investigation: psychological profile of frequent violators of norms of transit in the Valle de Aburrá (Durán Palacio and Moreno Carmona, 2016), has as fundamental purpose to raise the evidence of indicators psychological activities that explain the propensity in drivers to the commission of repeated infringements to the rules of the Traffic Code and road safety. Using the Personality measurement Instrument, 16 PF-5, the results indicate the existence of common traits in frequent and non-frequent offending drivers, low levels of anxiety and emotional instability ( C-), low self-esteem and little interest in giving a good self's image ( MI-), extraversion low (EX-), distracted and with absence of practical sense (M+), suspicious, self-absorbed and calculators (N+), with difficulty in acting with others (Q2+) and inclined to be tense and impatient (Q4+). What is noted is the presence of personality traits that favor a generalized trend in drivers to the transgression of the transit code.

Evaluation of the Implementation of Brief Interventions to Substance Abuse in a Socieducative Context / Avaliação da Implementação de Intervenções Breves no Uso de Substâncias em Contexto Socioeducativo

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e dificuldades dos profissionais de centros socioeducativos na realização triagem e intervenção breve (TIB) em adolescentes em conflito com a Lei. Método: 102 profissionais que participaram ou não de capacitações responderam a um questionário específico referente a TIB. Resultados: A falta de tempo na aplicação da TIB e o perfil do adolescente da Fundação Casa foram as principais crenças/dificuldades detectadas. Aqueles que realizaram um curso prévio de capacitação na área de álcool/drogas apresentaram menores chances de adesão e as dificuldades encontradas na aplicação da TIB reduziram a motivação dos profissionais para sua aplicação. Conclusão: Estes dados indicam necessidade na atualização da formação profissional a partir de um ambiente para o diálogo e supervisão dos procedimentos.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and the difficulties of professionals who work in socio-educational contexts on the performing of screening and brief intervention (SBI) with youth in conflict with the law. Method: One hundred two professionals filled a specific questionnaire regarding SBI. Results: lack of time for application of SBI as well as the belief that this procedure is not efficient for these youths were the main difficulties observed. Those who concluded a prior course about substance abuse had fewer chances of adherence. Besides, the difficulties observed for applying SBI reduced their motivation to perform it. Conclusion: These data indicate the necessity to change some components of these training programs by introducing an environment for dialogue as well as supervision of all procedures adopted.

Incumprimento Protecionista no Mercado Único da União Europeia / Protectionist Non-Compliance in the Single Market of the European Union / Infractions Protectionnistes au sein du Marché Unique de l'Union européenne / Incumplimiento Proteccionista en el Mercado Único de la Unión Europea

RESUMO Embora o mercado único da União Europeia (UE) pressuponha a inexistência de barreiras nas trocas intracomunitárias, estas barreiras persistem configurando infrações à livre circulação de bens entre Estados membros. O argumento central deste artigo é que os governos dos países da UE tendem a aceitar infringir a liberdade de circulação e a manter o status quo protecionista em setores em que os grupos de interesse econômico são mais influentes. Com base na análise estatística de duas bases de dados disponibilizadas pela Comissão Europeia, o artigo evidencia a prevalência destas infrações protecionistas na UE e analisa, em especial, como a proteção nacional é mais frequente em setores com maior capacidade de pressão, nomeadamente no setor agrícola. A experiência europeia revela-se útil para outros projetos de integração na medida em que evidencia a possibilidade de ocorrerem pressões protecionistas de grupos econômicos que resultam em violações persistentes às regras dos acordos, e mostra a necessidade de esforços contínuos por parte das instituições regionais de se oporem a esse incumprimento.

ABSTRACT Although the single market of the European Union (EU) supposes the inexistence of barriers in intracommunity trade, such barriers persist, hindering the free circulation of goods between the member states. The main argument proposed in this article is that governments of EU countries tend to accept infringements on freedom of circulation and to maintain the protectionist status quo in sectors in which groups of economic interest are most influential. Based on a statistical analysis of two databases made available by the European Commission, the article highlights the prevalence of such protectionist infractions in the EU, with a particular analysis made on how national protection is more frequent in sectors with a greater capacity for pressure, namely in the agricultural sector. The European experience is a useful comparison point for other integration projects in so far as it reveals how protectionist pressures from economic groups can lead to persistent violations of the regulations in agreements, demonstrating the need for continuous efforts by regional institutions to oppose such non-compliance.

RÉSUMÉ Bien que le Marché unique de l'Union européenne (UE) présuppose l'inexistence de barrières pour les échanges intracommunautaires, certaines d'entre elles persistent néanmoins, en infraction à la libre circulation des biens entre les États membres. L'argument central de cet article est que les gouvernements des pays de l'Union européenne tendent à accepter ces infractions à la liberté de circulation et à maintenir le statu quo protectionniste dans les secteurs où les groupes d'intérêts économiques sont les plus influents. Sur la base de l'analyse statistique de deux banques de données mises à disposition par la Commission européenne, l'article mettra en évidence la prévalence de ces infractions protectionnistes dans l'Union européenne et analysera en particulier de quelle manière la protection nationale est plus fréquente dans des secteurs disposant d'une plus grande capacité de pression, notamment le secteur agricole. L'expérience européenne s'avère utile pour d'autres projets d'intégration dans la mesure où elle met en évidence la possibilité de la survenance de pressions protectionnistes de la part de certains groupes économiques, qui peuvent parfois mener à des infractions persistantes aux règles des accords. Cela met bien évidemment en évidence la nécessité d'efforts continus de la part des institutions régionales pour s'opposer à ses infractions.

RESUMEN A pesar de que el mercado único de la Unión Europea (UE) presupone la inexistencia de barreras en los intercambios intracomunitarios, estos obstáculos persisten y motivan quebrantamientos de la libre circulación de bienes entre Estados miembros. El argumento central de este artículo es que los gobiernos de los países de la UE tienden a aceptar infringir la libertad de circulación y a mantener el status quo proteccionista en sectores en los que los grupos de interés económico son más influyentes. Apoyándose en el análisis estadístico de dos bases de dados facilitadas por la Comisión Europea, el artículo muestra la prevalencia de estas infracciones proteccionistas en la UE y analiza, en especial, en qué medida la protección nacional es más frecuente en sectores con mayor capacidad de presión, en concreto, en el sector agrícola. La experiencia europea se revela útil para otros proyectos de integración, dado que refleja la posibilidad de que se produzcan presiones proteccionistas de grupos económicos que deriven en violaciones persistentes de las reglas de los acuerdos, y muestra la necesidad de que las instituciones regionales se esfuercen constantemente por oponerse a este incumplimiento.

[Court-ordered therapy, the case of sex offenders in Belgium]. / Injonction de soins, le cas des délinquants sexuels en Belgique.

Following the Dutroux affair which rocked Belgium in 1996, the Belgian minister for justice signed cooperation agreements with the country's three regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels-Capital), imposing on sex offenders therapy or treatment as an alternative to imprisonment. What legal programme is now in place for their management? Experience of the Brussels support centre.

[Studying dysfunctional personality trends among sex offenders]. / Étude des tendances dysfonctionnelles de la personnalité chez des auteurs d'infractions sexuelles.

OBJECTIVE: A review of the literature reveals a consensus on the high prevalence of personality disorders among sexual offenders. Studies show that there is no unique personality profile for sex offenders. In France, little research has been conducted on this population with standardized assessment tools. The objective of the present study is to identify the distribution of personality disorders among sexual offenders using a new French questionnaire, i.e. the TD12. In view of the literature, we postulate that this tool will identify the diversity of personality disorders observed by various authors, but with a higher proportion of cluster B disorders. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted among 56 men, including 28 sex offenders aged from 21 to 70 years old, and a control group of 28 men without psychiatric disorders. The sex offenders in this study are men convicted or charged with sex offenses of various kinds: exhibitionism, the recording, distribution and possession of pornography depicting minors, aggravated corruption of a minor, sexual assault of a minor, or rape of a minor. They were examined using an inventory of dysfunctional trends recently developed by Rolland and Pichot with the aim of assessing dysfunctional personality styles. The TD-12 questionnaire is composed of 140 items describing thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is based on the diagnostic criteria of Axis II of DSM IV-TR and consists of twelve scales that match the personality disorders described in this diagnostic manual (ten officially recognized disorders and two additional disorders). RESULTS: From a categorical viewpoint, results indicate rigid dysfunctional trends with regard to avoidant personality disorder in sex offenders compared to the control group (Chi(2)=9.16; P=0.005). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the number of rigid dysfunctional trends. Potentially controllable dysfunctional personality trends are identified for the dependent personality (Chi(2)=6.72; P=0.02) and the depressive personality (Chi(2)=9.63; P=0.004). Moreover, the results show differences related to type of crime. The mean score on the Docile-Dependent scale is higher among subjects who had only downloaded images of child pornography (n=8) compared to subjects who had committed at least one sexual offense against a victim (n=20) (58.75±8.43 versus 49.55±11.66, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: These results are somewhat in contradiction with previous studies. The often described cluster B personalities are not significantly observed in this study. These results show the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder, which in fact corresponds to a clinically observed sex offender profile characterized by inhibition, relationship difficulties with adults, fear of being judged or rejected, and social isolation. The study also shows the value of considering the personality profile in relation to the modus operandi. It is important to continue this research on larger groups in order to refine the results.

Counting down: HIV prison-based peer education programs and their connection to reduced disciplinary infractions.

Involvement in prosocial prison activities can ameliorate rule-breaking conduct and assist in the reinforcement of conventional behavior. Extant research shows a connection between participation in traditional educational/vocational programs and reduced prison infractions. However, studies that examine a correlation between less traditional prison programs and better institutional conduct are lacking. This study analyzed rates of disciplinary infractions among 49 female prisoners that worked in two HIV prison-based peer programs (AIDS, Counseling, and Education [ACE] and CARE [Counseling, AIDS, Resource, and Education]) as peer educators during their incarceration. These women were unlikely to jeopardize their position by engaging in unlawful or deviant behaviors. Results showed that working in programs like ACE/CARE prevented periods of maladjustment and subsequent disciplinary infractions during incarceration.

Juventudes e violências: implicações éticas e políticas / Youth and violence: ethical and political implications

O artigo realiza uma revisão bibliográfica e uma análise crítica sobre a relação historicamente construída entre juventudes e violências. O texto também convida a uma reflexão, realizada a partir do referencial teórico materialista histórico e dialético na Psicologia, sobre questões éticas e políticas implicadas na relação de jovens autores de atos infracionais com as violências vividas e praticadas por eles. Destacamos o caráter contraditório destes atos infracionais, que parecem buscar uma visibilidade e inscrição (inclusão) na cidade, porém instauram, por meio desta busca, novamente o estigma (exclusão) de "desviante", os colocando ainda mais perto de seu próprio desaparecimento e extermínio.

The article does a bibliographic review and a critical analysis on the relation historically built between youth and violence. The text also invites to a reflection, made from the theoretical reference historical materialist and dialectical psychology, about ethical and political questions involved in the relation of young authors of infractions with the violence lives practiced by them. The contradictory nature of these infractions is evidenced, because they appear seek visibility and membership (enrollment) in the city, however it presents with this search, once again the stigma (exclusion) of dissidents, putting them even closer to his own disappearance and extermination.

Juventudes e violências: implicações éticas e políticas / Youth and violence: ethical and political implications

O artigo realiza uma revisão bibliográfica e uma análise crítica sobre a relação historicamente construída entre juventudes e violências. O texto também convida a uma reflexão, realizada a partir do referencial teórico materialista histórico e dialético na Psicologia, sobre questões éticas e políticas implicadas na relação de jovens autores de atos infracionais com as violências vividas e praticadas por eles. Destacamos o caráter contraditório destes atos infracionais, que parecem buscar uma visibilidade e inscrição (inclusão) na cidade, porém instauram, por meio desta busca, novamente o estigma (exclusão) de "desviante", os colocando ainda mais perto de seu próprio desaparecimento e extermínio.(AU)

The article does a bibliographic review and a critical analysis on the relation historically built between youth and violence. The text also invites to a reflection, made from the theoretical reference historical materialist and dialectical psychology, about ethical and political questions involved in the relation of young authors of infractions with the violence lives practiced by them. The contradictory nature of these infractions is evidenced, because they appear seek visibility and membership (enrollment) in the city, however it presents with this search, once again the stigma (exclusion) of dissidents, putting them even closer to his own disappearance and extermination.(AU)

Ato infracional na adolescência: um fenômeno contemporâneo / Infractions against the law within adolescence: a contemporary phenomenon

Este texto originou-se da minha dissertação de mestrado intitulada ?Adolescentes em conflito com a lei: um estudo sobre a produção de sentidos? (BOCCA, 2002). A violência social revela um fenômeno contemporâneo de grande proporção e o adolescente que comete atos de infração é visto como o principal protagonista desta problemática, pois ora a sociedade o encara como vítima de um sistema de políticas públicas falidas e ora como agente detentor de livre arbítrio, que opta pela prática infratora como um caminho mais fácil para alcançar o mundo. Este tema é muito complexo para ser analisado a partir de uma única visão. Para tanto, abordaremos aqui, o contexto em que os adolescentes participantes da pesquisa acima referida estão inseridos. Quando cometem práticas infratoras, trazem em seus atos violentos suas histórias, seus projetos de vida e de morte, agressões sofridas e outros fatos negativos que marcaram suas vidas e as de seus familiares, que se somam às inúmeras violências de um mundo onde a existência é marcada pelo ter, em face do ser. Esta forma de existir está fundamentada em uma sociedade da aparência e do consumismo. O fenômeno adolescente em conflito com a lei revela aspecto do momento histórico e denuncia a crise cultural que caracteriza o mundo contemporâneo.

This text has arisen from my master?s degree dissertation, entitled ?Young offenders: a study about the production of meaning? (BOCCA, 2002). The social violence problem exposes a contemporary phenomenon that has reached alarming proportion and which young offenders take a leading role. At times, they are considered to be victims of the failed public policies and, at others, they are seen as agents who have free will and choose to commit offences as an easy way to reach the world. This theme is too complex to be analyzed from one single point of view; therefore, we have viewed the research participants in context. When infringing the law, adolescents express themselves through violent behavior. This expression is a result of their histories, life-death project, aggressions suffered and other negative experiences which marked them, as well as their families. Added to these factors exist a violent society at large, which has based its existence in ?having? rather than ?being.? This way of ?existing? is founded in outward appearances and consumerism. The matter of adolescents in conflict with the law reveals aspects of the historical moment and exposes the cultural crisis which delineates the contemporary world.

O código de ética odontológica e suas infrações: um estudo sobre os processos ético-profissionais dos cirurgiões dentistas do estado de Santa Catarina / The odontological ethics code infractions: a study on the proceedings ethics professional of the surgeon dentists in Santa Catarina state

O Código de Ética Odontológica revela-se como um instrumento elaborado para orientar a conduta dos cirurgiões-dentistas sobre os aspectos éticos da profissão. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar as infrações éticas praticadas por cirurgiões-dentistas no exercício da odontologia a partir da análise de 154 processos éticos instaurados e julgados no Conselho Regional de Odontologia do Estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 1994 a 2006. Os resultados, de maneira geral, demonstram que, segundo a origem das infrações, a publicidade irregular e o acobertamento do exercício ilegal e irregular da profissão aparecem com percentual elevado. Quanto ao gênero dos infratores, o sexo masculino se sobressai ao sexo feminino. Com relação às mesorregiões, observa-se que a Grande Florianópolis e o Vale do Itajaí apresentam o maior número de infratores. No que se refere ao ano de graduação dos infratores, verifica-se que na década de 1977 a 1986 concentra-se o maior número de infrações. Resultantes dos processos éticos instaurados e julgados, a decisão de absolvição e a penalidade de advertência confidencial em aviso reservado foram as mais aplicadas. Sugere-se, em conclusão, uma maior divulgação da ética e dos preceitos éticos do Código de Ética Odontógica.

The Odontological Ethics Code shows as an elaborated instrument to guide the behavior of the surgeon-dentists on the ethical aspects of the profession. The objective of the study is to characterize the ethical infractions practised by surgeon-dentists in the professional exercise of the odontology from the analysis of the 154 establisched and judged ethical processes in the Odontology Regional Council (CRO) of the Santa Catarina State, in the period of 1994 to 2006. The results in general had demonstrated that according the infractions the irregular advertising and protection of the illegal and irregular exercise of the profession has high percentage. About the sex of the infractors the masculine stand out to has feminine sex. With regard to the regions it is observed, that Metrpolitan region Florianópolis and the Valley of Itajaí present the hignest number of infractors. About the graduation year of the infravtors it is observed that is 1977 to 1986 decade there was highest number of infractions. Resultants of the ethical processes establisched and judged the decision of absolution and the confidential warning penality in private acknowledgment were most applied. It is suggested, in conclusion, greater disclosure of ethics and ethical precepts of the Odontological Ethics Code.

Da privação da dignidade social à privação da liberdade individual / From deprivation of social dignity to deprivation of individual freedom

O presente artigo discute o modo como os adolescentes significam suas práticas de vida e se subjetivam a partir dos contextos da família, da justiça e da medida sócio-educativa de internação, em decorrência de ato infracional cometido. Intenta, assim, questionar a forma como a sociedade e as instituições envolvidas têm tratado a questão. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com adolescentes considerados autores de atos infracionais que cumpriam a medida de internação na cidade de Porto Alegre, e foi feita a leitura e analisados os conteúdos dos respectivos processos judiciais de execução.

This paper discusses the way adolescents internalize their life practices and how they recognize and build an image of themselves from the context of their family, the judicial system and the social-educative law enforcement measures of imprisonment that result from infractions perpetrated by them. This study intends to question the way the society and the judicial institutions have been treating this issue. Interviews were conducted with adolescents considered as transgressors, deprived of individual liberty in the city of Porto Alegre/RS. The judicial processes about these adolescents have been read by the author and their content was analyzed and discussed.

Estudo sobre ocorrências éticas com pessoal de enfermagem de um hospital na cidade de São Paulo / Study on ethical occurrences involvery staff of a hospital in São Paulo city (Brasil)

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e de abordagem quantitativa, em que foram utilizadas as sugestões metodológicas de Gil(1994), Duverger (1962), Goode & Hatt (1997) e Kerlinger (1980). Nessa pesquisa, foram utilizados cento e catorze registros de ocorrências (infrações) éticas levantadas pela comissão de ética de enfermagem da instituição, campo do estudo, no período de 1995 a 2001. Os objetivos foram: 1) caracterizar os profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos em ocorrências éticas; 2) identificar as falhas cometidas, as causas de erros, as providências tomadas e casos de reincidências; 3) correlacionar as falhas com as características dos profissionais envolvidos. O instrumento para a coleta de dados foi uma ficha especialmente preparada. Resultados: 1) a maioria das ocorrências éticas foi praticada por pessoas do sexo feminino, da faixa etária predominante de 30 a 39 anos. 2) Os auxiliares de enfermagem foram responsáveis pelo índice mais expressivo de ocorrências éticas. 3) Detectou-se maior incidência de erros durante o dia. 4) A principal causa de ocorrências foi a negligência, seguida da imprudência, imperícia, indução ao erro e omissão. 5) O tipo de falha técnica mais freqüentemente observado foi o erro no preparo e/ou administração de medicamentos. Este estudo, longe de haver esgotado as questões éticas que permeiam a prática de enfermagem, visa contribuir para a compreensão dessas questões que envolvem a prática cotidiana de enfermagem e alertar os profissionais para previnir eventos dessa natureza.

This is a descriptive and exploratory paper using a quantitative approach. Methodological suggestions were taken from Gil (1994), Duverger(1962), Goode& Halt (1997) and Kerliner(1980). In this research, hundred fourteen cases of nursing ethical occurences (or infractions) between 1995-2001. These cases were identified and recorded by the Nursing Ethical comitte. Objetives of the study coere: 1) to charaterize the nursing professionals involved in ethical occurences; 2) to identify mistakes made and measures takend as well as possible cases of reincidences; 3) to correlate mistakes and occurrences with the involved staff members characteristics. A special paper was used as instrument for collection of data. Results obtained showed that: 1) most of the ethical occurences was practiced by women and the predominant age group of those involved was from 30 to 39 years. 2) the nursing auxiliaries were responsable for the majority of ethical occurences. 3) Very large incidence of mistakes occurred during the day. 4) the main causes of occurences were negligence, followed by imprudence, inability, induction to mistake and omission. 5) the more frequent technical mistake observed was in the preparation an/or administration of medicines. This research, far away from having done a complete study, has just opened a view about the ethical issures that permeate the nursing practice. Its aim is also to contribute for a better understanding of the ethical issues involved in the daily nursing practice, as well as to alert profesionals in order to not be involved in similar ethical events.