"To do or not to do", male nurses' experiences of providing intimate care to female patients in China, a constructivist grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Some studies suggest that female patients have more concerns about receiving intimate care from male than female nurses. Thus, providing intimate care to female patients is a challenging experience for male nurses. The purpose of this study was to explore Chinese male nurses' experiences and process of providing intimate clinical care to female patients. METHODS: A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to develop a theoretical understanding of male nurses' experiences. This study included participants from 3 hospitals in different locations in China. Twenty-five male nurses were recruited using purposive and theoretical sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data analysis was completed using initial coding, focused coding, theoretical coding and memo writing to produce core concepts and categories, and theory development. RESULTS: Chinese male nurses' experiences of providing intimate care to female patients can be constructed as a three-stage process: (1) anticipation of the level of embarrassment, (2) deciding on the process: do it or not do it and (3) protecting both parties and dealing with embarrassment. Additionally, seven themes and associated categories were identified to represent the important factors in the process of male nurses providing intimate care to female patients in China. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese traditional culture may affect the embarrassment in Chinese male nurses providing intimate care to female patients. The embarrassing situation can be divided into three different stages, and male nurses have different main concerns in each stage. Hospital nursing administrators should consider the experiences and needs of male nurses in providing intimate care and provide them with psychological support, education and training.

Are men treated differently in clinical placements during nursing studies? A cross-sectional study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To explore the perceptions of nursing students regarding the treatment of men in nursing during their clinical placement. BACKGROUND: Negative placement experiences of men who are nursing students is a risk factor for student attrition. Hence, exploring gender disparity in treatment during placement from both men and women studying nursing will contribute to improving student experience and reducing attrition. DESIGN: Survey capturing both quantitative and qualitative data. METHODS: Nursing students were surveyed between July and September 2021 across 16 Schools of Nursing in Australia. In addition to the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI-19), an open-ended question explored if men received different treatment during clinical placement. RESULTS: Those who expressed difference in treatment of men were less satisfied with their clinical learning experience (p < .001). Of the 486 (39.6%) who responded to the open-ended question, 152 (31%) indicated a difference in the treatment of men, reporting that men received: (a) better (39%); (b) different, not exclusively better or worse (19%); and (c) worse (42%) treatment from either the clinical facilitator or ward staff. While both men and women perceived gender differences in the treatment of men during placement, men were more likely to report worse treatment. CONCLUSION: Despite the advances achieved in recruiting men in nursing, negative experiences during clinical placement are characterised by stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, adversely impact retention. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurse educators need to recognise specific support students require during placement regardless of gender. Our findings reinforce the adverse impacts of inequitable treatment on both men and women nursing students on learning, clinical performance, morale and ultimately on retention in the nursing workforce. Addressing gender stereotyping and discrimination in the undergraduate nursing program is an important step in promoting diversity and inclusivity in the nursing workforce.

Workplace gender discrimination in the nursing workforce-An integrative review.

AIM: To critically synthesise the literature that explores the experiences of workplace gender discrimination from the perspective of registered nurses. DESIGN: Integrative review. REVIEW METHODS: Primary research articles reporting on the experience of workplace gender discrimination towards registered nurses in any setting were eligible for inclusion. Studies were critically appraised for methodological quality using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Program list. The six phases of thematic analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006) were used to guide the analysis. Data were extracted and coded, and themes were identified according to the review aims and significant findings of each study. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, published between January 2012 and June 2022. RESULTS: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Major themes identified were (1) career progression, (2) career interruption, (3) positioning of men in nursing and (4) positioning of women in nursing. CONCLUSION: This review shows that both men and women in nursing experience workplace gender discrimination; however, the forms and consequences of this discrimination differ substantially by gender. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: It is important that the pursuit of greater numerical representation of men in nursing does not result in further reinforcing patriarchal advantage. Professional development for nurse leaders in managing gender issues is recommended. IMPACT: This integrative review presents current issues on workplace gender discrimination for men and women in nursing. The findings suggest gender roles and norms have an effect on the careers of both men and women in nursing. The time has come to alter restrictive gender norms and to challenge notions of hegemonic masculinity and femininity. REPORTING METHOD: We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines-PRISMA. NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: For this literature review on workplace gender discrimination for registered nurses, we did not engage members of the patient population, nor the general public.

Current occupational well-being status and protective and risk factors of male nurses in Chengdu, China: A cross-sectional study.

AIMS: This study explores the current occupational well-being status of male nurses in Chengdu, China, and identifies the concomitant protective and risk factors. DESIGN: This study has a cross-sectional survey design. METHODS: From 13 July to 21 July 2019, a cross-sectional survey involving 209 male nurses in 7 tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, China, was conducted using a general information questionnaire, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Professional Identity Scale and the Nurses' Occupational Well-being Scale. RESULTS: The score of male nurses' occupational well-being was 78.7 ± 14.2. The higher the mindfulness and professional identity (p = .002, p < .001, respectively), the higher the occupational well-being of male nurses. The lower the experiential avoidance, the higher the occupational well-being (p = .001). The highest occupational well-being was found among male nurses who had less than 5-years' working experience. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that male nurses' occupational well-being was at a moderate level. Mindfulness and professional identity were the protective factors of male nurses' occupational well-being, and experiential avoidance was the risk factor. Nursing managers should ascertain male nurses' current occupational well-being and the influencing factors and formulate effective improvement strategies. Male nurse courses on enhancing mindfulness and professional identity and reducing experiential avoidance should be explored, with a focus on helping nurses improve their professional well-being and, in turn, prospectively reducing the turnover rate.

Potential for misinterpretation: An everyday problem male nurses encounter in inpatient rehabilitation.

AIMS: This study aims to report on the everyday concern of the 'potential for misinterpretation', which was the basic social problem revealed in a grounded theory study exploring male nurse practice in inpatient rehabilitation in Australia. BACKGROUND: Male nurses account for approximately 10% of nursing workforce across western countries and they practice in a range of clinical areas; however, how they practice in inpatient rehabilitation remains unexplored. METHODS: Constructivist grounded theory was used in this study and was conducted in two phases: (i) involved semi-structured interviews with 11 male nurses from October 2013 to June 2014 and (ii) observation of practice of 12 male nurses and semi-structured interviews with male nurses and 15 patients from February to April 2015. RESULTS: Nurse participants encountered the intersection of two pervasive patient ideologies about male nurses. Patients perceived nursing to be women's work and that male nurses are sexual threats. These two intersecting ideologies created a concern for male nurses working in inpatient rehabilitation and that concern was labelled 'potential for misinterpretation'. CONCLUSION: Gender stereotypes impacted on the ability of male nurses to practise nursing in inpatient rehabilitation. Male nurses were mindful on a daily basis that misinterpretation could, and did, happen in inpatient rehabilitation.

I Teach Nursing as a Male Nursing Educator: The East Asian Perspective, Context, and Social Cognitive Career Experiences.

Social and cultural backgrounds, as well as understanding, play key roles in workforce development and human resource shortages, which are associated with the transition to nursing education and teaching from frontline nursing practices. A qualitative method, with the direction of the general inductive approach, was employed in this study. The researcher collected information from 18 male nursing educators who switched their senior roles (from the frontline and practicing fields to nursing education) at nursing schools in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, and Malaysia. Three interview sessions were used to collect information. Three themes were merged from the information: (i) gender-oriented knowledge, teaching and learning; (ii) respect; and (iii) health promotion. More importantly, participants advocated that their male roles and identities provided uniqueness to patients, students, parents, and the general public concerning Asian customs and practices. Based on the social cognitive career theory, personal goals and achievements of career satisfaction took important roles. Although the general public may not agree with these career decisions, due to gender and social biases, participants continued to contribute their energy and knowledge in the health and social caring professions.

Similarly Different: Exploring How Male Nurses in CAMHS Experience Difference in Their Gender Performance.

This article explores concepts of gender difference for nurses working in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Nursing. Inspired by the author's own experiences he emerged ethnographic research data to explore how male nurses replicate a problematic performance sited between representing 'similarity' and yet 'difference' to their female colleagues. In this article, the author discusses how typical dichotomies of sexuality, gender and transformation are troubling for child and adolescent nursing discourses because they privilege particular representations of maleness, narratives of sexual multiplicity and disguise how the equity gaze is a persistent reminder in the minds of many male nurses that theirs is sometimes a prescribed performance of metaphorical sexless, gender nakedness and quietened voice which is disrobed and left like their sex in the locker room.

"I prefer a male nurse to a female nurse": patients' preference for, and satisfaction with nursing care provided by male nurses at the Komfo Anokye teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND: Although most male nurses join the profession for self-actualisation, the cultural and societal stereotyping of male nurses as "He-Man", "gay" and "troublemakers", and their marginalisation at the hospital during certain personal and intimate care procedures, tend to deepen the existing gender discrimination prevalent within the nursing profession. This study therefore assessed patients' preference for, and satisfaction with nursing care provided by male nurses at the medical and surgical wards of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital [KATH]. METHODS: An inferential cross-sectional study design, in which the prevalence of a condition among an identified population is determined, was used. Using convenience sampling, 150 respondents who meet certain practical criteria and are available and willing to participate were sampled. Data from a context-based research instrument on the opinion, preference and satisfaction of patients with male nursing were analysed using χ 2 test, Mann Whitney U test, ordinal logistic regression and logistic regression. RESULTS: The study indicates that more females than males had ever been attended to by a male nurse for the period considered by the study, and females described male nurses as polite and courteous and were comfortable with their treatment. Being single [OR = 0.111, 95% CI (0.013-0.928)] and professing Islamic faiths [OR = 36.533, 95% CI (2.116-630.597)] were functions of respondents' preference for a male nurse. Significantly too, affiliating to a religious sect (OR = 2.347, 95% CI [0.076-1.630]) and being educated (OR = 1.387, 95% CI [0.040-0.615]), were associated with higher odds of falling in one of the higher categories of satisfaction with nursing care provided by male nurses as against the lower categories. CONCLUSION: Although marital status, religious affiliation and educational level were the significant predictors of patients' preference for, and satisfaction with care provided by male nurses, the effect of the other variables should not be overlooked. The finding disproves assertions on the negative effect of religion on male nurses. It is recommended that public awareness be created on the role of male nurses in the healthcare delivery system to promote acceptance of gender diversity in the nursing profession.

Male nurse: A concept analysis.

Use of the term male nurse is common in nursing wherever the practice setting may be, but no formal analysis has been done to illuminate the meaning of the concept. The term male nurse is often problematic to those referred to, as the label carries stereotypes that further marginalize this extreme minority in the nursing profession. The Nurse Registration Act of 1919 (UK) banned men from nursing de jure, whilst Nightingale's reform of nursing education established the same de facto years before. This potent mix of tradition and law served as the basis for sex-segregation and feminization of nursing. Fast forward to today-in the centennial of the Nurse Registration Act-women still dominate nursing, and attempts to recruit and retain men into the profession remains to be a very challenging task. Walker and Avant's methodology was utilized in this concept analysis. Seven defining attributes of the male nurse were identified: perceived as a male, credentialed as a nurse, increased visibility, nonconformist as to career choice, cautious caregivers, stereotyped/stigmatized, and increased role strain. Antecedents, consequences, and illustrative cases were also discussed. Gender-based labels such as male nurse are injurious to nursing, as it preserves sex-segregation as well as stereotypes that affect both men and women in the profession. This concept analysis corroborates the need to degender nursing and caring, which is a recurrent theme in nursing literature. Ultimately, degendering nursing should translate to measures to increase the proportion of men in the nursing workforce. A gender-balanced workforce, coupled with degendered notions of caring will strengthen the nursing profession and optimize our ability to serve our clientele.

[Work experience of male nurses in andrology: A qualitative study].

OBJECTIVE: To look into the work experience and feelings of male nurses in andrology and provide some reference for nursing administrators in rational allocation of human resources. METHODS: We observed the specific phenomena by the phenomenological approach to qualitative study and found the essence of the problems by descriptive and inductive analyses. We interviewed 9 male nurses in andrology, described and analyzed their work experience and feelings. RESULTS: Male nurses in andrology had a gender advantage, an easier acceptance by the patients, and a stronger sense of achievement. Meanwhile, they expected more support, more opportunities for further studies, and clearer career planning. RESULTS: Male nurses in andrology are satisfied with their work with a positive experience. Andrology, as an emerging branch of science, calls for efforts from nursing administrators to establish knowledge and ability systems needed by male nurses and help define their career planning.Conclusions: Male nurses are satisfied with the work of andrology and have good experience. Andrology is a new subject, it is suggested that nursing managers should construct the knowledge and ability system needed by male nurses and help male nurses to make their career planning clear.

Psychosocial Hazards in the Workplace as an Aspect of Horizontal Segregation in the Nursing Profession.

The purpose of this article was to assess the influence of psychosocial hazards as a factor affecting the presence of men in the nursing profession. The article refers to the topic of particularly low representation of men among nursing staff in Poland, in comparison to what similar statistics show for other countries. The aim of the study was to assess whether the psychosocial hazards in the nursing profession constitute a significant factor in the small number of men present in this occupation. In this article psychosocial hazards are considered as all the aspects of management and work organization that may negatively affect the employee's mental and physical health. The research was conducted from September 2017 to April 2018 in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Poland). A total of 640 respondents working as nurses in inpatient health care facilities, of which 87% were women and 13% were men, were included in the study. A standardized Work Design Questionnaire for an objective assessment of work stressfulness was used as a research tool. The research has been run by a group of experts, who explained the aim and the meaning of the particular questions to the surveyed group. Afterwards, based on the answers and observations of the responders, the experts filled in the questionnaire. The results of the study show that in almost all the evaluated aspects, the nursing profession was assessed more negatively by surveyed men than women. The most negative aspects reported by women included hazards (a score of 60), complexity (58.3), and haste (50.0), while those reported by men included haste (70.0), complexity (66.7), and hazards (65.0). As a conclusion it has been noticed, that results received from the research confirm that psychosocial hazards may have significant impact on the number of men present in the nursing profession in Poland. This study also suggests that the greater psychosocial hazards experienced by male nurses in the workplace may be an effect of the particularly low representation of men among practicing nursing staff.

Lived Experiences of Novice Male Nurses in Taiwan.

PURPOSE: Nursing remains a female-dominated profession around the world. The masculinity and male identity of men who choose nursing careers is questioned by the general public in many countries. Few studies report the situation of novice male nurses at their first year. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of novice male nurses when they first enter the workplace. DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using purposive and snowball sampling for recruitment. Fourteen participants, 21 to 25 years old, were recruited, all of whom had at least 5 months of work experience. On average, in-depth, face-to-face interviews lasted 1 hour, with more than one follow-up telephone interview per participant. FINDINGS: The following six themes emerged from the transcribed verbatim data based on content analysis: choosing appropriate work departments based on personality and needs, facing the pressure and frustration of independent work, getting help, obtaining acceptance among female cliques, reflecting on the relationship between gender and profession, and concerns about dependents and financial needs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study addresses masculinity issues and gender stereotyping. In addition, male nurses were very concerned about their career options and development and the likelihood of promotion. This research not only has implications for better understanding of novice male nurses' needs and the challenges in their social life but also makes suggestions for nursing practice to attract and keep more male nurses in the nursing profession. The results illustrate how culturally congruent nursing care can be achieved when we more concern male nurses' role pressure and address traditional gender sensitivity to promote male nurses' career development.

Corrigendum: Psychosocial Hazards in the Workplace as an Aspect of Horizontal Segregation in the Nursing Profession.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02042.].

Stress status and causes of male nurses in women and children′s hospital of Southwest China / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the pressure of male nurses in women and children′s Hospital and analyze it, so as to provide decision support for nursing administrators. Methods Used general information questionnaire, Perceptual Stress Scale, China Nurses'Pressure Source Scale (CPSS) in Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou,Tibet and other places of the maternal and child hospital male nurses, and analyzed the results. Results According to the CPSS scoring standard,63 in 101 subjects(62.4%)male nurses were in the state of stress, and the average score of stress was 26.0 ± 7.4. Binary Logistic regression showed that the main factors of male nurses′pressure were the lack of support from parents and family,low income, less promotion opportunities and non-nursing work. Conclusion The pressure situation of male nurses in maternity and child care hospitalis affected by family, work, society and so on. Managers should timely relieve the stress for male nurses and maintain the stability of male nurses′team.

[Turnover Experience of Male Nurses].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify turnover experiences of men in nursing and to derive a substantive theory on the turnover experience of men who are nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 men who had worked as a nurse for 1 year or more, and had a turnover experience during that period. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category in the turnover experiences of the respondents was 'seeking a stable place for me'. In the analysis of the core category, types of 'contentment', 'seeking', 'survival' and 'confusion' were identified. The sequential stages of these nurses' turnover experience were 'confrontation', 'incertitude', 'retrying' and 'realization'. However, when a problem arose in the process, they returned to the stage of confusion. Thus, these stages could occur in a circular fashion. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a deep understanding of the turnover experience of men in nursing and offers new information about how they adapt to nursing practice. The findings should be useful as foundational data for men who hope to become nurses and also for managers responsible for nurses who are men.

Motives for choosing and resigning from nursing by men and the definition of masculinity: a qualitative study.

AIM: The aim of the study is to establish the main motives for choosing nursing by men in Poland and the results for leaving the profession. BACKGROUND: Nursing is a profession less frequently chosen by men. On average, one person in ten working in nursing is a man, but in Poland this percentage is especially low, amounting to 1·8%. DESIGN: Qualitative research with a grounded theory approach. METHOD: Individual semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The study included 17 licensed male nurses. Data were collected between January 2014-June 2015. RESULTS: The study revealed the most common motives for choosing nursing as declared by men: vocation, interest in medicine, accident and pragmatic motivation. The men for whom hegemonic masculinity constitutes the point of reference more frequently emphasize their interest in medicine and the pragmatic reasons for choosing nursing; they also more frequently try to gain managerial positions and higher income. The most common reason for men leaving the nursing profession was low income. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the common stereotype, men also choose nursing because of vocation and/or their willingness to help others, but they more frequently declare that chance was the direct reason for their choice of nursing, which helps reduce the dissonance associated with choosing a non-traditional male career path. Leaving the profession was associated with beliefs about its feminine dimension, but it seems that in Poland low income is a much more important reason for such a decision.

Turnover Experience of Male Nurses

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify turnover experiences of men in nursing and to derive a substantive theory on the turnover experience of men who are nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 men who had worked as a nurse for 1 year or more, and had a turnover experience during that period. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category in the turnover experiences of the respondents was ‘seeking a stable place for me’. In the analysis of the core category, types of ‘contentment’, ‘seeking’, ‘survival’ and ‘confusion’ were identified. The sequential stages of these nurses’ turnover experience were ‘confrontation’, ‘incertitude’, ‘retrying’ and ‘realization’. However, when a problem arose in the process, they returned to the stage of confusion. Thus, these stages could occur in a circular fashion. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a deep understanding of the turnover experience of men in nursing and offers new information about how they adapt to nursing practice. The findings should be useful as foundational data for men who hope to become nurses and also for managers responsible for nurses who are men.

The Relationship among Practice Environment, Organizational Justice, and Job Satisfaction of Male Nurses / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional descriptive study was to explore the relationship among practice environment, organizational justice, and job satisfaction of male nurses. METHODS: Subjects were 115 male nurses who were the member of the Korean man nurses association, and they were asked to complete self-administration questionnaires via internet site for this survey which included nurse's practice environment, organizational justice, and job satisfaction. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN version 21.0 software. RESULTS: The mean scores of the nurse's practice environment, organizational justice, and job satisfaction were 2.9, 3.0, 3.1 out of 5 Likert scale respectively. The job satisfaction was positively correlated with the nurse's practice environment (r=.70, p<.001) and organizational justice (r=.78, p<.001). The job satisfaction was affected by procedure-related justice, interpersonal justice, adequacy of staffing and resources in nursing work environment, compensation justice, and good healthy status. These variables explained 68.6% of male nurse's job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: This finding suggest that suitable organization management for male nurses are necessary through improvement of practice environment and organizational justice in hospital.

Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention among Male Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention among male nurses in South Korea. METHODS: Data were collected in May, 2013 and a total of 150 male hospital nurses participated in this study. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention were measured using a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 20.0 for windows. RESULTS: There were statistically significant correlations between job satisfaction and organizational commitment (r=.74, p<.001), job satisfaction and turnover intention (r=-.56, p<.001), and organizational commitment and turnover intention (r=-.69, p< .001). There was a statistically significant difference in job satisfaction of participants according to education, work unit, and salary. Organizational commitment showed significant difference according to age, education, work unit, and salary. Turnover intention was significantly different according to duration of employment in the hospital, and salary. The most influential factor for turnover intention was organizational commitment (beta=-.69, p<.001). This factor accounted for 47.8% of the variance in turnover intention. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that to reduce turnover intention for men in nursing, it is necessary to increase job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.