Executive Summary of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management.

The Airway section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guidelines for the integral management of difficult airway in adult patients. This document provides recommendations based on current scientific evidence, theoretical-educational tools and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to the treatment of the airway in the field of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies and prehospital medicine. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations and optimization in the progression of the application of strategies to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to improve safety and quality of care.

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte I / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte II / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Intubación orotraqueal a través de mascarilla laríngea Ambu AuraOnceTM en paciente con lesión de médula espinal cervical / Orotracheal intubation through Ambu AuraOnceTM laryngeal mask in patient with cervical spinal cord injury

Resumen: Reportamos el manejo exitoso de la vía aérea con intubación orotraqueal a través de una máscara laríngea AuraOnceTM en un paciente con lesión de la médula espinal cervical. Su uso fue como dispositivo de rescate de la vía aérea tras intubación orotraqueal fallida con laringoscopía directa y dificultad para la ventilación con mascarilla en una paciente traumatizada de 46 años. Se tomó la decisión de utilizar la mascarilla laríngea sin intubación como conducto para la colocación de un tubo orotraqueal, lo cual se realizó con éxito. Este uso alternativo de la mascarilla laríngea Ambu AuraOnce podría ser de gran valor para los trabajadores de la salud en países de escasos recursos donde los dispositivos avanzados para las vías respiratorias no están fácilmente disponibles.

Abstract: We reported a successful airway management in a patient with a diagnosed cervical spinal injury with a non-intubating laryngeal mask AuraOnceTM. Its use was as a rescue airway device after failed orotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy and difficulty with facemask ventilation in a 46-year-old trauma patient. The decision was made to use the non-intubating laryngeal mask as a conduit for the placement of an orotracheal tube, which was done successfully. This alternative use of the Ambu AuraOnce laryngeal mask could be of great value to healthcare workers in resource-poor countries where advanced airway devices are not readily available.

Complications of bronchial thermoplasty using laryngeal mask: case series / Complicaciones de la termoplastia bronquial usando máscara laríngea: serie de casos

Abstract Severe asthma affects more than 250 million people and represents high healthcare costs. Bronchial thermoplasty is a relatively new technique in interventional pulmonology for managing this condition. The procedure is done under general anesthesia and the patients are mostly ASA II and III; therefore, the anesthesia plan must be safe. The purpose of the article is to describe the anesthetic technique used (general anesthesia and laryngeal mask) and the immediate and early complications of the procedure. Four patients were included, each undergoing three sessions. The complications during and immediately after the procedure, as well as the early complications (up to seven days post-procedure) that could have required hospital management were discussed. In three of the sessions at least one acute bronchospasm event presented, but only one patient required hospital admission for more than 24 hours. Experience suggests that thermoplasty may be safely conducted under general anesthesia and laryngeal mask.

Resumen El asma grave afecta a más de 250 millones de personas y genera altos costos en el sistema de salud. La termoplastia bronquial es una técnica relativamente novedosa de la neumología intervencionista para el manejo de esta condición. Este procedimiento se realiza bajo anestesia general, y los pacientes son en su mayoría ASA II y III, por lo que el plan anestésico debe ser seguro. El objetivo del artículo es describir la técnica anestésica utilizada (anestesia general y máscara laríngea) y las complicaciones inmediatas y tempranas del procedimiento. Se incluyeron cuatro pacientes, cada uno de los cuales fue sometido a tres sesiones. Se describieron las complicaciones durante e inmediatamente después del procedimiento y las complicaciones tempranas (hasta siete días posprocedimiento), que hubieran requerido manejo hospitalario. En tres de las sesiones se presentó al menos un evento agudo de broncoespasmo y solo un paciente requirió hospitalización mayor a 24 horas. La experiencia sugiere que la termoplastia puede ser llevada a cabo de manera segura bajo anestesia general y mascara laríngea.

Eficacia y seguridad de la mascarilla laríngea Protector (R) en procedimientos respiratorios invasivos / Efficacy and safety of the Protector (R) laryngeal mask in invasive respiratory procedures

Objetivos: Las pruebas respiratorias invasivas pueden ser realizadas bajo sedación profunda o preferentemente bajo anestesia general para facilitar su rea- lización y evitar complicaciones. Dichas pruebas requieren del manejo compartido de la vía aérea junto al neumólogo, por lo que tubos endotraqueales de gran calibre será necesarios para garantizar la ventilación. Una alternativa a la intubación sería la colocación de una mascarilla laríngea (ML). Pocos estudios recogen la realización de dichas pruebas con ML y no existe ningún estudio en el que se haya realizado con la ML Protector®. Esta ML presenta un gran canal calibre interno y la suficiente flexibilidad para poder realizarla reduciendo los riesgos de intubación. El objetivo de este estudio es demostrar la seguridad de la mascarilla laríngea Protector® para la realización de pruebas respiratorias invasivas.Metodología: Se reclutaron 55 pacientes consecutivos que fueron sometidos a pruebas respiratorias invasivas con la mascarilla laríngea Protector®. Resultados: La tasa de éxito con la ML Protector® ha sido del 92 % sin presentar complicaciones. La ventilación es garantizada con menores presiones pico que con un tubo endotraqueal, ningún paciente ha referido dolor de garganta y todos los pacientes fueron dados de alta como máximo a las 4 horas tras el procedimiento.Conclusiones: La realización de pruebas respiratorias invasivas con ML Protector® es seguro reduciendo las complicaciones asociadas a intubaciones con tubos de gran calibre y reduciendo las presiones para asegurar su ventilación. (AU)

Objective: Invasive respiratory tests can be performed under deep sedation or preferably under general anesthesia to facilitate their performance and avoid complications. These procedures require shared management of the airway with the pulmonologist, so large-caliber endotracheal tubes will be necessary to guarantee ventilation. An alternative to intubation would be the placement of a laryngeal mask. Few studies record the performance of such tests with LM and there are no studies in which it has been performed with LM Protector®. This LM presents a large internal caliber canal and sufficient flexibility to perform it, reducing the risks of intubation. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the safety of the Protector® laryngeal mask for invasive respiratory procedures. Method: Fifty-five consecutive patients who underwent invasive respiratory procedures with the Protector® laryngeal mask were recruited.Results: The success rate with the LM Protector has been 92 % without complications. Ventilation is guaranteed with lower peak pressures, no patient has reported a sore throat and all patients were discharged at most 4 hours after the procedure.Conclusions: Performing ventilatory respiratory procedures with LM Protector® is safe, reducing the complications associated with large-caliber tubes intubation. (AU)

Related factors for ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway failure / Factores relacionados con insuficiencia de las vías respiratorias con el uso de ProSeal™ laryngeal mask

Abstract Introduction: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a device for airway management that is easy to insert, safe, and efficient. However, there are associated complications that can lead to important patient morbidity and mortality, as ventilator failure, can occur with reported incidence between 0.2% and 4.7%. Male gender, advanced age, obesity, short thyromental distance, and poor dentition are known related factors to LMA failure. Objective: Determine the incidence of ProSeal™ LMA ventilatory failure and identify clinical related conditions. Materials and methods: Observational analytic study a group of adult patients with ProSealTM laryngeal mask for airway management. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.1 software. Bivariate analysis was done using Fisher's exact test or Chi2 as it corresponded with statistical significance defined as P value <0.05. Skewed logistic regression for multivariate analysis was performed for estimating adjusted odd ratios (ORs). Results: Incidence of ProSealTM LMA ventilatory failure was 5.2%. In the group of patients that presented failure, 69 were older than 75 years (OR=1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.09, P < 0.001), 6 (23.1%) thyromental distance less than 6 x0200A;cm (OR = 2.48, 95% CI 0.93-6.62, P = 0.069), 5 (19.2%), inadequate anesthetic depth and/or laryngospasm (OR=5.78, 95% CI 2.23-14.96, P< 0.001) and 9 (34.6%) vintraoperative use of neuromuscular blockers (NMB) (OR=2.35, 95% CI 1.06-5.21, P=0.035). Conclusion: In patients with LMA management, the age, intraoperative use of NMB and inadequate anesthetic depth and/ or laryngospasm are clinical related conditions for ProSealTMLMA ventilatory failure.

Resumen Introducción: La mascarilla laríngea de vía aérea (LMA) es un dispositivo para el manejo de la vía aérea fácil de insertar, seguro y eficiente. Sin embargo, hay complicaciones asociadas que pueden llevar a morbilidad y mortalidad del paciente, como la falla del respirador, con una incidencia reportada de entre el 0.2% y el 4.7%. El sexo masculino, la edad avanzada, la obesidad, la corta distancia tiromentoniana y la mala dentición son factores conocidos relacionados con el fracaso de la LMA. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la insuficiencia respiratoria con ProSeal™ LMA e identificar las condiciones clínicas relacionadas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico observacional de un grupo de pacientes adultos con uso de ProSeal™ Laryngeal Mask para el manejo de las vías respiratorias. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software STATA 12.1©. El análisis bivariado se realizó utilizando la prueba exacta de Fisher o Chi2, ya que correspondía a la significación estadística definida como valor de p < 0.05. Se realizó una regresión logística sesgada para el análisis multivariado, con el fin de estimar las proporciones impares ajustadas (OR). Resultados: La incidencia de fallo ventilatorio de ProSeal™ LMA fue del 5.2%. En el grupo de pacientes que presentaron fracaso, 69 eran mayores de 75 años (OR = 1.06; IC del 95%: 1.03 a 1.09; p < 0.001), 6 pacientes (23.1%) tenían distancia tiromentoniana inferior a 6 cm (OR = 2.48; IC del 95%: 0.93 a 6.62, p = 0.069), 5 (19.2%) presentaron profundidad inadecuada del anestésico y/o laringoespasmo (OR = 5.78; IC del 95%: 2.23 a 14.96; p < 0.001) y en 9 (34.6%) hubo uso intraoperatorio de NMB (OR = 2.35; IC del 95%: 1.06 a 5.21; p = 0.035). Conclusión: En pacientes con manejo de la LMA, la edad, el uso intraoperatorio de la NMB y la profundidad anestésica inadecuada y/o laringoespasmo son condiciones clínicas relacionadas con la insuficiencia respiratoria de la LMA ProSeal™.

Air-Q® versus LMA Fastrach™ for fiberoptic-guided intubation: A randomized cross-over manikin trial. / Estudio aleatorizado cruzado para evaluar la intubación guiada con fibrobroncoscopio a través del dispositivo Air-Q® versus la mascarilla laríngea Fastrach™ en maniquís.

INTRODUCTION: Airway management is still a major cause of anesthesia-associated morbidity and mortality. Supraglottic devices are recommended in difficult airway management guidelines. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the Air-Q® and the LMA Fastrach™ for fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation. METHODS: Thirty-three anesthesia trainees participated in this randomized crossover study. Time to insert the dedicated airways (insertion of the airway into the manikin and delivery of two breaths), time to tracheal intubation (fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation), time to remove the dedicated airway (removal of the Air-Q®/LMA Fastrach™ over the tracheal tube) and the opinion of the ease of use of the anesthesia trainees were measured. RESULTS: There was 100% success rate for tracheal intubation with both devices on the first attempt. Time to insert the dedicated device and deliver two breaths was 10±3s for the Air-Q® and 11±3s for the LMA Fastrach™, P=.07. Time taken to intubate the trachea was shorter with the air-Q®, 38±15 s, than with the LMA Fastrach™, 47±19s, P=.017. Overall procedure time was significantly shorter with the Air-Q® as compared with the LMA Fastrach™, with a mean time of 74±21s and 87±28s respectively, P=.002. Air-Q® removal was considered easier than LMA Fastrach™ removal, P=.005. There were no tube dislodgements during the removal of the dedicated airways. CONCLUSIONS: Inexperienced anesthesia residents can perform fiberoptic-guided intubation through Air-Q® and LMA Fastrach™ in a clinically acceptable time with high success.

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with Baska Mask® laryngeal mask. / Funduplicatura de Nissen Laparoscópica con mascarilla laríngea Baska Mask®.

Tracheal intubation has historically been considered the ideal technique to handle the airway in laparoscopic surgical procedures. The introduction of such procedures in ambulatory surgery requires the use of anesthetic techniques that offer optimal and early postoperative recovery under strict security conditions. Laryngeal mask is proposed as a suitable alternative to tracheal intubation, even in high risk patients due to new devices which have been modified to improve their characteristics, becoming great alternatives in the overall management of the airway. We report the first case of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication performed with a laryngeal Baska Mask in patient with high risk of regurgitation due to its gastroesophageal reflux.

Can the laryngeal mask play a role in electroconvulsive treatment? A pilot study. / ¿Puede tener un papel la mascarilla laríngea en la práctica de la terapia electroconvulsiva? Un estudio piloto.

INTRODUCTION: Optimising ventilation control in the anaesthetic process of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be a method for improving the effectiveness and safety of some treatments. There are several approaches for inducing adequate therapeutic seizures in patients with medical co-morbidity or in those with high seizure thresholds, although all of them present limitations. A new approach is hyperventilation with laryngeal mask, a method that improves oxygenation, achieves hypocapnia, and lowers seizure threshold. Thus, hyperventilation with laryngeal mask could, hypothetically, be useful to decrease the energy needed to obtain adequate therapeutic seizures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized crossover study was conducted on 14 patients on maintenance ECT, using a laryngeal mask versus a facemask. When laryngeal masks were applied, the energy was reduced by 45% compared with the energy required when ventilated with facemasks (performed with standard dose). RESULTS: The results of the study revealed that, despite a 45% energy reduction with laryngeal mask, there were no significant differences in seizure length in either group. CONCLUSIONS: These results prompt us to propose ventilation with laryngeal mask as an alternative to decrease energy applied without lowering seizure times. This is a preliminary study with a small sample, which opens new lines of research. Larger samples and other measurements of seizure adequacy are needed in future studies, in order to study possible improvements in ventilation and minimising adverse effects of ECT, especially in patients with medical co-morbidities.

Uso de mascarilla laríngea en cirugía tiroidea / Laryngeal mask in thyroid surgery

Introducción: Tradicionalmente la cirugía tiroidea ha sido practicada bajo anestesia general con intubación endotraqueal. Sin embargo, tomando en cuenta que el riesgo de intubación difícil aumenta en presencia de bocio, que el paso del tubo endotraqueal puede lastimar las cuerdas vocales y que su colocación requiere de relajación muscular y de una laringoscopia con estimulación simpática, el uso de mascarilla laríngea (ML) en cirugía tiroidea pareciera ser una buena alternativa. Con el propósito de determinar si el tamaño del bocio, el diagnóstico de cáncer, el grado de Mallampati y la extensión de la cirugía tiroidea inciden en la dislocación de la ML, se diseñó un estudio incluyendo pacientes con patología tiroidea operados bajo anestesia general con Mascarilla laríngea clásica (MLc). Diseño, lugar y participantes: Se presenta una serie prospectiva de casos, con 168 pacientes sometidos a cirugía tiroidea bajo anestesia general con MLc, operadosde marzo de 1999 a agosto del 2008 en los hospitales Universitario Esperanza y Nuestra Señora del Pilar de la ciudad de Guatemala. Su uso se consideró exitoso cuando la cirugía pudo ser completada con la MLc sin necesidad de sustituirla por intubación endotraqueal. Resultados:La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 45 años, 148 (88%) fueron del sexo femenino y 20 (22%) del sexo masculino, el tamaño promedio de la glándula tiroides fue de 9.03cm, 166 (99%) tenían Grado I-II de Mallampati, 119 (71%) fueron operados por enfermedad benigna y 49 (29%) por cáncer, a 77 (46%) se les practicó una lobectomía, a 85 (51%) una tiroidectomía total y a 6 (3%) un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical. De los 168 pacientes operados, en 159 (95%) el procedimiento quirúrgico pudo completarsecon la MLc y en 9 pacientes (5%), la MLc fue sustituida por un tubo endotraqueal. Después de análisis univariados y multivariados se pudo establecer que: ni la edad, el sexo, el tamaño de la glándula tiroides, el grado de Mallampati, el diagnóstico histopatológico, ni la extensión de la cirugía, se asociaron estadísticamente con dislocación de la MLc y la necesidad de sustituirla por un tubo endotraqueal. Conclusiones: El uso de la MLc en cirugía tiroidea es posible independientemente del tamaño del bocio, del grado de Mallampati, de la presencia de cáncer y de la extensión de la cirugía.

Background:Traditionally thyroid surgery has been performed under general anesthesia with an endotracheal tube; in the presence of large goiters management of the upper air way using and endotracheal tube can prove to be difficult causing trauma to the vocal chords and requiring a laryngoscopy after neuromuscular blockade. The use of a laryngeal mask could be a valid option in these patients. The aim of this study was to determine if thyroid surgery could be completed using a laryngeal mask. In order to do this, we analyzed if goiter size pathologic diagnosis, Mallampati score and surgical procedure were associated with rates of dislodgement of a classic laryngeal mask (MLc) during thyroid surgery. Design, setting and participants: We present a prospective series of 168 patients who were submitted to thyroid surgery under general anesthesia using an MLc. All surgeries were performed at Hospital Universitario Esperanza and Hospital NuestraSeñora del Pilar in Guatemala City from March 1999 to August 2008. The use of an MLc was considered to be successful if surgery was able to be completed without the need of changing to the use of an endotracheal tube. Results: The average age of our patients was 45 years, 88% (148) were female, the average size of the glands was 9.03 cms., 166 (99%) had a grade I/II Mallampati score, 119 (71%) had a benign diagnosis and 49 (29%) had cancer, 77 (46%) were submitted to a lobectomy, 85 (51%) had a total thyroidectomy and 6 (3%) had a radical neck resection. Thyroid surgery was successfully completed using aMLc in 95% of cases (159). In 9 patients (5%) the MLc was substituted with an endotracheal tube. After univariate and adjusted analysis age, sex, goiter size, Mallampati score, pathologic diagnosis and surgical procedure were not statistically associated with rate of dislodgement of classic laryngeal mask during thyroid surgery. Conclusions: Thyroid surgery is possible using aMLc. This is independent of goiter size, pathologic diagnosis, and the extent of the surgical procedure.

Dispositivos supraglóticos en cuidados intensivos / Supraglottic devises in intensive care

Introducción: el control de la vía aérea en el paciente crítico puede resultar a menudo difícil, con un riesgo bastante elevado de su abordaje ante determinadas situaciones. Los dispositivos supraglótigos se encuentran dentro de los protocolos de vía aérea difícil y a su vez son instrumentos de rescate en el abordaje de misma. Objetivos: realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, en el cual se constató la problemática de la vía respiratoria anatómicamente difícil y de la utilidad de estos dispositivos en determinadas condiciones como alternativas a la intubación orotraqueal en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Caso clínico: paciente imposible de intubar, en la cual el uso de los dispositivos supraglóticos (mascarilla laríngea) fue de gran utilidad en la protección de la vía aérea. Conclusiones: se debe contar con personal médico, experimentado en el abordaje de la vía aérea y familiarizado con el uso dispositivos supraraglóticos como instrumentos de rescate en situaciones similares, en todo servicio de emergencias, de la misma forma que existe el carro de parol.

Introduction: the control of the air passage in the critical patient may be often difficult with an elevated risk of boarding in front of some situations. Supraglottic devises are among the protocols of difficult air passage and at the same time they are instruments of rescue in boarding. Objective: to make a bibliographical revision about this topic in which the problem was confirmed that the air passage is anatomically difficult and has a great usefulness for these devises in some conditions like orotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit. Clinical case: patients who are impossible to intubate and where the use of supraglottic devises (larynx mask) were of a great usefulness in the protection of the air passage. Conclusion: we must count on medical personnel, experienced in boarding the air passage and they must be acquainted with the use of supraglottic devises as rescue instruments for similar situations in all emergency services in the same way that the patrol car exists.

Dispositivos supraglóticos en cuidados intensivos / Supraglottic devises in intensive care

Introducción: el control de la vía aérea en el paciente crítico puede resultar a menudo difícil, con un riesgo bastante elevado de su abordaje ante determinadas situaciones. Los dispositivos supraglótigos se encuentran dentro de los protocolos de vía aérea difícil y a su vez son instrumentos de rescate en el abordaje de misma.Objetivos: realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, en el cual se constató la problemática de la vía respiratoria anatómicamente difícil y de la utilidad de estos dispositivos en determinadas condiciones como alternativas a la intubación orotraqueal en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.Caso clínico: paciente imposible de intubar, en la cual el uso de los dispositivos supraglóticos (mascarilla laríngea) fue de gran utilidad en la protección de la vía aérea.Conclusiones: se debe contar con personal médico, experimentado en el abordaje de la vía aérea y familiarizado con el uso dispositivos supraraglóticos como instrumentos de rescate en situaciones similares, en todo servicio de emergencias, de la misma forma que existe el carro de parol(AU)

Introduction: the control of the air passage in the critical patient may be often difficult with an elevated risk of boarding in front of some situations. Supraglottic devises are among the protocols of difficult air passage and at the same time they are instruments of rescue in boarding. Objective: to make a bibliographical revision about this topic in which the problem was confirmed that the air passage is anatomically difficult and has a great usefulness for these devises in some conditions like orotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit. Clinical case: patients who are impossible to intubate and where the use of supraglottic devises (larynx mask) were of a great usefulness in the protection of the air passage. Conclusion: we must count on medical personnel, experienced in boarding the air passage and they must be acquainted with the use of supraglottic devises as rescue instruments for similar situations in all emergency services in the same way that the patrol car exists.

A mascara laringea supremeTM pode ser uma opcao para a intubacao endotraqueal em cirurgia laparoscopica? / Can supremeTM laryngeal mask airway be an alternative to endotracheal intubation in laparoscopic surgery? / La mascarilla laringea supremeTM puede ser una opcion para la intubacion endotraqueal en la cirugia laparoscopica?

Justificativa e objetivo: especialistas recomendam a intubação traqueal para o manejo das vias aéreas em procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos. A máscara laríngea (ML) pode ser uma boa opção à intubação endotraqueal. Nesta série de casos, o nosso objetivo foi analisar o uso damáscara laríngea SupremeTM (MLS) na prática cirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: o estudo foi conduzido com 60 pacientes, entre 18 e 60 anos, submetidos à cirurgia laparoscópica. Os valores de saturação periférica de O2 (SpO2) e dióxido de carbono no fim da expiração (EtCO2) foram registrados nos minutos um, 15, 30, 45 e 60. A frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial média (PAM) dos pacientes também foram registradas. Consideramos o tempo de inserção da MLS; a taxa de aplicabilidade da sonda gástrica; a ocorrência de náusea, vômito, tosse e dor de garganta uma hora após a cirurgia. Resultados: a média inicial de EtCO2 foi menor do que aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos (p < 0,0001) e a média de EtCO2 aos 15 minutos foi menor do que nos outros tempos registrados. Observamos que a frequência cardíaca média inicial foi maior do que as subsequentes à inserção da MLS e as anteriores e posteriores à remoção da MLS. A frequência cardíaca média após a inserção da MLS foi acentuadamente menor do que a anterior à remoção da MLS (p = 0,013). A PAM após a inserção da MLS foi menor do que a inicial e também menor do que as anteriores à remoção da MLS (p = 0,0001). Conclusão: a MLS pode ser uma opção adequada para intubação em procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos em um grupo seleto de pacientes. .

Background and objectives: In laparoscopic surgical procedures, experts recommend tracheal intubation for airway management. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be a good alternative to intubation. In this case series, we aimed to examine the use of the SupremeTM LMA (SLMA) in laparoscopic surgical practice. Methods: We planned the study for sixty patients between the ages of 18 and 60, who would undergo laparoscopic surgery. We recorded one, 15, 30, 45, and 60-minute peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). We observed the duration of SLMA insertion, the rate of gastric tube applicability, whether nausea, vomiting, and coughing developed, and whether there was postoperative1-hour sore throat. Results: The initial EtCO2 mean was lower than the EtCO2 means of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes (p < 0.0001) and the 15-minute EtCO2 mean was lower than other measured EtCO2 means. We observed the initial heart rate mean to be higher than the ones following the SLMA insertion, prior to the SLMA removal, and after the SLMA removal. The heart rate mean after the SLMA insertion was remarkably lower than the heart rate mean prior to the SLMA removal (p = 0.013).The MAP after the SLMA insertion was lower than the initial MAP means, as well as the MAP averages prior to after the removal of SLMA (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: SLMA can be a suitable alternative to intubation in laparoscopic surgical procedures in a group of selected patients. .

Justificativa y objetivo: expertos recomiendan la intubación traqueal para el manejo de las vías aéreas en procedimientos quirúrgicos laparoscópicos. La mascarilla laríngea (ML) puede ser una buena opción a la intubación endotraqueal. En esta serie de casos, nuestro objetivo fue analizar el uso de la mascarilla laríngea SupremeTM (MLS) en la práctica quirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: el estudio fue llevado a cabo con la participación de 60 pacientes de entre 18 y 60 anos, sometidos a la cirugía laparoscópica. Los valores de saturación periférica de O2 (SpO2) y de dióxido de carbono al final de la espiración (EtCO2), fueron registrados en los minutos 1, 15, 30, 45 y 60. La frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial promedio (PAP) de los pacientes también fueron registradas. Consideramos el tiempo de inserción de la MLS; así como la tasa de aplicabilidad de la sonda gástrica, el aparecimiento de nóusea, vómito, tos y dolor de garganta una hora después de la operación. Resultados: el promedio inicial de EtCO2 fue menor que a los 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutos (p < 0,0001) y el promedio de EtCO2 a los 15 minutos fue menor que en los otros tiempos registrados. Observamos que la frecuencia cardíaca promedio inicial fue mayor que las posteriores a la inserción de la MLS y a las anteriores, y posteriores a la retirada de la MLS. La frecuencia cardíaca promedio después de la inserción de la MLS fue acentuadamente menor que la anterior a la retirada de la MLS (p = 0,013). La PAP después de la inserción de la MLS fue menor que la inicial y también menor que las anteriores a la retirada de la MLS (p = 0,0001). Conclusiones: la MLS puede ser una opción adecuada para la intubación en los procedimientos quirúrgicos laparoscópicos en ...

[Rare problem with the insertion of a Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway device. Case of the trimester]. / Problema inusual con la mascarilla laríngea Supreme™. Caso del trimestre.

A breast tumor was resected under general anesthesia. After induction, the airway was managed with a Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway device. The insertion of the laryngeal mask airway device, the insertion of the orogastric tube through the drain tube, as well as the mechanical ventilation, were very difficult from the beginning. On removing the laryngeal mask airway device to solve the problem, it was observed that the drain tube was broken, and the orogastric tube had passed into the anterior, laryngeal part of the device through the split. It was later found out that the laryngeal mask airway device, as well as the whole manufacturing batch, had suffered a design modification: the cuff was constructed with a softer material without reinforcement in the tip, and the drain tube had a heat-sealing defect that facilitated the break. The incident was reported to the local supplier and the manufacturer, and the defective batch of laryngeal mask airway devices was recalled. The incident was also reported to other hospitals via SENSAR, to warn other users of the potential dangers of the design modification in the Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway.

Comparação de via aérea por máscara laríngea Supreme e via aérea por máscara laríngea ProSeal para trauma laringofaríngeo e morbidade pós-operatória em crianças / Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme and laryngeal mask airway proseal for laryngopharyngeal trauma and postoperative morbidity in children / Comparación de vía aérea por mascarilla laríngea Supreme y vía aírea por mascarilla laríngea ProSeal para el trauma laringofaríngeo y la morbilidad postoperatoria en niños

EXPERIÊNCIA E OBJETIVOS: A via aérea por máscara laríngea (LMA), que tem sido utilizada frequentemente no tratamento das vias aéreas, pode causar lesão e morbidade na área laringofaríngea. Nesse estudo, comparamos as alterações macroscópicas nas estruturas laringofaríngeas e a morbidade laringofaríngea pós-operatória pelo uso da LMA Supreme® versus LMA ProSeal® em crianças. MÉTODOS: Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos. Inserimos LMA ProSeal #3 no primeiro grupo e LMA Supreme #3 no segundo grupo. Antes da inserção da LMA e em seguida à sua remoção, fizemos laringoscopia direta nos pacientes. Comparamos entre os dois grupos: hiperemia, lesão de mucosa e as manchas de sangue por ocasião da remoção da LMA, e também o tempo de inserção, percentual de sucesso na inserção do tubo gástrico na primeira tentativa, náusea, vômito e dor de garganta. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos para tempo médio de operação, gênero, idade, peso, percentual de sucesso na inserção do tubo gástrico na primeira tentativa, náusea, vômito, dor de garganta e lesão de mucosa. O tempo médio de inserção para o grupo LMA ProSeal foi significativamente maior versus grupo LMA Supreme (p = 0,0001). O índice de manchas de sangue na remoção da LMA foi significativamente mais alto no grupo LMA ProSeal versus LMA Supreme (p = 0,034). Os pacientes que apresentaram manchas de sangue por ocasião da remoção da LMA exibiram hiperemia e lesão de mucosa significativamente mais expressivas versus pacientes com LMA limpa (p = 0,0001, p = 0,020). CONCLUSÃO: Em crianças, a inserção da LMA Supreme é mais rápida e fácil do que a inserção da LMA ProSeal; e, em comparação com LMA ProSeal, causa menos lesão laringofaríngea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), which has been used frequently in airway management, can cause laryngopharyngeal injury and morbidity. In this trial, we compare the macroscopic changes on laryngopharyngeal structures and the postoperative laryngopharyngeal morbidity by using LMA supreme with LMA proseal in children. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups. We inserted size three LMA proseal into the first group and size three LMA supreme into the second group. Before LMA insertion and after LMA removal, we performed direct laryngoscopy on the patients. We compared hyperemia, mucosal injury and blood staining on LMA removal, as well as insertion time, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on the first attempt, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat between the two groups. RESULTS: We recorded no significant differences between the two groups for mean operation time, sex, age, weight, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on first attempt, nausea, vomiting, sore throat and mucosal injury. Mean insertion time for the LMA proseal group was significantly longer than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.0001). The ratio of blood staining on LMA removal was significantly higher in the LMA proseal group than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.034). The patients with blood staining on LMA removal exhibited significantly more mucosal hyperemia and injury than the patients with clear LMA (p = 0.0001, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: LMA supreme insertion is faster and easier than LMA proseal and causes less laryngopharyngeal injury than LMA proseal in children.

EXPERIENCIA Y OBJETIVOS: La vía aérea por mascarilla laríngea (LMA), que ha sido utilizada a menudo en el tratamiento de las vías aéreas, puede causar lesión y morbilidad en el área laringofaríngea. En ese estudio, comparamos las alteraciones macroscópicas en las estructuras laringofaríngeas y la morbilidad laringofaríngea postoperatoria por el uso de la LMA Supreme® versus LMA ProSeal® en niños. MÉTODOS: Dividimos los pacientes en dos grupos. Insertamos LMA ProSeal #3 en el primer grupo y LMA Supreme #3 en el segundo grupo. Antes de la inserción de la LMA e inmediatamente después de su retirada, hicimos una laringoscopia directa en los pacientes. Comparamos entre los dos grupos: hiperemia, lesión de mucosa y las manchas de sangre en razón de la retirada de la LMA, y también el tiempo de inserción, porcentaje de éxito en la inserción del tubo gástrico en el primer intento, náusea, vómito y dolor de garganta. RESULTADOS: No fueron observadas diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos para tiempo promedio de operación, sexo, edad, peso, porcentaje de éxito en la inserción del tubo gástrico en el primer intento, náusea, vómito, dolor de garganta y lesión de mucosa. El tiempo promedio de inserción para el grupo LMA ProSeal fue significativamente mayor versus grupo LMA Supreme (p = 0,0001). El índice de manchas de sangre en la retirada de la LMA fue significativamente más alto en el grupo LMA ProSeal versus LMA Supreme (p = 0,034). Los pacientes que tenían manchas de sangre en razón de la retirada de la LMA tenían hiperemia y una lesión de la mucosa significativamente más expresivas versus pacientes con LMA limpia (p = 0,0001, p = 0,020). CONCLUSIONES: En los niños, la inserción de la LMA Supreme es más rápida y fácil que la inserción de la LMA ProSeal; y en comparación con LMA ProSeal, causa menos lesión laringofaríngea.

Conduta anestésica em criança com osteogênese imperfeita e hemorragia epidural / Anesthesia management in a child with osteogenesis imperfecta and epidural / Hemorrhage conducta anestésica en niño con osteogénesis imperfecta y hemorragia epidural

Osteogênese imperfeita (OI) é o resultado de uma mutação genética que causa a formação defeituosa ou insuficiente de colágeno. OI pode causar várias complicações anestésicas por causa do manejo difícil das vias aéreas, da presença de deformidade da coluna vertebral, de doenças respiratórias, anomalias cardíacas, distúrbio da função plaquetária, risco de hipertermia, invaginação bacilar, deformidades ósseas e distúrbios metabólicos. A abordagem anestésica de pacientes com OI deve ser feita com cautela, por causa do risco de certas complicações respiratórias. Esses riscos são causados por deformidade do tórax, fraturas ósseas durante o movimento ou mudança de posição, fraturas mandibulares e cervicais relacionadas à intubação, intubação difícil e hipertermia maligna. As técnicas anestésicas com o uso de anestesia venosa total (AVT) e máscara laríngea são adequadas para o manejo de paciente pediátrico com OI. No entanto, essas técnicas ainda não foram mencionadas como úteis em relatos de casos neurocirúrgicos. Neste estudo, apresentamos o uso de AVT e máscara laríngea ProSeal (MLP) em uma criança com OI e hemorragia epidural. Concluímos que a MLP e a AVT podem ser usadas com segurança no manejo anestésico de pacientes com OI e problemas anestésicos graves.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) results from gene mutation that causes defective or insuffi cient collagen formation. It may cause various anesthetic complications due to the diffi culty in airway management, existence of spinal deformity, respiratory disorders, cardiac anomalies, thrombocyte function disorder, risk of hyperthermia, bacillary invagination, bone deformities and metabolic disorders. The anesthesia management of OI patients should be exercised with caution given certain risks of respiratory disorders. These risks are due to thorax deformity, bone fractures during moving or changing position, mandibular and cervical fractures related with intubation, diffi cult intubation and malignant hyperthermia. The anesthetic technique using Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and laryngeal mask airway is suitable for pediatric patient care with OI. However, these techniques have not yet been reported as useful in neurosurgery case reports. In this study, we present the use of TIVA and ProSeal Laringeal Mask in a child with OI and epidural hemorrhage. We came to the conclusion that LMA and TIVA can safely be used in the anesthetic management of OI patients with severe anesthetic problems.

La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es el resultado de una mutación genética que causa la formación defectuosa o insufi ciente de colágeno. La OI puede causar varias complicaciones anestésicas a causa del manejo difícil de las vías aéreas, de la presencia de deformidad de la columna vertebral, de enfermedades respiratorias, anomalías cardíacas, trastorno de la función plaquetaria, riesgo de hipertermia, invaginación bacilar, deformidades óseas y trastornos metabólicos. El abordaje anestésico de pacientes con OI debe ser hecho con cautela, ya que existe un riesgo de ciertas complicaciones respiratorias. Esos riesgos son causados por deformidad del tórax, fracturas óseas durante el movimiento o el cambio de posición, fracturas mandibulares y cervicales relacionadas con la intubación, intubación difícil e hipertermia maligna. Las técnicas anestésicas con el uso de anestesia venosa total (AVT) y mascarilla laríngea, son adecuadas para el manejo de paciente pediátrico con OI. Sin embargo, esas técnicas todavía no han sido mencionadas como útiles en relatos de casos neuroquirúrgicos. En este estudio, presentamos el uso de AVT y mascarilla laríngea ProSeal (MLP) en un niño con OI y hemorragia epidural. Concluimos que la MLP y la AVT pueden ser usadas con seguridad en el manejo anestésico de pacientes con OI y problemas anestésicos graves.

Uso da máscara laríngea descartável em adenotonsilectomias / The use of disposable laryngeal mask airway for adenotonsillectomies / Uso de la mascarilla laríngea desechable en adenotonsilectomías

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A intubação traqueal associada a operações das vias aéreas faz com que complicações como laringoespasmo, broncoespasmo e períodos de redução da saturação de oxigênio sejam frequentemente relatados em adenotonsilectomias, procedimento que, por sua natureza, eleva a incidência de tais complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de problemas respiratórios comparando-se o uso da máscara laríngea (ML) descartável com a intubação orotraqueal em adenotonsilectomias. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 204 pacientes pediátricos submetidos a anestesia geral para adenotonsilectomias e alocados em dois grupos, aleatoriamente: grupo Cânula Traqueal (CT, n = 100) e grupo Máscara Laríngea (ML, n = 104). Foram observados os níveis de saturação de pulso de oxigênio (SpO2) após a indução anestésica (SpO2-1), após o estabelecimento de campo operatório (SpO2-2), ao término do procedimento cirúrgico (SpO2-3), três minutos após a retirada do dispositivo respiratório (SpO2-4) e na admissão da sala de recuperação anestésica (SpO2-5). As complicações respiratórias foram relatadas. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios e os desvios padrão de SpO2 nos grupos CT e ML foram, respectivamente: SpO2-1: 98,9 ± 1,0 e 98,7 ± 0,8 (p > 0,25); SpO2-2: 97,4 ± 1,0 e 94,9 ± 4,3 (p < 0,001); SpO2-3: 96,9 ± 1,1 e 97,2 ± 1,1 (p = 0,037); SpO2-4: 91,7 ± 9,0 e 95,2 ± 2,2 (p < 0,001); SpO2-5: 94,0 ± 2,1 e 95,8 ± 2,6 (p < 0,001). No grupo ML, em 12 pacientes, foi necessária alguma manobra para ajuste do dispositivo e correção de vazamento durante o ato operatório. A ML foi substituída pela CT em quatro pacientes. As complicações respiratórias foram similares entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Adenotonsilectomias em pacientes pediátricos com o emprego da ML, em comparação com a CT, resulta em menores valores de SpO2 intraoperatórios e, eventualmente, necessidade de substituição da ML pela CT. Apesar de a ML viabilizar a cirurgia, pela segurança, o uso da CT é preferível.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tracheal intubation associated with airway operations can cause complications such as laryngospasm, bronchospasm and periods of reduced oxygen saturation. Such complications are frequently reported during adenotonsillectomies, a procedure that by nature increases the incidence of airway complications. The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of respiratory problems during adenotonsillectomies while using either a disposable laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or an endotracheal tube (TT). METHODS: We evaluated 204 pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia for adenotonsillectomies. The patients were randomly allocated into either the tracheal intubation group (TT, n = 100) or the laryngeal mask airway group (LMA, n = 104). It was measured the level of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) after the induction of anesthesia (SpO2-1), after establishing the operative field (SpO2-2), at the end of the surgical procedure (SpO2-3), three minutes after the removal of the contained breathing apparatus (SpO2-4) and upon admission to the post-anesthesia care unit (SpO2-5). All respiratory complications were recorded. RESULTS: The mean SpO2 values and standard deviations for the TT and LMA groups were as follows: SpO2-1: 98.9 ± 1.0 and 98.7 ± 0.8 (p > 0.25), SpO2-2: 97.4 ± 1.0 and 94.9 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001), SpO2-3: 96.9 ± 1.1 and 97.2 ± 1.1 (p = 0.037), SpO2-4: 91.7 ± 9.0 and 95.2 ± 2.2 (p < 0.001) and SpO2-5: 94.0 ± 2.1 and 95.8 ± 2.6 (p < 0.001), respectively. In the LMA group, 12 patients required some maneuvering to fix positioning and leaks during surgery. In four patients, the LMA had to be replaced with a TT. Respiratory complications were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Performing adenotonsillectomies in pediatric patients using a LMA resulted in a lower intraoperative SpO2, compared to using a TT. In some cases, the LMA had to be replaced with an endotracheal tube. Although the surgery may be performed with LMA, the use of a TT is preferred for safety.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La intubación traqueal asociada con las operaciones de las vías aéreas hace con que complicaciones como el laringoespasmo, el broncoespasmo y los períodos de reducción de la saturación de oxígeno sean a menudo relatados en adenotonsilectomías, procedimiento que, por su naturaleza, eleva la incidencia de tales complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio, fue analizar la aparición de problemas respiratorios comparándose el uso de la mascarilla laríngea (ML) desechable con la intubación orotraqueal en adenotonsilectomías. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 204 pacientes pediátricos sometidos a la anestesia general para las adenotonsilectomías que se dividieron en dos grupos aleatoriamente: grupo Cánula Traqueal (CT, n = 100) y grupo Mascarilla Laríngea (ML, n = 104). Se observaron los niveles de saturación de pulso de oxígeno (SpO2) después de la inducción anestésica (SpO2-1), posteriormente al establecimiento del campo operatorio (SpO2-2), al término del procedimiento quirúrgico (SpO2-3), tres minutos después de la retirada del dispositivo respiratorio (SpO2-4) y a la llegada a la sala de recuperación anestésica (SpO2-5). Las complicaciones respiratorias se relataron. RESULTADOS: Los valores promedios y las desviaciones estándar de SpO2 en los grupos CT y ML fueron, respectivamente: SpO2-1: 98,9 ± 1,0 y 98,7 ± 0,8 (p > 0,25); SpO2-2: 97,4 ± 1,0 y 94,9 ± 4,3 (p < 0,001); SpO2-3: 96,9 ± 1,1 y 97,2 ± 1,1 (p = 0,037); SpO2-4: 91,7 ± 9,0 y 95,2 ± 2,2 (p < 0,001); SpO2-5: 94,0 ± 2,1 y 95,8 ± 2,6 (p < 0,001). En el grupo ML, en 12 pacientes, se necesitó alguna maniobra para el ajuste del dispositivo y para la corrección del escape durante la operación. La ML se remplazó por la CT en cuatro pacientes. Las complicaciones respiratorias fueron similares entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: La realización de adenotonsilectomías en pacientes pediátricos con el uso de la ML, en comparación con la CT, acarrea menores valores de SpO2 intraoperatorios y eventualmente la necesidad de sustitución de la ML por la CT. A pesar de que la ML viabiliza la realización de la cirugía, en razón de la seguridad, se prefiere el uso de la CT.