Producción de vacunas en el antiguo Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile / Vaccine production at the ancient Bacteriological Institute of Chile

Se relata el nacimiento, auge y decadencia, de la producción de vacunas en el antiguo Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile, desde su fundación en 1929 hasta su fin en 1980, por boca de quien fuera por diecisiete años primero encargado de la fabricación de vacunas bacterianas y luego director de la institución. Las vicisitudes de la vacuna BCG, la introducción del toxoide tetánico, el fin de la vacuna antivariólica y el triunfo de vacuna antirrábica de Fuenzalida y Palacios, se narran a menudo con comentarios de quienes participaron en estos hechos.

The birth, rise and decline, of vaccine production at the Bacteriological Institute of Chile is recounted by mouth of who was for seventeen years first in charge of manufacturing and then director of the institution. The vicissitudes of the BCG vaccine, the introduction of tetanus toxoid, the end of smallpox vaccine, and the triumph of the rabies vaccine are often related with comments from those who participated in the events.

"One of the Most Uniform Races of the Entire World": Creole Eugenics and the Myth of Chilean Racial Homogeneity.

This article illuminates why Nicolás Palacios's 1904 monograph, Raza chilena: Libro escrito por un Chileno i para los Chilenos [Chilean Race: A Book Written by a Chilean for Chileans], is central to the creation of a myth of Chilean racial homogeneity at the turn of the twentieth century. Placing Palacios in the context of Latin American eugenic discourse, it demonstrates how he selected a specific racial origin story in order to accommodate his belief in racial hierarchy while also depicting race mixing in a positive light. Specifically, the article highlights how the myth of Chilean racial homogeneity elided the difference between the term "mestizo," which was applied to people of mixed racial heritage, and "white." I contend that Palacios sought to differentiate Chileans from other Latin Americans by emphasizing their racial distinctiveness. The article therefore highlights that Latin American eugenics was concerned with the creation of national narratives that historicized particular racial mixtures in order to reify and affirm national differences. As such, it connects to literature regarding the history of eugenics, race, nation, and the creation of whiteness.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Background Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of theLyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil.Findings During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period.Conclusions The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization.

BACKGROUND: Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. FINDINGS: During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.

Kinetics of rabies antibodies as a strategy for canine active immunization

Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)

Humoral immune response in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) after vaccination with inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine: comparison of two schedules of immunization / Resposta imune humoral de macacos-pregos (Cebus apella) após vacinação com vacina anti-rábica inativada produzida em cérebros de camundongos lactentes: comparação de dois esquemas de imunização

Foram vacinados contra a raiva, dois grupos de macacos-pregos adultos, com a vacina inativada preparada em cérebros de camundongos lactentes, administrada pela via intramuscular, na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Os animais em momento algum haviam sido imunizados contra a raiva. O grupo I consistia de nove animais, que receberam três doses de 1,0 mL nos dias 0, 30 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias, e o grupo II continha 10 animais que receberam duas doses de 1,0 mL no dia 0 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas aos 0,30°,60°,90°, 150°, 210°, 240°, 300° e 365° dias, e os anticorpos neutralizantes titulados pela técnica simplificada da inibição de focos fluorescentes. A vacina induziu uma resposta imune de curta duração com títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes acima de 0.5 UI/ mL em ambos os grupos; entretanto a resposta imune persistiu por apenas 54,9 mais ou menos 57,0 e 36,1 mais ou menos 60,2 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após a primo vacinação, e, por apenas 62,6 mais ou menos 74,0 e 86,4 mais ou menos 61,5 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após o reforço. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos estudados (p > 0,05).(AU)

Humoral immune response in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) kept in captivity after a booster dose with a veterinary use suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine / Resposta imune humoral em macacos-pregos (Cebus apella) mantidos em cativeiro, após a revacinação com vacina anti-rábica Fuenzalida & Palacios modificada de uso veterinário

Twenty-six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were intramuscularly immunized with 1.0 ml dose of a veterinary inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine (SMBV) employed in campaigns for rabies prevention in dogs and cats. The animals belonged to three experimental groups previously vaccinated with SMBV and different schemes, were kept in captivity from June, 1996 to June, 1997. All animals received a booster dose. Serum samples were obtained at the 0th, 30 th, 180th and 365 th days and kept stored at -20ºC. The antibodies dosage was carried out through the simplified inhibition fluorescent test. After a booster dose 17/25 (68%) of animals belonged to groups I, II and III, that had neutralizing antibodies above 0.5 IU/ml produced a humoral immune response equal or higher than 0.5 IU/ml, and another five animals that had neutralizing antibodies higher than 0.5 IU/ml kept in these levels. In relationship to longer humoral immune response there is no statistical difference between all groups, G-I x G-II, G-I x GIII, G-II x G-III (p>;0,05). The SMBV induced humoral immune response in capuchin monkeys after a booster dose, producing neutralizing antibodies equal to or higher than 0.5 IU/ml; however, they were short-lasting, being therefore not appropriate as an immunogen to be used routinely in the immunization of these animals which are difficult both to be dealed with and to b

Foram imunizados 26 macacos-pregos (Cebus apella) adultos, através da via intramuscular, com uma dose de 1,0 ml da vacina anti-rábica Fuenzalida & Palacios, inativada, produzida a partir de cérebros de camundongos lactentes, de uso veterinário, empregada nas campanhas de prevenção da raiva animal de cães e gatos. Os animais pertenciam a três grupos experimentais, previamente imunizados com vacina anti-rábica Fuenzalida & Palacios submetidos a diferentes esquemas de vacinação, e permaneceram em cativeiro durante o período de junho de 1996 a junho de 1997. A revacinação foi realizada em todos os animais. As amostras de soros foram obtidas aos 0, 30, 180 e 365.dias, e armazenadas à temperatura de -20ºC, e a dosagem dos anticorpos realizada através do teste simplificado da inibição da fluorescência. Verificou-se após a revacinação 17/25 (68%) dos animais pertencentes aos grupos I, II e III, que se apresentavam com títulos inferiores ao limite indicativo de soroconversão (;0,05). A vacina anti-rábica Fuenzalida & Palacios induziu a resposta imune nos macacos-pregos, após revacinação com produção de anticorpos neutralizantes, iguais ou superiores a 0,5 UI/ml, porém, de curta duração; não constituindo assim, imunógeno apropriado para ser utilizado na rotina de imunização destes animais de difícil lide, mantidos em cativeiro.

Avaliação comparativa de esquemas pré-exposição para imunização anti-rábica humana no Brasil, através da análise da imunidade humoral / Comparative evaluation of pre-expossure schedules for human anti-rabies immunisation used in Brazil

O tratamento preventivo pré-exposiçao contra a raiva humana usado rotineiramente no Brasil, com emprego de doses de l ml de vacina de tecido nervoso de camundongos lactentes, tipo Fuenzalida e Palacios (F&P), administradas nos dias O, 2, 4 e 28, foi comparado a um tratamento alternativo com 2 doses de l ml da mesma vacina no dia O e doses de l ml aplicadas nos dias 7 e 21. O primeiro esquema induziu altos títulos de AcN no dia 21. Ambas vacinas anti-rábicas brasileiras produzidas com vírus PV ou CVS foram testadas. Dois grupos adicionais de voluntários, recebendo o esquema de imunizaçao pré-exposiçao e o esquema abreviado de pós-exposiçao recomendando pela OMS, usando vacina de cultura-celular (VCC) produzida com amostra de vírus rábico PM, foram incluídos como referência. Os níveis de AcN foram medidos contra ambas amostras viraís PV e CVS, nas amostras de soro coletadas nos dias 21, 42 e 180, pelo microteste de soroneutraiizaçao em cultura celular. A vacina F&P-PV induziu taxas de soroconversao e títulos de AcN no dia 21 mais altos do que as vacinas F&P-CVS. Entretanto, ambas falharam no que diz respeito à manutençao de imunidade por longo período, uma vez que os títulos de Acn de 50 por cento dos voluntários foram Grupo III: pacientes com neurocisticercose, sem esquistossomose. > Grupo IV: pacientes que realizaram exame de líquido cefalorraquiano como parte da investigaçao diagnostica de outras doenças neurológicas, As amostras de LCR foram submetidas às reaçoes de imunofluorescência indireta, usando conjugados anti-IgG e anti-lgM, frente a preparados parafinados e congelados de antígenos de verme adulto macho e ovos maduros viáveis de Schistosoma mansoni. As amostras também foram submetidas ao exame imunoenzimático, utilizando conjugado anti-lgG, em antígenos solúveis de vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni. A análise dos...