O uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos na agricultura, seus impactos na saúde do trabalhador rural e a consequente responsabilidade civil no Brasil / The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture, its impacts on rural worker's health and the consequent

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender os impactos gerados na saúde do trabalhador rural pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e os desafios para a responsabilização no Brasil. Contrapôs-se o discurso produtivista, utilizado para ampliar cada vez mais a quantidade e variedade de agrotóxicos utilizados, e o discurso em torno da segurança e soberania alimentar e nutricional, que busca alternativas ao modelo produtivo hegemônico. Para tanto, com uma abordagem qualitativa guiada pela dialética, utilizaram-se pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, além de análises indiretas de dados acerca do uso e da contaminação por agrotóxicos e análises jurisprudenciais acerca da responsabilidade civil decorrente de sua má utilização. Inferiu-se que há casos de responsabilização na jurisprudência brasileira, mas que, pela natureza do dano e pela dificuldade de estabelecer o nexo causal, ela ocorre em caráter excepcional. Como consequência, revelou-se a necessidade de avançar no estudo da responsabilidade e do risco da atividade, de maneira a proteger a saúde humana, em especial a do trabalhador rural, afetado diariamente pelos impactos dos insumos químicos que é obrigado ou, no mínimo, instado a manipular.

This research sought to understand the impacts generated in the health of rural workers due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides and the challenges related to accountability in Brazil. The discourse of productivism, used to progressively increase the amount and the varieties of approved pesticides, is opposed to the discourse on food and nutritional security and sovereignty, which seeks alternatives to the hegemonic productive model. To this end, with a qualitative approach oriented by dialectics, a bibliographic and documentary research were used, as well as indirect analysis of data on the use and contamination by pesticides and jurisprudential analysis of civil liability arising from their misuse. It was inferred that there are cases of liability in Brazilian jurisprudence, but that, due to the nature of the damage and the difficulty of establishing the causal link, it occurs on an exceptional basis. As a consequence, the need to advance in the study of liability and activity risk was revealed, in order to protect human health, especially that of the rural worker, affected daily by the impacts of the chemical inputs that he is forced or, at least, urged to handle.

Inter-relação entre direito e alimentação: percepções de consumidores sobre seus direitos / Interrelations between law and food: consumer perceptions of their rights

A concretização do direito à alimentação saudável implica a necessidade de pesquisas acerca de mecanismos que favoreçam a construção de uma cultura apta a reforçar a adoção de atitudes positivas em prol dessa conquista. A presente pesquisa analisou o conhecimento acerca de direitos fundamentais/consumeristas, identificando aspectos relacionados às práticas alimentares cotidianas do consumidor de alimentos em restaurantes de um mercado público. Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa, com notas de observação em diário de campo e roteiro de entrevista. Na análise das narrativas, foi produzido o mapa analítico que entrelaçou as falas dos participantes com as categorias mais relevantes: direitos e alimentação; disponibilidade de informações; exigência de informações pelo consumidor; desistência do consumo devido às condições do local. Observou-se que os entrevistados apresentaram desconhecimento sobre os direitos relacionados à alimentação. Tempo, preço, sabor, praticidade e higiene foram valores destacados nas narrativas, porém, não se mostrou compromisso em publicizar dados importantes sobre produtos e serviços oferecidos nos restaurantes. A compreensão dos resultados aponta a necessidade de uma educação em direito à segurança alimentar e nutricional na cadeia de produção e comercialização de alimentos, uma vez que a alimentação precisa ser pensada de modo multidimensional.

The realization of the right to healthy eating implies the need for research on mechanisms that favor the construction of a culture capable of reinforcing the adoption of positive attitudes in favor of this achievement. This research analyzed the knowledge about fundamental rights/consumers, identifying aspects related to the daily eating practices of the food consumer in restaurants in a public market. It is a qualitative research, with observation notes in a field diary and an interview script. In the analysis of the narratives, an analytical map was produced that intertwined the speeches of the participants (3 men and 2 women) with the most relevant categories: rights and food; availability of information; consumer demand for information; consumer demand for information; withdrawal from consumption due to local conditions. It was observed that with regard to knowledge of law related to food, the interviewees showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and services offered in restaurants. Understanding the results shows the need for education in the right to food and nutrition security in the food production and marketing chain, since food needs to be thought of in a multidimensional way.

Surveys of food deserts and adherence to a Mediterranean dietamong university students / Encuestas de Desiertos Alimentarios y Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea en estudiantes eniversitarios

Objective: The objective of this study was to determineand describe the presence of institutional food deserts basedon access to healthy food via a level of adherence to aMediterranean diet in higher education Metropolitan Area institutions in Valle de Aburrá, Colombia.Materials and methods: The Food Deserts Survey -EDA and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Test -KIDMED was administered to 419 university students.Results and Discussion: Results evidenced that participants had an average adherence (58.5%) to a Mediterranean diet, indicating that university students need to improve theirdietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model.Regarding the EDA, most reported that the food they consumed was nutritious (69.0%), fresh (77.3%) and healthy(61.3%). They stated they usually ate breakfast (74.7%),lunch (44.2%) and dinner (85.0%) at home during the week,and usually bought and consumed food in supermarkets andtraditional stores (73.3%).Conclusion: The study concluded that regardless of gender, participants need to improve their dietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model, which could indicate a hidden presence of food deserts.(AU)

COVID- 19 and human right to food: lived experiences of the urban poor in Kenya with the impacts of government's response measures, a participatory qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, governments put in place measures to curb the spread of COVID-19. Information on the effects of these measures on the urban poor is limited. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of the urban poor in Kenya in the context of government's COVID-19 response measures and its impact on the human right to food. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in two informal settlements in Nairobi between January and March 2021. Analysis draws on eight focus group discussions, eight in-depth interviews, 12 key informant interviews, two photovoice sessions and three digital storytelling sessions. Phenomenology was applied to understand an individual's lived experiences with the human right to food during COVID - 19. Thematic analysis was performed using NVIVO software. RESULTS: The human right to food was affected in various ways. Many people lost their livelihoods, affecting affordability of food, due to response measures such as social distancing, curfew, and lockdown. The food supply chain was disrupted causing limited availability and access to affordable, safe, adequate, and nutritious food. Consequently, hunger and an increased consumption of low-quality food was reported. Social protection measures were instituted. However, these were inadequate and marred by irregularities. Some households resorted to scavenging food from dumpsites, skipping meals, sex-work, urban-rural migration and depending on food donations to survive. On the positive side, some households resorted to progressive measures such as urban farming and food sharing in the community. Generally, the response measures could have been more sensitive to the human rights of the urban poor. CONCLUSIONS: The government's COVID-19 restrictive measures exacerbated the already existing vulnerability of the urban poor to food insecurity and violated their human right to food. Future response measures should be executed in ways that respect the human right to food and protect marginalized people from resultant vulnerabilities.

["We are made of flour": Food practices and meanings in Villa 21-24, City of Buenos Aires, in the context of COVID-19]. / "Nosotros somos de harina": Prácticas y significados alimentarios en la Villa 21-24 de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, en contextos de COVID-19.

This article analyzes factors affecting food access and consumption on the part of domestic groups during COVID-19 lockdown in Villa 21-24 of the City of Buenos Aires during April and June 2020. In a context marked by high rates of poverty and malnutrition due to excess, it was possible to observe the influence of food environments with abundant ultra-processed and industrialized products, especially flour, through different access channels. The relationship between the role of women and intra-household food management shows that those who bear the burden of hunger are women. Food availability is assured without questioning its quality, but access to food depends on individual management, rendering them invisible as rights-bearing subjects, with a particular impact on children and adolescents.

Se analizan los aspectos que inciden en el acceso y consumo de alimentos, con especial énfasis en aquellos obesogénicos, por parte de grupos domésticos, durante el aislamiento social a causa del COVID-19, en la Villa 21-24 de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en los meses de abril y junio de 2020. En un contexto atravesado por graves índices de malnutrición por exceso y por pobreza emerge el peso que poseen los entornos en los que abundan los productos industrializados, sobre todo harinas, y ultraprocesados a través de los distintos canales de acceso. La relación entre el rol de la mujer y la gestión alimentaria intrahogar muestra que quien asume la carga del hambre son las mujeres. La disponibilidad alimentaria está asegurada sin cuestionar su calidad, pero el acceso a los alimentos depende de la gestión individual, invisibilizándose como sujetos de derechos, con especial impacto en niñas, niños y adolescentes.

Derecho a la alimentación: ¿Qué dicen las constituciones de América y el Caribe?

RESUMEN Introducción: Numerosos países de América y el Caribe cuentan con el derecho constitucional a la Alimentación. Chile no cuenta con este derecho constitucionalizado. Objetivo: Describir comparativamente cómo se encuentra explícito el derecho a la alimentación (DA) en la Constitución de los países de América y el Caribe, generando insumos para aquellos países que no cuentan con este derecho explícito, como en Chile. Fuentes de datos: Esta búsqueda se realizó en las plataformas: Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN-CELAC), Derecho a la Alimentación en el Mundo (FAO) y Constitute Project que presenta las constituciones del mundo. Método de revisión: Se realizó una revisión todas las constituciones disponibles de los países independientes de América y el Caribe y de países con territorios dependientes y departamentos de ultramar en la Región. Posteriormente, en aquellos países que presentan el DA de forma explícita en su texto constitucional, se realizó una revisión sobre las características generales del texto constitucional y de los conceptos asociados a la definición del DA, sugeridos por la FAO. La revisión se llevó a cabo entre los meses de junio y septiembre de 2020. Resultados: Del total de los países revisados (n= 42), solo el 40,5% presentó el DA explícito en su texto constitucional. La seguridad alimentaria es el concepto que aparece con mayor frecuencia. Conclusión: La mayor parte de las constituciones acompañan el DA con características de seguridad alimentaria, disponibilidad y accesibilidad, e incluyen alguna forma de judicialización, conceptos que deberían ser incorporadas la nueva Carta Magna de Chile.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Many American and Caribbean countries consider the right to food as constitutional right. Chile does not have this explicit right in the Constitution. Objective: To describe comparatively how the right to food is explicit in the constitutions of American and Caribbean countries, generating inputs for those countries that do not have this constitutional right, such as the case of Chile. Data sources: This research was carried out on platforms: Food and Nutritional Security (SAN-CELAC), Right to Food in the World (FAO) and Constitute Project which presents constitutions of the world. Revision method: A revision was made of all available constitutions of American and independent Caribbean countries, dependent territories and overseas departments in the Region. Subsequently, in those countries which explicitly consider the right to food in constitutional texts, a review of general characteristics and right to food-associated concepts, suggested by FAO, was carried out. The review was carried out between June and September 2020. Results: Of the total of countries reviewed (n= 42), 40.5% presented the right to food in constitutional text. The most frequently associated concept was food security. Conclusion: Most of the revised constitutions accompany the right to food with food safety, availability and accessibility characteristics, and include kinds of judicialization, concepts that should be incorporated into the new Magna Carta of Chile.

Containing Hunger, Contesting Injustice? Exploring the Transnational Growth of Foodbanking- and Counter-responses- Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 caused levels of household food insecurity to spike, but the precarity of so many people in wealthy countries is an outgrowth of decades of eroding public provisions and labour protections that once protected people from hunger, setting the stage for the virus' unevenly-distributed harms. The prominence of corporate-sponsored foodbanking as a containment response to pandemic-aggravated food insecurity follows decades of replacing rights with charity. We review structural drivers of charity's growth to prominence as a hunger solution in North America, and of its spread to countries including the UK. By highlighting pre-pandemic pressures shaping foodbanking, including charities' efforts to retool themselves as health providers, we ask whether anti-hunger efforts during the pandemic serve to contain ongoing socioeconomic crises and the unjust living conditions they cause, or contest them through transformative pathways to a just food system. We suggest that pandemic-driven philanthropic and state funding flows have bolstered foodbanking and the food system logics that support it. By contextualising the complex and variegated politics of foodbanking in broader movements, from community food security to food sovereignty, we reframe simplistic narratives of charity and highlight the need for justice-oriented structural changes in wealth redistribution and food system organisation if we are to prevent the kinds of emergency-within-emergency that we witnessed as COVID-19 revealed the proximity of many to hunger.

Human rights and nutritional care in nurse education: lessons learned.

Background: Food is an important part of nursing care and recognized as a basic need and a human right. Nutritional care for older adults in institutions represents a particularly important area to address in nursing education and practice, as the right to food can be at risk and health personnel experience ethical challenges related to food and nutrition. Objective: The present study investigates the development of coursework on nutritional care with a human rights perspective in a nursing programme for first-year nursing students and draws upon reflections and lessons learned. Research design: The study utilized educational design research. The coursework, developed through two rounds, combined on-campus learning and clinical placement in nursing homes. Nursing students' perspectives and experiences gathered through focus groups and a written assignment informed the development and evaluation of the coursework. Participants and research context: In the first round, multistage focus group interviews were conducted with 18 nursing students before, during and after placement. In the second round, four focus group interviews with 26 nursing students were conducted shortly after placement. Ethical consideration: The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. Findings: Three main 'lessons learned' emerged regarding introducing a human rights perspective in nursing education: 1) the contribution of the human rights perspective in changing the narrative of 'vulnerable and malnourished patients', 2) the importance of relationships and experiences for learning about human rights and 3) the benefit of combining development of ethical competence with a human rights perspective. Conclusion: A human rights perspective enabled the students to give meaning to nutritional care beyond understanding of food as a basic physical need. Incorporating human rights in nursing education can support nursing students and nurses in recognizing and addressing ethical and structural challenges and being able to fulfil the right to food for patients.

Assessment of the realisation of the right to adequate food in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape, South Africa)

Objectives: To assess whether the right to adequate food (RtF) is realised by children and primary caregivers and what actions are required to fully realise this right. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken using a mixed-methods approach. Setting and subjects: Rural and urban primary caregivers of children (one to five years old) were recruited if they had resided in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape) for at least six months. Purposefully selected key informants (KIs) involved in nutrition and food security, health or governance participated in in-depth interviews.Outcome measures: Primary caregivers responded to interviewer-administered questionnaires (IAQ) (N = 161), which investigated various indicators supporting the realisation of the RtF. Statistical analysis of quantitative data examined relationships between urban and rural participants. Significance was considered at p < 0.05. In-depth interviews with key informants (KIs) examined the perceptions of 11 prominent community leaders. Qualitative data were coded deductively and common themes identified. Results: Based on the IAQ, half (51%) of the caregivers had experienced risk of, or food insecurity in the past month. Common themes indicative of suboptimal realisation of the RtF included insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate policies and programme implementation, and inadequate agrarian practices, while the child support grant partially supported the realisation of the RtF. Caregivers felt disempowered by a sense of inability to realise the right themselves without government assistance but KIs suggested that caregivers needed to take responsibility. Conclusion: The RtF of children and their caregivers is not fully realised in the Blue Crane Route. Concerted, multidisciplinary approaches using a rights-based approach to implement policies and programmes are needed, together with the empowerment of the community with necessary skills and resources to further the realisation of the RtF.

Derecho a la alimentación y COVID-19: Estudio cualitativo de percepciones de actores clave en Chile

RESUMEN La pandemia por COVID-19 y las medidas sanitarias para su control han afectado la alimentación de las personas, lo que probablemente lleve a cifras elevadas de malnutrición en todas sus formas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las percepciones de un grupo de actores clave sobre el aseguramiento del derecho a la alimentación en contexto de pandemia en Chile. El presente es un estudio cualitativo realizado en Chile. Los/as entrevistados fueron seleccionados/as por conveniencia y con una visión transdisciplinaria. Se realizaron 26 entrevistas semiestructuradas online, durante septiembre y octubre de 2020. El análisis de los datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque inductivo y un análisis temático, organizando la información en el software Atlas.ti 9.0. Los discursos de las y los participantes permitieron obtener 4 temas: 1. Seguridad alimentaria en tiempos de pandemia, 2. Apreciación de las estrategias alimentarias gubernamentales, 3. Respuesta comunitaria a la pandemia y 4. Otras miradas para el enfrentamiento de la pandemia. Se concluye que el acceso a los alimentos es la dimensión del derecho a la alimentación más afectada en el país en pandemia. Se reconocen estrategias estatales para mantener la alimentación de la población, sin embargo, estas se perciben como insuficientes. Por otro lado, se destaca la relevancia de la organización comunitaria. Se hace necesario realizar un seguimiento sobre las acciones tomadas para garantizar el derecho a la alimentación en el país y conocer la experiencia de otros países de América Latina y el Caribe para prepararse para futuras crisis.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic and the sanitary measures to control it have affected people's diets, which is likely to lead to high rates of malnutrition in all its forms. The objective of this study was to describe the perceptions of a group of key actors on the assurance of the right to food in the context of a pandemic. This was a qualitative study conducted in Chile. The interviewees were selected by convenience with a transdisciplinary approach. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews online, during September and October 2020. Data analysis was carried out using an inductive approach and a thematic analysis. We organized information using Atlas.ti 9.0 software. From the participants' narratives, we obtained 4 themes: 1. Food security in times of pandemic, 2. Appreciation of government food strategies, 3. Community response to the pandemic and 4. Other perspectives for facing the pandemic. We concluded that access to food is the dimension of the right to food most affected during the pandemic. State strategies are recognized as maintaining the population's nutrition; however, these are perceived as insufficient. On the other hand, the relevance of community organization stands out. It is necessary to monitor the actions taken to guarantee the right to food in the country and learn about the experience of other Latin American and Caribbean countries to prepare for future crises.

Medición de la seguridad alimentaria en estudiantes de la licenciatura en nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza en el año 2018 / Measurement of food security in nutrition students of the National University of La Matanza in 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: la seguridad alimentaria existe cuando todas las personas tienen en todo momento acceso físico y económico a suficientes alimentos inocuos y nutritivos para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias y sus preferencias en cuanto a los alimentos para llevar una vida activa y sana. Garantizar la seguridad alimentaria hace referencia específicamente a satisfacer un derecho básico: el derecho humano a la alimentación. Objetivo: correlacionar el grado de seguridad alimentaria con la capacidad económica de los hogares de los alumnos de la carrera de nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (UNLAM), La Matanza 2018 Materiales y método: diseño descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de la Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) propuesta por FAO. También se midió la capacidad económica de los hogares de los estudiantes con el índice CAPECO utilizado por el INDEC. Resultados: solo el 36% de los hogares de la muestra presenta seguridad alimentaria. El 63,7% de los estudiantes evaluados (n=369) padece alguna situación de inseguridad alimentaria en su hogar. Se observa relación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y la capacidad económica en los hogares (p=0.0013). El lugar de residencia se relaciona con la seguridad alimentaria (p=0.04). Los estudiantes que viven en La Matanza presentan los mayores porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (67,7%) seguido de quienes viven en otras zonas del Gran Buenos Aires (62,2%). Entre quienes viven en CABA no hay hogares con capacidad económica baja ni muy baja y la inseguridad alimentaria tiende a ser más leve además de inferior (45,5%). Conclusiones: Resulta alarmante el elevado porcentaje de estudiantes de Nutrición que presentan dificultades en sus hogares para asegurar una alimentación adecuada a través de esta medición. Se debería monitorear en el tiempo este indicador dentro de la carrera comparar también con otras carreras de la Universidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: food security exists when all people have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their nutritional needs and food preferences in order to lead an active and healthy life. Ensuring food security refers specifically to satisfying a basic right: the human right to food. Objective: to relate the degree of food safety with the economic capacity among students attending the nutrition career at National University of La Matanza, (UNLaM), La Matanza, 2018. Materials and Method: transversal descriptive design. A survey was applied that included the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) proposed by FAO. The economic capacity of the students' homes was also measured with the CAPECO index used by INDEC. Results: only 36% of households in the sample have food security. 63.7% of the students evaluated (n = 369) suffer from food insecurity in their homes. There is a relationship between food insecurity and economic capacity in households (p=0.0013). The place of residence is related to food security (p=0.04). Students living in La Matanza have the highest percentages of food insecurity (67.7%) followed by those living in other areas of Greater Buenos Aires (62.2%). Among those living in CABA there are no households with low or very low economic capacity and food insecurity tends to be milder as well as lower (45.5%). Conclusions: the high percentage of Nutrition students who have difficulties in their homes to ensure adequate food through this measurement is alarming. This indicator should be monitored over time within the career and it should also be compared with other careers of the University.

Efetividade do direito à alimentação: o que a produção científica nas áreas do direito e da saúde coletiva possibilitam compreender? / Effectiveness of the right to food: what does scientific production in the areas of law and public health make it possible to understand?

A alimentação é um direito humano fundamental, de cunho social e político, cabendo ao Estado garantir sua efetividade e executar medidas de combate à omissão a quaisquer violações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender como a efetividade do direito à alimentação é abordada pela literatura científica, tanto na área do direito quanto na da saúde coletiva. Tratou-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de análise de conteúdo lexical da produção científica nas áreas escolhidas, utilizando-se o software Iramuteq. Concluiu-se que existe uma diferença significativa na abordagem da efetividade do direito à alimentação por pesquisadores do direito e da saúde coletiva. Ainda há muito a se avançar na pesquisa e análise sobre a efetividade desse direito em termos concretos e no alcançar na vida de todos os brasileiros.

The right to food is a fundamental human right, of a social and political nature, and it is up to the State to guarantee its effectiveness and implement measures to combat the omission of any violations. The objective of the present study was to understand how the effectiveness of the right to food is addressed in the scientific literature both in the area of law and of public health. This was a study with qualitative approach conducted through a lexical content analysis of scientific production in the chosen areas, using the Iramuteq software. It was concluded that there is a significant difference in the approach regarding the effectiveness of the right to food by researchers of both areas. There is still much to advance in the research and analysis on the effectiveness of this right in concrete terms and in reaching the life of all Brazilians.

Student nurses' experience of learning about the right to food: Situated professional development within clinical placement.

BACKGROUND: Human rights are an important part of nursing practice. Despite its importance for professional development and practice, few studies have focused on how to include a human rights perspective in nursing education. One area proven to be particularly challenging is the right to food for older people in nursing homes. OBJECTIVE: The study's aim was to explore how nursing students experience learning about the right to food combining on-campus teaching with placement experience. DESIGN: The study had an interpretative qualitative design with a constructivist epistemology. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six first-year nursing students participated in four focus groups shortly after their clinical placement at a nursing home. Twenty-five students provided their written assignment done during their placement to the study. Data collection took place in 2018. METHOD: A design-based research approach was used in the development of the course. A thematic approach was used to analyse these two data sources. RESULTS: Findings regarding students' learning about the right to food centred on four themes: development of language about the right to food; coherence between campus and placement; experiencing situations where rights are at risk; and relations with others. Analyses of the assignments revealed that students seemed to be positioned along a continuum, between "student approach" and "activist approach". CONCLUSION: Learning about food as a human right can promote students' awareness and accountability concerning their nutritional care for the residents. Combining human rights education with other learning theories focusing on practice and social relation can enhance students' professional development and commitment to social justice.

FOOD SECURITY AS A GUARANTEE OF THE REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO HUMAN HEALTH.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To investigate the theoretical and legal framework governing the relevant areas of food security, ensuring healthy, adequate and safe nutrition. To consider human rights to food security as a basis for health care, a basis for the realization of the right to health and life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study analyzes and uses the normative legal acts of national legislation, international acts, data from international organizations and the results of scientific work of scientists. With the help of scientific methods, medical and legal point of view, the problems of ensuring food security are identified as a guarantee of the realization of the right to human health. CONCLUSION: Сonclusions: Food security and nutrition are central to the individual and fundamental factor to the whole of society in respect of human right to health. An adequate level of food security must be ensured by individual governments and the international community through the development, approval or implementation of an appropriate regulatory framework, as well as through the establishment of a political and institutional framework.

Un balance de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Venezuela 2000-2020 / A balance of food and nutrition security in Venezuela. 2000-2020

Venezuela está atravesando procesos de decrecimiento económico lo que profundiza la crisis alimentaria y aumenta la violencia. Venezuela está viviendo la mayor crisis institucional, social, económica, política, moral, cultural de su historia, lo que incluye la pérdida de su capital humano por motivos de la emigración masiva y forzosa habida en los últimos años y también por la violencia, inseguridad ciudadana, por el incremento de la desigualdad social y la destrucción del Estado de Derecho. La crisis venezolana es una crisis de carácter multidimensional, la más profunda, compleja y larga de su historia moderna cuyas causas tienen que ver con la erosión continua de la institucionalidad, la pérdida progresiva de los valores democráticos, con el desdibujamiento del Estado y con el auge de un populismo autocrático que viola constantemente los principales derechos humanos. Ello sucede sin que en el país haya habido desastres naturales o conflictos bélicos. Los diversos programas sociales dirigidos a la soberanía alimentaria implementados durante las dos últimas décadas estuvieron atados a la volatilidad de los precios petroleros. Por otra parte, presentan un descuido extremo en cuanto a la calidad institucional de su gestión, se caracterizan por una acrecentada tendencia hacia la inefectividad y un agravamiento de la desprofesionalización de la administración pública. Ausencia de planificación y de evaluación desnudan las grandes y graves limitaciones de la gran mayoría de estos programas. Hoy en día el país está sumido en una crisis humanitaria compleja que ya lleva 5 años sin perspectivas claras de progreso(AU)

enezuela is going through a process of economic decline, which is deepening the food crisis and increasing violence. Venezuela is experiencing the greatest institutional, social, economic, political, moral and cultural crisis in its history, which includes the loss of its human capital due to massive and forced emigration in recent years, as well as violence, citizen insecurity, increased social inequality and the destruction of the rule of law. The Venezuelan crisis is a multidimensional crisis, the deepest, most complex and longest in its modern history, the causes of which have to do with the continuous erosion of institutions, the progressive loss of democratic values, the blurring of the state and the rise of an autocratic populism that constantly violates the main human rights. This is happening without any natural disasters or armed conflicts in the country. The various social programs aimed at food sovereignty implemented over the last two decades have been tied to the volatility of oil prices. On the other hand, they show extreme neglect in terms of the institutional quality of their management and are characterized by an increased tendency towards ineffectiveness and a worsening of the de-professionalization of public administration. The absence of planning and evaluation reveal the great and serious limitations of the vast majority of these programs. The country is currently in the midst of a complex humanitarian crisis that has been going on for five years with no clear prospects for progress(AU)

Análisis de la canasta básica alimentaria de Costa Rica: oportunidades desde la alimentación y nutrición / Analysis of the Costa Rican Basic Food Basket: Opportunities for improving Feeding and Nutrition

Resumen: Introducción: La canasta básica alimentaria (CBA) es un conjunto de alimentos y bebidas, que se elabora a partir del consumo reportado por los costarricenses y considera tres criterios fundamentales: universalidad, aporte energético y porcentaje del gasto. Objetivo: Identificar la congruencia de la estructura de la CBA actual, con el derecho humano a la alimentación de la población costarricense. Metodología: A partir de la estructura de la CBA urbana actual, se compararon las cantidades de alimentos allí sugeridas con las recomendaciones de las Guías Alimentarias para Costa Rica. Se comparó el perfil de energía y nutrientes contra las recomendaciones dietéticas diarias. Se realizó una recreación de las cantidades de alimentos de la CBA para un día. Se realizaron modificaciones para una CBA sugerida con un mejor perfil nutricional y se costeó para comparar el costo de la CBA sugerida con la CBA actual. Resultados y discusión: Se incorporan en la CBA sugerida 21 alimentos, se eliminan seis, se aumenta la cantidad sugerida de dos y se disminuye la cantidad sugerida de uno. Se logra con ello aumentar el aporte de fibra dietética, calcio, magnesio, potasio, zinc, vitaminas C, E y K y reducir la cantidad de azúcar total, azúcar agregada, sodio y colesterol. Con estos cambios, el costo de la CBA sugerida se reduce ligeramente Conclusiones: Se necesita contemplar en la CBA otros aspectos nutricionales, además del aporte energético de los alimentos, como el aporte de los micronutrientes, los cuales son esenciales para la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, que son uno de los principales problemas de salud que aqueja la población en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, la CBA debe ser replanteada para ofrecer un mínimo alimentario congruente, de manera que se estimule y favorezca una alimentación balanceada, variada y adecuada para las necesidades nutricionales de la población en Costa Rica

Abstract: Introduction: The Basic Food Basket (CBA) consists of a list of foods and beverages that represent current food habits in Costa Rica. Criteria for including an item in the CBA are universality, energy and protein contribution and percentage of total expenditure on food. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the inclusion of nutritional criteria can improve the structure of the current CBA, without increasing cost and contribute to a greater congruence with the human right to food. Methodology: The quantities of foods included in the current urban CBA were compared with the Food Guideline recommendations and the nutritional content of foods in the CBA was compared with the daily nutrient recommendations. Suggested modifications were made so that the CBA has a better nutritional profile and its cost calculated to see the impact at the economic level. A recreation of the amounts of CBA food for one day was performed. Results and discussion: 21 additional foods were incorporated into the suggested CBA, six were eliminated, two foods were increased in quantity and in one quantity was decreased. It is possible to increase the contribution of dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamins C, E and K and reduce the contribution of total sugar, added sugar, sodium and cholesterol without increasing cost; in fact the cost of the modified CBA is slightly reduced. Conclusions: It is possible to include additional nutritional criteria such as micronutrient content in the formulation of the CBA without increasing cost. The structure of the CBA should be reviewed to offer a more adequate, balanced, and varied diet that responds to the current nutritional needs of the population in Costa Rica.

Student nurses' views of right to food of older adults in care homes.

BACKGROUND: Human rights are an important part of nursing practice. Although there is increasing recognition regarding the importance of including human rights education in nursing education, few studies have focused on nursing students' perspectives and experiences in relation to human rights in nursing, especially regarding older nursing home residents' right to food. OBJECTIVE: To explore nursing students' perspectives and experiences in relation to the right to food. RESEARCH DESIGN: The study followed a qualitative interpretative research design. Data were collected from multistage focus groups before, during and after clinical placement in a nursing home and analysed through thematic analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Participants were 18 first-year nursing students; the study was conducted in 2017. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. FINDINGS: Students' understanding of older nursing home residents' right to food was a dynamic process. Their perceptions evolved from a polarized perspective to a reality orientation and finally to retrospective reflection. DISCUSSION: The article discusses how nursing students learn about and understand human rights within and throughout their placements. CONCLUSION: The study bridges human rights theory and practice. Findings suggest that the human right to food must be enacted in daily practice for students to learn in context. Human rights education, specifically pertaining to nutritional care, thus benefits from a practice-oriented approach preparing students to face 'real life' challenges and ethical dilemmas. Findings will help nurse educators tailor education in this field.

El derecho a la alimentación y la justicia de género en Venezuela. Indicadores de Progreso / The Right to Food and Gender Justice in Venezuela. Progress Indicators

Se establecieron Indicadores estructurales, de procesos y de resultados, como indicadores de procesos basados en los establecidos en el Protocolo de San Salvador, para el monitoreo del derecho a la alimentación en Venezuela bajo el principio transversal de igualdad y no discriminación: la justicia de género. Al determinar Indicadores estructurales, se estableció que en Venezuela no se contempla el derecho a la alimentación adecuada, bajo una declaración expresa en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y/o las Leyes establecidas para tal fin, debiendo establecerse su declaración expresa bajo el orden jurídico legal del país, así como su vinculación con poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad, atendiendo lo concerniente al derecho a la alimentación y la población con justicia de género. Los Indicadores de procesos establecidos determinaron una elevada opacidad estadística en instituciones oficiales y gubernamentales sobre los alcances del establecimiento de las denominadas misiones sociales y programas de ayuda alimentaria, así como el alcance desglosado de los programas por grupos tradicionalmente excluidos como el enfoque de justicia de género. Al determinar indicadores de resultados, no se evidenciaron en los portales oficiales de los entes del Estado, la existencia de estadísticas de tasa de desnutrición de forma general o para distintos sectores poblacionales (niños, niñas, jóvenes, mujeres, adultos mayores, personas con discapacidad, grupos étnicos) sobre la base de la Tasa de desnutrición global. La aplicación de estos indicadores determinaron el no cumplimiento por parte del estado, de la garantía de un derecho a la alimentación adecuada, requiriéndose una profunda transformación estructural y de procesos, bajo la premisa de los derechos humanos, a los fines de poder establecer una significativa y necesaria mejora en los indicadores de resultados, así como generar soluciones para transformar las desigualdades de género, ante la creciente tendencia del establecimiento de una feminización de la pobreza en Venezuela(AU)

Structural, process and result indicators were established, as process indicators based on those established in the Protocol of San Salvador, for monitoring the right to food in Venezuela, under the cross-cutting principle of equality and non-discrimination: gender justice . When determining structural indicators, it was established that in Venezuela the right to adequate food is not contemplated, under an express declaration in the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and / or the Laws established for that purpose, and its express declaration must be established under the legal order of the country, as well as its relationship with populations in vulnerable situations, taking into account the right to food and the population with gender justice. The indicators of established processes determined, a high statistical opacity in official and governmental institutions regarding the scope of the establishment of the so-called social missions and food aid programs, as well as the disaggregated scope of the programs by traditionally excluded groups, such as the gender justice approach. When determining results indicators, the existence of statistics on the malnutrition rate in general or for different population sectors (boys, girls, youth, women, older adults, people with disabilities, ethnic groups) based on the Global Malnutrition Rate, was not evidenced in the official portals of the State entities. The application of these indicators determined the non-compliance by the state with the guarantee of a right to adequate food, requiring a profound structural and process transformation, under the premise of human rights, in order to establish a significant and necessary improvement in the results indicators, as well as generating solutions to transform gender inequalities, given the growing trend of the establishment of a feminization of poverty in Venezuela(AU)

Aproximación a la alimentación y nutrición en dos comunidades pobres de Venezuela / Approach to food and nutrition in two poor communities in eastern Venezuela

En los últimos 20 años han ocurrido cambios que han impactado directamente en la calidad de vida y en la alimentación de la población, incrementando la prevalencia de subalimentados debido a la dificultad en la adquisición de alimentos en cantidad y calidad adecuada para cubrir sus necesidades. Se aplicó una encuesta entre los meses de octubre - diciembre de 2019, en 80 hogares, que participaron de manera voluntaria. El 75% de las encuestadas fueron mujeres solteras jefas de hogar, quienes percibieron mensualmente entre 3,2 a 3,8 $ de ingreso. En estos hogares el consumo más frecuente fue de 10 alimentos, entre ellos, sal, azúcar, café, harina de maíz, aceite, margarina y arroz, en menor cantidad, los alimentos fuente de proteínas animal y alimentos ricos en vitaminas y minerales como frutas y vegetales. Además 59,2% de las familias reportaron haber reducido el número de comidas, el tamaño de las raciones y algunos de los adultos dejaron de comer para alimentar a los niños. La mayoría de los entrevistados no pudo cubrir la alimentación y la deficiencia de servicios básicos, contribuyo agravar la situación. Se observó un estado de inseguridad alimentaria, alto desempleo, migración masculina, bajo nivel educativo, CLAP irregulares, alta vulnerabilidad de inseguridad alimentaria, en hogares con jefes de hogar mujeres. Es indispensable rediseñar las políticas sociales y de seguridad alimentaria enfocados a estimular el empleo, la capacitación, mejorar los servicios, el ingreso, la disponibilidad y el acceso a los alimentos, la calidad de vida y la salud de las personas(AU)

In the last 20 years there have been changes that have directly impacted the quality of life and the diet of the population, increasing the prevalence of the undernourished due to the difficulty in acquiring food in adequate quantity and quality to meet their needs. A survey was applied between the months of October - December 2019, in 80 households, which participated voluntarily. 75% of the surveys were single women heads of household, who earned between $ 3.2 and $ 3.8 in monthly income. In these households, the most frequent consumption were 10 foods, among them, salt, sugar, coffee, corn flour, oil, margarine, and rice, in less quantity, sources of animal proteins and foods rich in vitamins and minerals such as fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, 59.2% of the families reported having reduced the number of meals, the size of the portions and some of the adults had stopped eating to feed their children. Most of the interviewees could not cover food security and the lack of basic services, contributed to aggravating the situation. A situation of food insecurity, high unemployment, male migration, low educational level, irregular CLAP distribution, high vulnerability of food insecurity, was observed in households with female heads of household. It is essential to redesign social and food security policies focused on stimulating employment, training, improving services, income, availability and access to food, quality of life and people's health(AU)

Nutritional Assessment Methodologies: Challenges and Opportunities for the Full Realization of the Right to Food and Nutrition.

The structural isolation of nutrition from the human right to food has resulted in the technicalization and medicalization of the meaning and practice of nutrition, including in the field of nutritional assessments, which has led to the construction of public policies that lack a holistic perspective with a rights-based approach. Two main categories of nutritional assessments have been anthropometric measurements and nutritional profiles evident in the WHO and PAHO proposals related to the nutrition of children. In this paper, we present a critical discussion on the production and uses of both instruments in the evaluation of the growth and development of children and in the generation of global recommendations in public health with the objective of proposing alternatives for the measurement of malnutrition in communities affected by violations of the human right to food and nutrition. Our approach focuses on the construction not only based on the calorie-energy needs of the human body but also on food as a social, cultural and political process. It thus becomes an invitation to rethink nutrition from the notion of right to food to the implementation of research from participatory action.