Influence of inclusion of low doses of tannin blends in beef cattle dietary supplements on in vitro and in situ digestibility of nutrients in some feedstuffs / Influência da inclusão de baixas doses de taninos em suplementos para bovinos de corte sobre a digestibilidade in vitro e in situ dos nutrientes de alguns alimentos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the daily supplementation with a low dosage of a blend of condensed and hydrolysable tannins on the in vitro and in situ digestibility of protein and fibrous feedstuffs. In situ ruminal incubation assays were conducted on seven protein and five roughage feedstuffs with and without tannin supplementation (1 g kg-1 DM intake). From these same cattle, rumen Mundim, A. T. et al.1146Semina: Ciênc. Agrár. Londrina, v. 44, n. 3, p. 1145-1166, maio/jun. 2023fluid was collected for in vitro incubations of the same feedstuffs. In vitro assays we evaluated the gas production (GP) up to 24 h and, sequentially, digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), crude protein (IVCPD), fiber (IVNDFD), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). For in situ assays, the disappearance curves were modeled and then the potentially degradable (B), digestion rate (kd), and undegradable (U) fractions were estimated. Of all the variables studied, only IVCPD of soybean meal showed effect (P<0.05) with the addition of dose of tannins. The supplementation of tannin affected only B of the DM and CP of the cottonseed meal. The kd of DM and CP increased with the supplementation of the tannin blend only for Marandu (dry season), soybean and cottonseed meal. Additionally, the kd of the DM of corn silage was reduced. The U of CP was affected by the increase of tannin supplementation for soybean and cottonseed meal. Daily supplementation with a low dose of tannin blend for grazing cattle affects for grazing cattle affects the ruminal digestibility of some of the evaluated feedstuffs, which are soybean and cottonseed meal.(AU)

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de uma mistura de taninos condensados e hidrolisáveis em suplementos sobre a digestibilidade in vitro e in situ de alguns alimentos proteicos e volumosos. Sete alimentos proteicos e cinco volumosos foram avaliados in situ no rúmen de bovinos de corte em pastejo recebendo suplementos com e sem taninos (dose de taninos = 1g kg-1 MS). Destes mesmos animais, foi coletado líquido ruminal para incubação in vitro dos alimentos. Nos ensaios in vitro avaliou-se a produção de gás (PG) até 24 h e, sequencialmente, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta (DPB), fibra (DFDN) e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Para os ensaios in situ, as curvas de desaparecimento foram modeladas e, em seguida, as frações potencialmente degradáveis (B), taxa de digestão (kd) e indigestível (U) foram estimadas. De todas as variáveis estudadas, apenas a DPB do farelo de soja apresentou efeito (P<0,05) com a adição de taninos. A suplementação com taninos afetou apenas a fração B da MS e PB do farelo de algodão. O kd da MS e PB aumentaram com a inclusão de taninos para o capim Marandu (estação seca), farelo de soja e farelo de algodão. Adicionalmente, o kd da MS da silagem de milho foi reduzido. A fração indisgestível (U) da PB do farelo de soja e farelo de algodão foram afetadas pela suplementação com taninos. A inclusão de baixas doses de um blend de taninos em suplementos para bovinos em pasto afeta a digestibilidade ruminal de alguns dos alimentos avaliados, notadamente em farelo de soja e farelo de algodão.(AU)

Effect of different roughage sources associated banana pseudostem hay on the nutritional and behavioral parameters and performance of F1 Holstein/Zebu lactation cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of pseudostem hay of banana trees of different roughages in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis, ingestive behavior, and milk production. The experiment was distributed in two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments were as follows: diet 1-sorghum silage as exclusive dietary roughage; diet 2-sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); diet 3-70% elephant grass with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); and diet 4-70% sugarcane with 30% banana pseudostem hay (dry matter basis). The roughage/concentrate ratio was 75:25. The animals fed with sorghum silage presented 14.45% higher intake (p = 0.01) to that of animals fed hay and elephant grass. The diets containing silage and silage with hay showed digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein that was 57.75% higher (p < 0.01) than that of other diets. Cows fed elephant grass spent more time intake (p = 0.01). Diets did not influence milk yield (p = 0.47), and the milk yield corrected for 3.5 fat (p = 0.22), final weight (p = 0.06), and intake efficiency (p = 0.57), presenting a mean of 14.16 kg/day, 15.94 kg/day, 590 kg, and 0.9 kg of milk/kg of ingested dry matter, respectively. The utilization of pseudostem hay associated with other roughage can be an alternative to milk yield in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows.

Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of sugarcane silage added with two types of urea / Características fermentativas y valor nutricional del ensilaje de caña de azúcar con adición de dos tipos de urea / Características fermentativas e valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com dois tipos de ureia

Abstract Background: Dry matter (DM) loss is high in sugarcane silage due to its high content of soluble carbohydrates which favors yeast growth and ethanol production, thus reducing the nutritional value of the preserved forage. Objective: To determine the effect of adding two types of urea at two concentration levels to sugarcane silage on the nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of the silage. Methods: A completely randomized 2×2+1 factorial design was used, based on two types of urea (conventional and protected), two urea concentration (0.5 and 1.0% of the natural matter), and a control (sugarcane silage with no additives). Six replicates were used. The mixture was placed in PVC silos and opened after 60 days. Results: There was no difference in DM content or effluent losses by the addition of urea. In regards to neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, decreased levels were observed compared to the control, regardless of urea type. Urea type and concentration had an effect on ammoniacal nitrogen content, with higher values for conventional urea, but not affecting the pH. The addition of urea to sugarcane silage reduced gas losses and raised the levels of crude protein, ether extract, and effective degradability. Conclusion: Adding protected or conventional urea at 1% of natural matter at the time of sugarcane ensiling reduces gas losses and improves nutritional composition of the silage.

Resumen Antecedentes: La caña de azúcar ensilada presenta una elevada pérdida de materia seca (MS) debido a su alto contenido de carbohidratos solubles que favorece el crecimiento de levaduras y la producción de etanol, reduciendo así el valor nutricional del ensilado. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de dos tipos de urea en dos concentraciones sobre las características fermentativas y el valor nutricional del ensilaje de caña de azúcar. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, en esquema factorial 2x2+1, basado en dos tipos de urea (común o protegida), dos concentraciones de urea (0,5 y 1,0% de la materia natural) y un control (ensilaje de caña de azúcar sin aditivos). Se utilizaron seis réplicas de cada tratamiento. El material fue ensilado en silos de PVC, los que fueron abiertos después de 60 días. Resultados: No hubo diferencia en el contenido de MS o en las pérdidas por efluentes con la adición de urea. En relación a la fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente ácida y lignina, se observó disminución de éstos con respecto al control, independientemente del tipo de urea. Se observó un efecto de la concentración y del tipo de urea para el contenido de nitrógeno amoniacal, con mayores valores para la urea común, pero sin efecto sobre el pH. La adición de urea en el ensilado de caña redujo las pérdidas por gases y elevó los niveles de proteína bruta, extracto etéreo y degradabilidad efectiva. Conclusión: La adición de urea común o protegida, al 1% de materia natural, al inicio del ensilaje de caña de azúcar reduce las pérdidas por gases y mejora la composición nutricional del ensilaje.

Resumo Antecedentes: A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar sem aditivos apresenta elevada perda de matéria seca (MS) devido ao alto teor de carboidratos solúveis, favorecendo o crescimento de leveduras e produção de etanol, reduzindo assim o valor nutricional da forragem conservada. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito do tipo de ureia (comun ou protegida) e diferentes concentrações nas características fermentativas e valor nutritivo das silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Métodos: Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1, sendo dois tipos de ureia (comun ou protegida), e duas concentrações (0,5 e 1,0% com base na matéria natural) mais o controle (silagem exclusiva de cana-de-açúcar); com seis repetições. O material foi ensilado em silos de PVC e abertos após 60 dias. Resultados: Não houve diferença no teor de MS e nas perdas por efluentes com adição da ureia. Em relação à fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina observou-se diminuição destes em relação ao controle, independente do tipo de ureia. Observou-se efeito das concentrações e do tipo de ureia para o teor de nitrogênio amoniacal, com maiores valores para a ureia comum, porém sem efeito no pH. A adição de ureia na ensilagem de cana reduziram as perdas por gases e elevaram os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e degradabilidade efetiva. Conclusão: O uso de 1% de ureia, independente do tipo, promove um incremento no valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar e reduz as perdas por gases.

The development of an intraruminal nylon bag technique using non-fistulated animals to assess the rumen degradability of dietary plant materials.

Although the conventional in situ ruminal degradability method is a relevant tool to describe the nutritional value of ruminant feeds, its need for rumen-fistulated animals may impose a restriction on its use when considering animal welfare issues and cost. The aim of the present work was to develop a ruminal degradability technique which avoids using surgically prepared animals. The concept was to orally dose a series of porous bags containing the test feeds at different times before slaughter, when the bags would be removed from the rumen for degradation measurement. Bags, smaller than those used in the conventional nylon bag technique, were made from woven nylon fabric, following two shape designs (rectangular flat shape, tetrahedral shape) and were fitted with one of three types of device for preventing their regurgitation. These bags were used in two experiments with individually housed non-pregnant, non-lactating sheep, as host animals for the in situ ruminal incubation of forage substrates. The bags were closed at the top edge by machine stitching and wrapped in tissue paper before oral dosing. Standard times for ruminal incubation of substrates in all of the tests were 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h before slaughter. The purpose of the first experiment was to compare the effectiveness of the three anti-regurgitation device designs, constructed from nylon cable ties ('Z-shaped', ARD1; 'double Z-shaped', ARD2; 'umbrella-shaped', ARD3), and to observe whether viable degradation curves could be generated using grass hay as the substrate. In the second experiment, three other substrates (perennial ryegrass, red clover and barley straw) were compared using flat and tetrahedral bags fitted with type ARD1 anti-regurgitation devices. Non-linear mixed-effect regression models were used to fit asymptotic exponential curves of the percentage dry matter loss of the four substrates against time of incubation in the reticulorumen, and the effect of type of anti-regurgitation device and the shape of nylon bag. All three devices were highly successful at preventing regurgitation with 93% to 100% of dosed bags being recovered in the reticulorumen at slaughter. Ruminal degradation data obtained for tested forages were in accordance with those expected from the conventional degradability technique using fistulated animals, with no significant differences in the asymptotic values of degradation curves between bag shape or anti-regurgitation device. The results of this research demonstrate the potential for using a small bag technique with intact sheep to characterise the in situ ruminal degradability of roughages.

Efeito do emurchecimento e da adição de fubá na degradabilidade in situ da silagem de alfafa (Medicago sativa L. ) / Effect of wilting and addition of corn meal on in situ degradability of alfafa silage (Medicago sativa L. )

0 objetivo deste ensaio foi avaliar o efeito do emurchecimento e da adição de fubá durante o processo de ensilagem da alfafa sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e da proteína bruta (PB). Foram utilizados três bovinos adultos mestiços fistulados no rúmen, nos quais foram incubados seis tipos de silagens (1-alfafa fresca; 2-alfafa fresca +5 por cento de fubá; 3-alfafa fresca +10 por cento de fubá; 4-alfafa emurchecida; 5-alfafa emurchecida + 5 por cento de fubá ; 6-alfafa emurchecida + 10 por cento de fubá) durante três tempos de incubação (6, 24, 96 horas). 0 delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, com tratamentos em parcelas, tempos em subparcelas e animais como blocos. A adição de fubá à silagem aumentou (P<0,05) a degradação da MS e FDN com o tempo de incubação. 0 emurchecimento proporcionou diminuição (P<0,05) na degradabilidade dos nutrientes, entretanto esse efeito foi ligeiramente contornado pela adição de 10 por cento de fubá. Os tratamentos com a adição de fubá e o emurchecimento proporcionaram maior taxa de degradabilidade da MS de fração b, entretanto o emurchecimento diminuiu o potencial de degradação a, enquanto que a adição de níveis de fubá não alterou a degradabilidade da MS dessa fração. A degradação da fração b da FDN aumentou com a adição de fubá e diminuiu com o emurchecimento, entretanto houve aumento dessa fração quando se adicionou fubá à forragem emurchecida. A degradação da fração a da PB aumentou com a adição de fubá e diminuiu com o emurchecimento; para a fração b ocorreu o inverso. Concluiu-se que a prática do emurchecimento, por reduzir a fração solúvel da forragem, diminui a degradabilidade dos nutrientes da silagem de alfafa, que no entanto pode ser melhorada com a adição de fubá (AU)

A split-plot design digestion trial was carried out with three rumen-fistulated steers to evaluate the effect of wilting and addition of corn meal on in situ degradability of dry matter (MS), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of alfalfa silage, using three periods (6, 24 and 96 hours) and six different silages (1-fresh alfalfa; 2-fresh alfalfa with 5% corn meal; 3-fresh alfalfa with 10% corn meal; 4-wilted alfalfa; 5-wilted alfalfa with 5% corn meal and 6-wilted alfalfa with 10% corn meal). The addition of corn meal and wilting treatments presented the highest DM and NDF degradability rates. The wilting reduced (P<0.05) degradation potential, however, addition of corn meal lightly changed the DM degradability. The b FDN fraction increased with addition of corn meal and decreased with wilting. In spite of this, fraction b increased when corn meal was added to wilted forage. Degradation rate increased CP fraction with corn meal addition and decreased with wilting. Addition of corn meal increased degradation rate of CP fraction. It is concluded that wilting decreases alfalfa silage nutrients because it reduces soluble fraction of forage. However this nutrients can be improved with addition of corn meal(AU)

Degradabilidade do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) e da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum, L.) mais uréia no rúmen de vacas mestiças Holandês × Zebu em lactação

Elephantgrass shows a high stocking rate only during the rainy season. Forage production is drastically reduced in the dry season. One of the alternatives to minimize this problem is the supplementation with sugarcane plus urea. In this trial the main goal was to estimate the dry matter intake (DMI) of elephantgrass, chopped sugarcane plus 1% urea and their degradability in three lactating (11.6kg/milk/day) rumen fistulated crossbred cows (472kg/L.W.) grazing elephantgrass during the dry season. The cows had access during three consecutive night to the paddocks grazed every 30 days in a stocking rate, of 4.5 cows/hectare. Between the two milking times, cows received chopped sugarcane plus 1% urea. The DMI was on average 1.01%/L.W. for the elephantgrass and 0.88%/L.W. for the sugarcane plus 1% urea. Total DMI, taking into account both roughage and concentrate (2kg/cow/day) was 2.25%/L.W. The effective rumen degradability (ED), considering the rate of passage in the rumen of 5%/hour was 44.46% for elephantgrass and 41.94% for sugarcane plus 1% urea, DM. The elephantgrass ED crude protein was 48.58% and its neutral detergent fiber 33.82%. During the dry season lactating crossbred cows grazing elephantgrass have to receive a roughage supplement and concentrate to produce around to 12kg of milk per day.

Soybean protein degradation in the rumen through nylon bags in situ / Degradabilidade ruminal da proteína de soja pelo processo dos sacos de náilon In situ

Six crossbred (5/8 European x 3/8 Zebu) steers with ruminal cannula were used in a 3x3 change-over design to compare soybean protein degradation in situ, with the treatments: A) raw ground soybean meal, B) ground-toasted soybean, and C) commercial soybean oil meal. After 21 days of adaptation for each subperiod, protein degradability was measured by the nylon bag technique with incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h, simultaneously the protein solubility was measured. Protein degradability rate and protein solubility were depressed in the toasted soybean (0.041 and 54.78% for toasted soybean against 0.085 and 66.09% for raw soybean, respectively). After 3 hours of incubation only 22.53% of toasted soybean (B) was degradated in comparison with 49.74% of the raw soybean (A).

Seis bovinos cruzados (5/8 europeu x 3/8 zebu) dotados de fístulas de rúmen, foram usados em experimento em change-over 3x3, com o propósito de estudar in situ a degradabilidade da proteína da soja, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: A) soja crua, B) soja torrada e C) farelo de soja comercial. Após 21 dias de adaptação em cada subperíodo, foram feitas incubações ruminais por períodos de 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Concomitantemente, amostras do material foram analisadas quanto à solubilidade da proteína. A proteína da soja torrada teve a solubilidade diminuída em relação ao alimento cru (54,78% e 66,09%, respectivamente); a torrefação da soja diminuiu a taxa de degradabilidade protéica ruminal (de 0,085 da soja crua para 0,041 da soja torrada) e com 3 horas de incubação apenas 22,53% da proteína do farelo de soja comercial havia sido degradada, em comparação a 49,74% da soja crua.

Soybean protein degradation in the rumen through nylon bags in situ / Degradabilidade ruminal da proteína de soja pelo processo dos sacos de náilon In situ

Six crossbred (5/8 European x 3/8 Zebu) steers with ruminal cannula were used in a 3x3 change-over design to compare soybean protein degradation in situ, with the treatments: A) raw ground soybean meal, B) ground-toasted soybean, and C) commercial soybean oil meal. After 21 days of adaptation for each subperiod, protein degradability was measured by the nylon bag technique with incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h, simultaneously the protein solubility was measured. Protein degradability rate and protein solubility were depressed in the toasted soybean (0.041 and 54.78% for toasted soybean against 0.085 and 66.09% for raw soybean, respectively). After 3 hours of incubation only 22.53% of toasted soybean (B) was degradated in comparison with 49.74% of the raw soybean (A).

Seis bovinos cruzados (5/8 europeu x 3/8 zebu) dotados de fístulas de rúmen, foram usados em experimento em change-over 3x3, com o propósito de estudar in situ a degradabilidade da proteína da soja, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: A) soja crua, B) soja torrada e C) farelo de soja comercial. Após 21 dias de adaptação em cada subperíodo, foram feitas incubações ruminais por períodos de 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Concomitantemente, amostras do material foram analisadas quanto à solubilidade da proteína. A proteína da soja torrada teve a solubilidade diminuída em relação ao alimento cru (54,78% e 66,09%, respectivamente); a torrefação da soja diminuiu a taxa de degradabilidade protéica ruminal (de 0,085 da soja crua para 0,041 da soja torrada) e com 3 horas de incubação apenas 22,53% da proteína do farelo de soja comercial havia sido degradada, em comparação a 49,74% da soja crua.