Spatiotemporal hierarchical Bayesian analysis to identify factors associated with COVID-19 in suburban areas in Colombia.

Introduction: The pandemic had a profound impact on the provision of health services in Cúcuta, Colombia where the neighbourhood-level risk of Covid-19 has not been investigated. Identifying the sociodemographic and environmental risk factors of Covid-19 in large cities is key to better estimate its morbidity risk and support health strategies targeting specific suburban areas. This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with the risk of Covid-19 in Cúcuta considering inter -spatial and temporal variations of the disease in the city's neighbourhoods between 2020 and 2022. Methods: Age-adjusted rate of Covid-19 were calculated in each Cúcuta neighbourhood and each quarter between 2020 and 2022. A hierarchical spatial Bayesian model was used to estimate the risk of Covid-19 adjusting for socioenvironmental factors per neighbourhood across the study period. Two spatiotemporal specifications were compared (a nonparametric temporal trend; with and without space-time interaction). The posterior mean of the spatial and spatiotemporal effects was used to map the Covid-19 risk. Results: There were 65,949 Covid-19 cases in the study period with a varying standardized Covid-19 rate that peaked in October-December 2020 and April-June 2021. Both models identified an association of the poverty and stringency indexes, education level and PM10 with Covid-19 although the best fit model with a space-time interaction estimated a strong association with the number of high-traffic roads only. The highest risk of Covid-19 was found in neighbourhoods in west, central, and east Cúcuta. Conclusions: The number of high-traffic roads is the most important risk factor of Covid-19 infection in Cucuta. This indicator of mobility and connectivity overrules other socioenvironmental factors when Bayesian models include a space-time interaction. Bayesian spatial models are important tools to identify significant determinants of Covid-19 and identifying at-risk neighbourhoods in large cities. Further research is needed to establish causal links between these factors and Covid-19.

The first report of Dirofilaria repens infection in dogs from Colombia.

Dirofilariasis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Dirofilaria parasites, affecting both wild and domestic animals, including humans considered as accidental hosts. Dirofilaria repens is the principal causative agent of dirofilariasis in the Old World, with increasing reports of the parasite in countries where it has not been previously identified, due to several factors such as the expansion of mosquito vectors' geographical distribution. By utilizing newly designed primers for molecular detection and confirming through next-generation sequencing, here, we report the first plausible cases of D. repens in dogs from Colombia. Our results support the classification of this species as an emergent pathogen in the Americas. Finally, we encourage an increase in diagnostic and surveillance efforts to prevent and control the current and future dirofilariasis cases in this region.

Mapping the risk of respiratory infections using suburban district areas in a large city in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Cúcuta -Colombia, have a comparatively high burden of disease associated with high public health costs. However, little is known about the epidemiology of these diseases in the city and its distribution within suburban areas. This study addresses this gap by estimating and mapping the risk of ARI in Cúcuta and identifying the most relevant risk factors. METHODS: A spatial epidemiological analysis was designed to investigate the association of sociodemographic and environmental risk factors with the rate of ambulatory consultations of ARI in urban sections of Cúcuta, 2018. The ARI rate was calculated using a method for spatial estimation of disease rates. A Bayesian spatial model was implemented using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach and the Besag-York-Mollié specification. The risk of ARI per urban section and the hotspots of higher risk were also estimated and mapped. RESULTS: A higher risk of IRA was found in central, south, north and west areas of Cúcuta after adjusting for sociodemographic and environmental factors, and taking into consideration the spatial distribution of the city's urban sections. An increase of one unit in the percentage of population younger than 15 years; the Index of Multidimensional Poverty and the rate of ARI in the migrant population was associated with a 1.08 (1.06-1.1); 1.04 (1.01-1.08) and 1.25 (1.22-1.27) increase of the ARI rate, respectively. Twenty-four urban sections were identified as hotspots of risk in central, south, north and west areas in Cucuta. CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic factors and their spatial patterns are determinants of acute respiratory infections in Cúcuta. Bayesian spatial hierarchical models can be used to estimate and map the risk of these infections in suburban areas of large cities in Colombia. The methods of this study can be used globally to identify suburban areas and or specific communities at risk to support the implementation of prevention strategies and decision-making in the public and private health sectors.

La pandemia del covid-19 y sus efectos en el ámbito religioso: Las parroquias católicas y el uso de redes sociales. El caso de Santander, Colombia

La pandemia del covid-19 causó gran impacto en el ámbito religioso de la sociedad colombiana. Por esta crisis sanitaria los templos se vieron en la obligación de cerrar sus puertas y trasladarse a las plataformas virtuales. Este desplazamiento no era un fenómeno nuevo; desde hace dos décadas, varias organizaciones religiosas, ya venían incursionando en el mundo virtual para transmitir sus actos religiosos, llegando incluso a la creación iglesias virtuales. Por consiguiente, el presente artículo realiza un acercamiento empírico a las parroquias de las cinco diócesis presentes en el departamento de Santander que usaron las redes sociales como elementos de comunicación con sus fieles, para la difusión de las actividades litúrgicas, pedagógicas y de acompañamiento a los feligreses en tiempos de cuarentena. En este sentido, metodológicamente se priorizó el acercamiento desde la etnografía digital la cual es una aplicación particular de la etnografía, dirigida hacia los usos del internet, permitiendo acceder a grupos vetados tradicionalmente. Por ende, es posible visualizar la cotidianidad de las comunidades, sus identidades y su información sensible o secreta, sin llegar a romper las barreras simbólicas que caracterizan sus espacios de interacción.

We can speak of three key stages to understand the use of social networks, during the pandemic (2020-2021), by Catholic parishes in Santander (Colombia). First, with the quarantine, parishes decided to improve the disinterested use of social networks, by expanding their use to content that alluded to the life of the parish and parishioners. Secondly, by extending the confinement, the pastors learned more about the use of networks. This allowed a quick and rapid adaptation, by improving the creativity and content of the broadcasts. This made it possible that, from May to October 2020, the community or virtual church was born. Thirdly, at the end of 2020, and in the course of 2021, the previous momentum would be reduced, but leaving lessons to be learned.

Representaciones sociales del conflicto armado en Colombia en adolescentes de la provincia de Soto Norte, Santander / Social Representations of the Armed Conflict in Colombia in Adolescents of the Province of Soto Norte, Santander

Resumen Se exponen las representaciones sociales del conflicto armado presentes en los adolescentes de la provincia Soto Norte, Santander, esto desde el enfoque cualitativo. Se identificaron tres categorías, a saber: "Opinión y valoración sobre el Conflicto Armado Interno Colombiano [CAIC]", "Origen de la opinión" y "Antecedentes del CAIC en Soto Norte". Se concluye que, las representaciones sociales se encuentran mediadas por la información que han obtenido acerca del fenómeno armado en distintos contextos, y que dicha información es carente de fundamento; por tanto, se sugiere la generación de espacios psicoeducativos que respondan a la necesidad de construir paz desde las regiones.

Abstract The social representations of the armed conflict present in the adolescents of the Province of Soto Norte, Santander, are exposed, from the qualitative approach. Three categories were identified, namely: "Opinion and assessment of the Colombian Internal Armed Conflict [CAIC]", "Origin of the opinion" and "Background of the CAIC in Soto Norte." It is concluded that social representations are mediated by the information that they have obtained about the armed phenomenon in different contexts, and that such information is unfounded. Therefore, the generation of psychoeducational spaces, which respond to the need to build peace, from the regions, is suggested.

Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification.

Neacomys Thomas, 1900 is an oryzomyine genus comprising at least 17 lineages distributed from easternmost Panama to northern Bolivia. As is the case for other groups of the subfamily Sigmodontinae, Neacomys have experienced a substantial increase in the rate of species descriptions in the last two decades, prompted by the progressive generation of morphological, molecular and karyological data. Nevertheless, most of the studies related to the genus have focused on the assessment of Cis-Andean populations, so that the Trans-Andean ones have been relegated to the background. In more than a century, only two species have been described from that region, one of them present in Colombia (N. tenuipes Thomas, 1900). Here, a new species of Neacomys is named and described based on samples collected in montane ecosystems of the Serranía de los Yariguíes, an isolated massif in the Magdalena Valley (Trans-Andean Colombia). Its validity is supported by a unique combination of morphological and molecular characters: Neacomys sp. nov. can be distinguished from other congeners mainly by the presence of broad ochraceous-orange patches on the sides of the muzzle, a gray-based ochraceous buff ventral fur, a thick hamular process of the squamosal, an opened ectotympanic ring, and a narrow anterocone of M1. The species is recovered as a clearly divergent and well-supported monophyletic group in the phylogenies, which implies it is not closely related to any other species in the genus and probably represents an early radiation within it. The new species of Neacomys constitutes the only rodent described from Colombia in more than 50 years and brings the list of mammals of the country to 529 species. Its discovery evidences that Trans-Andean region could be an important source of hidden diversity for the genus, and in Colombia, for rodents in general. Thus, further inventories, especially into remote areas, are needed to unveil this diversity. The fact that the new species seems to be endemic to an isolated mountain range implies it merits attention in terms of conservation.

Facilitadores y barreras percibidos en la práctica de la actividad física en adolescentes escolarizados en Piedecuesta (Santander), en 2016: análisis cualitativo / Perceived facilitators and barriers to physical activity in adolescents in Piedecuesta (Santander), in 2016: qualitative analysis / Facilitadores e barreiras evidentes na prática da atividade física nos adolescentes em idade escolar em Piedecuesta Santander, em 2016: Análise qualitativa

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la percepción que tienen adolescentes escolarizados entre 12 y 16 años, en Piedecuesta (Santander), en 2016, sobre los facilitadores y las barreras que influyen en la práctica de la actividad física. Metodología: Análisis cualitativo desde un enfoque fenomenológico, con la participación de 20 adolescentes escolarizados que, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y un grupo focal, conversaron sobre la práctica, los beneficios, los entornos y la influencia y la compañía en relación con la actividad física, para identificar barreras y facilitadores. Resultados: La práctica de la actividad física se limitaba a las clases de educación física en la mayoría de los casos. El compañero principal en la práctica extracurricular era el padre del mismo sexo. La actividad física representaba una oportunidad para el disfrute, mejorar la salud física y mental, así como la contextura corporal, y para romper con la rutina diaria. La falta de tiempo por compromisos académicos fue la razón principal para no realizar actividad física. Los lugares públicos no siempre estaban disponibles, a menudo no se consideraban seguros. En la escuela, el espacio y las instalaciones eran inadecuados, y el uso estaba restringido. Conclusiones: La escuela es un punto de convergencia importante para la práctica de la actividad física, lo que sugiere la necesidad de fortalecer el plan de estudios al respecto; este entorno es un facilitador potencial para aumentar el nivel de actividad física en adolescentes. También se percibe como barrera, dado que la práctica interfiere con las actividades académicas. Las mejoras en la seguridad y el atractivo estético en el entorno comunitario se visibilizan como un facilitador para promover la actividad física.

Abstract Objective: Describe the perception of adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years, in Piedecuesta (Santander), in 2016, about the facilitators and barriers that influence physical activity. Methodology: Qualitative analysis from a phenomenological approach, with the participation of 20 adolescents who talked about the practice, benefits, environments, influence and company in connection with physical activity , to identify barriers and facilitators, through semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Results: Physical activity was limited to physical education classes in most cases. The main companion in extracurricular physical activity was the parent of the same sex. Physical activity represented an opportunity for enjoyment, improvement of physical and mental health, as well as body composition, and to have a break in their daily routine. Lack of time due to academic commitments was the main reason for not doing physical activity. Public places were not always available and they were often not considered to be safe. Space and facilities at school were inadequate, and their use was restricted.. Conclusions: The school is an important point of convergence for doing physical activity, suggesting the need to strengthen the curriculum in this respect; this environment is a potential facilitator to increasing the level of physical activity in adolescents. It can also be seen as a barrier, given that the practice interferes with academic activities. Improvements in safety and aesthetic appeal in the surrounding community are seen as a facilitator to promoting physical activity.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a percepção que os adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos de Piedecuesta em Santander, tiveram em 2016 sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras que influenciaram na prática da atividade física. Metodologia: Análise qualitativa partindo de um foco fenomenológico, com a participação de 20 adolescentes em idade escolar que, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e um grupo focal, conversaram sobre a prática, os benefícios, os entornos, a influência e o acompanhamento relacionados com a atividade física, para identificar barreiras e facilitadores. Resultados: Na maioria dos casos, a prática da atividade física limitava-se às aulas de educação física. O companheiro principal na prática extracurricular era o genitor ou genitora do mesmo sexo. A atividade física representava uma oportunidade para disfrutar, melhorar a saúde física e mental, além da estrutura corporal e para sair da rotina diária. A falta de tempo devido às responsabilidades escolares foi a principal razão para não realizarem atividade física. Os lugares públicos nem sempre estavam disponíveis e geralmente não são considerados seguros. Na escola, o espaço e as instalações eram inadequados e o uso estava restrito. Conclusões: A escola é um importante ponto de convergência para a prática da atividade física, o que determina a necessidade de fortalecer o currículo relacionado; esse ambiente é um facilitador potencial para aumentar o nível de atividade física nos adolescentes. Também se percebe como barreira, já que a prática interfere com as atividades escolares. As melhorias na segurança e um espaço comunitário mais atraente do ponto de vista estético são determinantes como facilitadores para a promoção da atividade física.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) from a Chagas Disease-Endemic Urban Area in Colombia.

In the last few years, an unusual increase in the number of acute Chagas disease outbreaks, presumably due to oral transmission, has been reported in urban areas in Santander, Colombia. Given the importance of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as reservoir hosts and sentinels of T. cruzi infection across different regions of America, we carried out a serological and molecular survey on T. cruzi infection in 215 dogs from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander. Serological detection was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), while molecular detection was done using a nested PCR (nPCR), targeting the microsatellite region of T. cruzi nuclear DNA. Animals were defined as seropositive when at least two of the three serological tests were positive, and only these animals were evaluated with the nPCR. To discriminate DTU TcI from other DTUs, a multiplex PCR was performed in the T. cruzi-positive samples. Additionally, clinical and hematological traits were evaluated in these hosts. The dog sera showed a seropositivity rate of 27.9 % (60/215), of which 43.3 % (26/60) were positive for nPCR. Statistical analysis indicated that T. cruzi seropositive in dogs was associated with specific socioeconomic sectors and a lack of garbage collection in these municipalities. Hematological analyses showed that T. cruzi infection was associated with anemia and platelet alterations but not with alterations of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB). The high seroprevalence of infection and active circulation of T. cruzi I (TcI) in dogs reflect the risk of infection to humans in this area, which should be taken into consideration when Chagas disease control programs are implemented. In addition, T. cruzi infection may take a toll on dog health, which should be considered during dog care and management.

Low level of the immune response against rabies virus in dogs and cats, a cross-sectional study in sheltered animals, Santander, Colombia / Baixo nível de resposta imune contra o vírus da raiva em cães e gatos, um estudo transversal em animais abrigados, Santander, Colombia

Rabies is an incurable and fatal progressive viral encephalomyelitis that causes approximately 61,000 deaths a year globally mainly by dog bites, which show the importance of anti-rabies vaccination in dogs to achieve elimination of the disease. In Colombia, multiple cases of human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats have been reported since 1999, showing an increased significance of cats in the transmission of rabies, mainly in rabies of wild origin. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of neutralizing antibodies in dogs and cats during the mass vaccination campaign of the second half of 2015 in the city of Bucaramanga. For this purpose, a descriptive cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted in 382 dogs and cats (295 dogs, 87 cats), and an evaluation of the humoral immune response of the animals was performed by quantitative ELISA. The prevalence of optimal neutralizing antibodies (>0.5 IU/ml) was only 32.76% (95% CI=28.05-37.46%) in the entire population studied and most of the animals did not have an adequate response to the vaccination, or seroconversion was not detected on them (65.45-95% confidence interval, CI=60.68-70.21%). Significant difference was found between the neutralizing antibody titers in cats and dogs, with a higher neutralizing response in cats. In conclusion, although mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and cats are the most important measure to interrupt virus circulation among the animals, achievement of a good neutralizing immune response in the animals is useful to demonstrate that vaccination has been successful, allowing the maintenance of the required minimum levels of population immunity. These results will allow the implementation of corrective measures in Bucaramanga to achieve better seroconversion rates. Other cities are expected to implement similar seroconversion assessments to verify the quality of effective anti-rabies vaccination in animal populations.(AU)

A raiva é uma encefalomielite viral progressiva incurável e fatal que causa aproximadamente 61.000 mortes por ano no mundo, principalmente por mordidas de cães, que mostram a importância da vacinação anti-rábica em cães para conseguir a eliminação da doença. Na Colômbia, vários casos de raiva humana transmitida por cães e gatos foram relatados desde 1999, mostrando um aumento na importância de gatos na transmissão da raiva, principalmente em raiva de origem selvagem. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de anticorpos neutralizantes em cães e gatos durante a campanha de vacinação em massa do segundo semestre de 2015 na cidade de Bucaramanga. Para este propósito, um estudo descritivo transversal com amostragem de conveniência foi realizado em 382 cães e gatos (295 cães, 87 gatos), e uma avaliação da resposta imune humoral dos animais foi realizada por ELISA quantitativo. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes ótimos (>0,5 UI/ml) foi de apenas 32,76% (IC 95% = 28,05-37,46%) em toda a população estudada e a maioria dos animais não teve resposta adequada à vacinação, ou a soroconversão foi não detectado neles (65,45-95% intervalo de confiança IC = 60,68-70,21%). Diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes em gatos e cães, com uma maior resposta neutralizante em gatos. Em conclusão, embora as campanhas de vacinação em massa para cães e gatos sejam a medida mais importante para interromper a circulação do vírus entre os animais, a obtenção de uma boa resposta imunológica neutralizante nos animais é útil para demonstrar que a vacinação foi bem sucedida, permitindo a manutenção necessária dos níveis mínimos de imunidade da população. Esses resultados permitirão que a implementação de medidas corretivas em Bucaramanga alcance melhores taxas de soroconversão...(AU)

Low level of the immune response against rabies virus in dogs and cats, a cross-sectional study in sheltered animals, Santander, Colombia / Baixo nível de resposta imune contra o vírus da raiva em cães e gatos, um estudo transversal em animais abrigados, Santander, Colombia

Rabies is an incurable and fatal progressive viral encephalomyelitis that causes approximately 61,000 deaths a year globally mainly by dog bites, which show the importance of anti-rabies vaccination in dogs to achieve elimination of the disease. In Colombia, multiple cases of human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats have been reported since 1999, showing an increased significance of cats in the transmission of rabies, mainly in rabies of wild origin. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of neutralizing antibodies in dogs and cats during the mass vaccination campaign of the second half of 2015 in the city of Bucaramanga. For this purpose, a descriptive cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted in 382 dogs and cats (295 dogs, 87 cats), and an evaluation of the humoral immune response of the animals was performed by quantitative ELISA. The prevalence of optimal neutralizing antibodies (>0.5 IU/ml) was only 32.76% (95% CI=28.05-37.46%) in the entire population studied and most of the animals did not have an adequate response to the vaccination, or seroconversion was not detected on them (65.45-95% confidence interval, CI=60.68-70.21%). Significant difference was found between the neutralizing antibody titers in cats and dogs, with a higher neutralizing response in cats. In conclusion, although mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and cats are the most important measure to interrupt virus circulation among the animals, achievement of a good neutralizing immune response in the animals is useful to demonstrate that vaccination has been successful, allowing the maintenance of the required minimum levels of population immunity. These results will allow the implementation of corrective measures in Bucaramanga to achieve better seroconversion rates. Other cities are expected to implement similar seroconversion assessments to verify the quality of effective anti-rabies vaccination in animal populations.(AU)

A raiva é uma encefalomielite viral progressiva incurável e fatal que causa aproximadamente 61.000 mortes por ano no mundo, principalmente por mordidas de cães, que mostram a importância da vacinação anti-rábica em cães para conseguir a eliminação da doença. Na Colômbia, vários casos de raiva humana transmitida por cães e gatos foram relatados desde 1999, mostrando um aumento na importância de gatos na transmissão da raiva, principalmente em raiva de origem selvagem. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de anticorpos neutralizantes em cães e gatos durante a campanha de vacinação em massa do segundo semestre de 2015 na cidade de Bucaramanga. Para este propósito, um estudo descritivo transversal com amostragem de conveniência foi realizado em 382 cães e gatos (295 cães, 87 gatos), e uma avaliação da resposta imune humoral dos animais foi realizada por ELISA quantitativo. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes ótimos (>0,5 UI/ml) foi de apenas 32,76% (IC 95% = 28,05-37,46%) em toda a população estudada e a maioria dos animais não teve resposta adequada à vacinação, ou a soroconversão foi não detectado neles (65,45-95% intervalo de confiança IC = 60,68-70,21%). Diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes em gatos e cães, com uma maior resposta neutralizante em gatos. Em conclusão, embora as campanhas de vacinação em massa para cães e gatos sejam a medida mais importante para interromper a circulação do vírus entre os animais, a obtenção de uma boa resposta imunológica neutralizante nos animais é útil para demonstrar que a vacinação foi bem sucedida, permitindo a manutenção necessária dos níveis mínimos de imunidade da população. Esses resultados permitirão que a implementação de medidas corretivas em Bucaramanga alcance melhores taxas de soroconversão. Outras cidades devem implementar avaliações similares de soroconversão para verificar a qualidade da vacinação anti-rábica efetiva em populações animais.(AU)

New species and records of Cladiopsocus Roesler (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha: Cladiopsocidae) from Colombia.

Thirteen species of Cladiopsocus Roesler, from the Colombian departments of Caquetá, Chocó, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander and Putumayo are here described and illustrated. New records of eight described species of Cladiopsocus, from the departments of Caquetá, Cauca, Quindío and Valle del Cauca are included. The number of species in the genus is increased to 41, of which 27 are Colombian. An updated identification key to the males of the genus is included, as well as a map of species distribution.

La autopsia de Santander: el primer caso autóctono de hepatocolecistocoledocolitiasis / Santander's autopsy: first autochthonous case of hepatolithiasis / Autópsia de Santander: primeiro caso autóctone de hepatolithiasis

RESUMEN El informe de la autopsia de Santander, efectuada en 1840, ha sido publicado sin corregir los errores de imprenta originando interpretaciones discutibles. Se corrige y se proponen diagnósticos anatómicos macroscópicos que se comentan a la luz de la fisiopatología.

SUMMARY Santander's autopsy report, dated in 1840, has been published without any regard for the list of errata and controversial interpretations have been made. The necessary corrections are made and gross anatomic diagnoses are proposed along with a comment.

RESUMO Relatório da autópsia do Santander, datada em 1840, tem-se publicado sem qualquer consideração para a lista de errata, e interpretações controversas foram feitas. As correções necessárias são feitas e diagnósticos anatômicas brutas são, juntamente com um comentário proposto.

Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia.

A new species of Espeletia from the Páramo de Presidente in northeastern Colombia is described. The species is named Espeletia praesidentis after the name of the páramo, and it is dedicated to the President Juan Manuel Santos, for his persistent efforts in working for peace for Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletia dugandii, but differs in the shape and colour of the leaves and arrangements of the capitulescences. A large population was found, but its total extension is yet to be determine.

Capacidad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles totales en café y subproductos del café producido y comercializado en Norte de Santander (Colombia) / Antioxidant capacity and total phenol content in coffee and coffee by-products produced and marketed in Norte de Santander (Colombia)

Antecedentes: El café, una de las bebidas más consumidas en el mundo, contiene varios compuestos bioactivos como los antioxidantes, que han demostrado eficacia en reducir la incidencia de enfermedades crónicas y neurodegenerativas. Como Norte de Santander es la cuna del café en Colombia, resulta relevante estudiar las propiedades antioxidantes de su café y de la industria del café, que ofrece varios productos que se pueden usar como fuente de sustancias funcionales. Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad antioxidante y determinar el contenido de fenoles totales en el café producido y comercializado en Norte de Santander (Colombia) y en sus residuos o subproductos. Métodos: Las muestras comerciales se seleccionaron mediante una encuesta aplicada en 12 municipios de Norte de Santander. Las almendras y los residuos de café provinieron de los municipios de Toledo y Lourdes. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó por los métodos FRAP y ABTS y el contenido de fenoles totales se determinó por Folin Ciocalteu (FC). Resultados: El contenido de fenoles totales se encontró entre 1129 ± 0,000 y 2582 ± 0,000 mg EAG/ g café, y entre 52,57 ± 4,767 y 1904 ± 8,288 mg EAG/ g café, para las muestras comerciales y sin tostar, respectivamente. La capacidad antioxidante en las muestras comerciales varió entre 3095 ± 0,000 y 6857 ± 8,115 para FRAP, y entre 224,0 ± 0,245 y 245,0 ± 0,000 µmol Etrolox/ g café para ABTS. En el caso de las almendras y los residuos, la capacidad antioxidante varió entre 2,265 ± 0,000 y 1894 ± 1,627 por FRAP, y entre 71,78 ± 0,000 y 233,0 ± 0,000 µmol Etrolox/ g café por ABTS. Conclusiones: Todas las muestras presentaron capacidad antioxidante y fenoles totales, incluidos los residuos del procesamiento del café tales como el pergamino, la cáscara y la pulpa de la cereza. Por lo tanto, se confirma el potencial de los residuos de café como fuentes naturales de antioxidantes. Esta investigación reporta por primera vez propiedades antioxidantes en el pergamino y en cafés especiales.

Registro de cinoo especies de aves poco conocidas para norte de santander, Colombia / Five Bird Species Poorly Known for Norte de Santander, Colombia

Registramos cinco especies de aves poco conocidas para la región con base en observaciones realizadas en el área urbana de Cúcuta (departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia). Dos de ellas son migratorias neárticas/neotropicales (Coccyzus americanus y Protonotaria citrea). Aunque cuatro especies ya habían sido recolectadas en Cúcuta, han pasado inadvertidas para esta región. Uno de los registros corresponde a la ampliación hacia el norte del área de distribución geográfica conocida para Paroaria nigrogenis.

We report five bird species poorly known for Norte de Santander based on observations in the urban area of the city of Cúcuta (department of Norte de Santander, Colombia). Two are nearctic/neotropical migratory birds (Coccyzus americanus and Protonotaria citrea). Although four species had been collected before in Cúcuta, their report has remained unnoticed. We record the geographical range extension for Paroaria nigrogenis to the north of its currently known distribution.

A new species of Espeletiopsis (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from Colombia.

A new species of Espeletiopsis was found in two small páramos of Norte de Santander, Colombia. The species is named Espeletiopsis diazii honoring the contributions of Santiago Díaz-Piedrahita in recognition of his vast knowledge of the Compositae in Colombia. This is a very distinctive species, markedly different from most of the Espeletiopsis present in Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletiopsis caldasii and Espeletiopsis santanderensis, but differs in having (1-)4-6(-7) capitula, with very short peduncles, and capitula arranged in a compact or densely glomerate cyme. With a total distribution area of less than 75 km(2), this species is probably critically endangered or imperiled.

Características de los casos juzgados en el Tribunal de Ética Médica de Santander, Colombia, desde la promulgación de la Ley 100 de 1993 / Characteristics about judged medical cases in the Tribunal for Medical Ethics, Santander-Colombia, since the enactment of the Law 100th, 1993

Introducción y objetivos:Desde la promulgación de la Ley 100, de 1993, los usuarios del nuevo Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud aumentaron el conocimiento de sus derechos, por ende exigen mejor calidad y cumplimiento en estos servicios por parte de los profesionales de la medicina. El objetivo es identificar las características de los casos demandados ante el Tribunal Ética Médica Santander (TEMS). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal aleatorizado con una muestra de 120 casos. La información fue captada y revisada por un miembro del TEMS, la cual se transcribió sin elementos de identificación de los implicados. Las variables estudiadas incluyen la descripción del demandante, del demandado y la resolución del proceso. Resultados: Se revisaron 136 casos radicados en el TEMS desde 1994 hasta 2009. El 56.6% de los afectados fueron mujeres, y el 47.1% de las demandas fueron remitidas al TEMS por un ente judicial. El 83.1% de los demandados fueron hombres, con una media de 42.12 años, de ellos el 37.5% no tenía especialidad. El tiempo entre la ocurrencia de los hechos y la radicación en el TEMS fue de 244 días en promedio; entre la radicación y el pronunciamiento fue de 761 días en promedio. El 89.5% fue acusado por infringir los artículos de la relación médico-paciente. En el pronunciamiento el 72.7% de los casos fueron absueltos por falta de méritos y 16.2% recibió condena. Conclusiones: Es relevante que se analice la relación médico-paciente y se fortalezcan las acciones de concientización sobre la integridad profesional. Así mismo, es importante revisar las características del procesamiento de los casos. [Rodríguez A, Cadena LP. Características de los casos juzgados en el Tribunal de Ética Médica de Santander, Colombia, desde la promulgación de la Ley 100 de 1993. MedUNAB 2012; 15(3):137-143].

Objective: In 1993 the Colombian government enacted a law concerning Health management by public and private institutions. We intend, in this study, identify the reasons why the doctors underwent lawsuits directed to the Medical Tribunal, beginning in 1994, the year the new Health Law was enforced. Methodology: A descriptive randomized transversal study of 136 medical lawsuits directed to the Medical Tribunal. All the information was revised by one member this study. None of the persons involved in the malpractice lawsuit was identified. The variables analyzed included the characteristics of the Defendant, the Plaintiff, the subpoena subject and process outcome. Results: Medical Tribunal Files, ranging from 1994 through 2009 were thoroughly revised. 56.6% of the alleged victims were women and 47.1% of the malpractice claims came from different sources others than their own. 83.1% of the doctors that underwent a lawsuit were male, with an average age of 42.1 years. 37.5% were generalist doctors. The average time taken for a medical lawsuit to be registered before the Medical Tribunal was 244 days, and the average time taken for the Medical Tribunal to provide the final pronouncement was about 761 days. The most common cause for a malpractice lawsuit was found to be the breaking of doctor-patient relationship. 72.7 of the doctors that underwent a lawsuit were found to be no-guilty and 16.2% were found to be guilty. Conclusions: It is very important for doctors to build a strong relation and empathy with their patients. Doctors need to be cautious with the medical or surgical procedures they perform on for their patients. Asuitable Medical Consent has to be taken for all surgical and special medical treatments. Finally doctors need to select a proper medical procedure in a prompt manner and using an accurate treatment. [Rodríguez A, Cadena LP. Characteristics about judged medical cases in the Tribunal for Medical Ethics, Santander-Colombia, since the enactment of the Law 100th, 1993. MedUNAB 2012; 15(3):137-143].

La salud pública en Santander. Historias e historiadores / Public health in Santander. Histories and historians

Revisar las nociones médicas y las representaciones históricas sobre la salud pública en Santander requiere contrastar los resultados de investigaciones realizadas por los historiadores regionales con los aportes publicados en ese mismo campo por las revistas de las Facultades de las universidades Industrial de Santander y Autónoma de Bucaramanga. Este artículo plantea que historiar la salud pública implica superar los estudios académicos orientados sobre las personalidades políticas y médico-científicas para asumirse como un proceso interdisciplinario y de carácter neoinstitucional centrado en el análisis de las políticas estatales sobre las instituciones, los empleados y la atención de los pacientes de acuerdo al impacto de las enfermedades (endémicas y epidémicas) y la presión de grupos socioeconómicos interesados en las mismas. Para tal fin, son explorados los orígenes y usos del concepto “Salud Pública”, se asocia su origen en Santander con las políticas sanitarias sobre “Lazaretos”, son descritos los cambios médicos y hospitalarios consecuentes a la creación del Ministerio de Salud Pública y el Instituto de Seguros Sociales y, finalmente, es realizada una revisión de la producción intelectual que los profesionales de la salud y los sociohumanistas de las universidades santandereanas han hecho sobre el tema.

To revise the medical notions and the historic representations about public health in Santander require to contrast the results of researches did by different historians trough of thesis, books and papers published in local universities journals. This paper proposes a history of public health implicate to surpass the academic studies about of politic and medical-scientific personalities to be assumed as a interdisciplinary and new-institutional process orientated to the analysis of the State politics about institutions employees and patient care according to the impact of illness (endemic and epidemic) and the pressure by socio-economical groups interesed in it. In this way, the sources and uses of the concept “Public Health” are explored, and its begin in Santander with sanitary politics about “leprossy colonies” are described, including medical and hospitalarian changes as consecuence of the creation of the Ministry of Public Health and the Social Security Institute, and finally, a review is realized about the academic production that health and socio-humanistic professionals from Santanderan universities did related with this theme.

Descripción de las larvas de dos centrolénidos (Anura: Centrolenidae) del noroccidente de la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia

Se describen las larvas de dos especies de la familia Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama y Cochranella daidalea) procedentes del flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental en el departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. En la descripción de las larvas, además de las características morfológicas tradicionales, se incorporaron nuevos elementos de juicio como la longitud del tubo cloacal, la forma del rostro, el patrón de color y la posición del espiráculo, los cuales resultaron ser informativos y muy útiles en la diferenciación de las especies. Se proporciona una discusión acerca de la validez taxonómica de algunos de los caracteres morfológicos empleados usualmente en las descripciones y comparaciones de los renacuajos de la familia Centrolenidae.

We describe herein the larvae of two species of the family Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama and Cochranella daidalea) from the Department of Norte de Santander on the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. In order to provide an adequate description, we incorporate new elements such as: vent-tube length, snout shape, color pattern and spiracle position. A discussion about the taxonomic validity of some tadpole morphological characteristics traditionally used in descriptions and comparisons of the family Centrolenidae is provided.

Descripción de las larvas de dos centrolénidos (Anura: Centrolenidae) del noroccidente de la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia

Se describen las larvas de dos especies de la familia Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama y Cochranella daidalea) procedentes del flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental en el departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. En la descripción de las larvas, además de las características morfológicas tradicionales, se incorporaron nuevos elementos de juicio como la longitud del tubo cloacal, la forma del rostro, el patrón de color y la posición del espiráculo, los cuales resultaron ser informativos y muy útiles en la diferenciación de las especies. Se proporciona una discusión acerca de la validez taxonómica de algunos de los caracteres morfológicos empleados usualmente en las descripciones y comparaciones de los renacuajos de la familia Centrolenidae.

We describe herein the larvae of two species of the family Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama and Cochranella daidalea) from the Department of Norte de Santander on the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. In order to provide an adequate description, we incorporate new elements such as: vent-tube length, snout shape, color pattern and spiracle position. A discussion about the taxonomic validity of some tadpole morphological characteristics traditionally used in descriptions and comparisons of the family Centrolenidae is provided.