O skate na ciência: perfil da produção do conhecimento sobre o skate em artigos científicos de periódicos brasileiros (2008-2022) / Skateboarding in science: an overview of skateboarding in research articles in brazilian scientific journals (2008 ­ 2022)

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o perfil da produção do conhecimento sobre skate em artigos científicos em português indexados em periódicos brasileiros. As buscas ocorreram nas bases de dados científicos BASE, BVS, Portal de periódicos CAPES, DOAJ, REDALYC e SciELO. Ao todo foram incluídos 64 artigos científicos e a análise abordou a distribuição de artigos anualmente, os tipos de metodologia, os artigos mais citados, os periódicos científicos com mais publicações sobre o skate, os autores e filiações, e os enfoques temáticos das pesquisas. Observou-se que os estudos sobre skate foram publicados entre 2008 e 2022, com prevalência de pesquisas qualitativas (86%), especialmente as relacionadas com aspectos sociais, culturais e históricos (73%), publicadas em periódicos da área da Educação Física e da Antropologia/Arqueologia, e com autores vinculados predominantemente às instituições das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil.

The aim of the research was to analyze the profile of the production of knowledge about skateboarding in scientific articles in Portuguese indexed in Brazilian journals. The searches were performed on the BASE, BVS, CAPES, DOAJ, REDALYC and SciELO databases. In total, 64 scientific articles were selected. The analysis addressed the distribution of articles annually, the types of methodology, the most cited articles, the scientific journals with the most publications, the authors and affiliations, and the thematic approaches of the researchers. The skateboarding studies were published between 2008 and 2022, with a prevalence of qualitative research (86%), primarily related to social, cultural and historical aspects (73%). The articles were mostly published in journals in the field of Physical Education and Anthropology/Archaeology and with authors linked to institutions in Brazil's Southeast and South regions of Brazil.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Pain and History of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Skateboarders.

Objective (a) To identify the prevalence of current musculoskeletal pain and injury in the last year and (b) to verify the association of the presence of current pain and the history of injury with demographic, sports, and health characteristics in skateboarders. Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 64 skateboarders who answered a questionnaire addressing demographic, sports practice, and health characteristics. The Fisher exact test verified the association of these characteristics with the presence of current pain and with the report of injury in the last year. The chi-squared test verified whether there was a difference between the observed and expected distribution for the body segment reported with pain and history of injury, and with the type of injury. Results The prevalence of pain was of 82.8%, and the observed frequency was higher than expected ( p < 0.01) in the knee, the ankle, the lumbosacral region, and the foot. The presence of pain was associated with age ( p = 0.05) and with whether the patient had already undergone physical therapy treatment ( p < 0.01). The prevalence of injury in the last year was of 68.8%, and the frequency observed was higher than expected ( p < 0.01) in the knee, the ankle, the wrist, the hand, the foot, and the shoulder. Sprain and fracture showed a higher frequency than expected ( p < 0.01). The history of injury was associated with the use of protective equipment ( p = 0.01), having already undergone surgery ( p = 0.02), and physical therapy treatment ( p = 0.03). Conclusion The practice of skateboarding presents a high prevalence of pain and injuries in the last year. The findings may contribute to the planning of preventive strategies.

New species of Guidus Ivanov, 2006 (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from Bathyraja magellanica (Philippi) from the Patagonian Continental Shelf of Argentina.

Specimens representing two new species of Guidus Ivanov, 2006 were collected from the Magellan skate (Bathyraja magellanica [Philippi]) in the Patagonian Continental Shelf of Argentina, Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Guidus francoi sp. n. and Guidus magellanicus sp. n. differ from their congeners by a particular combination of features, including type of bothridia, worm length, number of testes, and distribution of vitelline follicles. Guidus francoi sp. n. is distinguished from G. magellanicus sp. n. by having fewer proglottids, fewer testes and a higher ratio between the cirrus sac length and the proglottid width. The microthrix pattern of species of Guidus from the Southwestern Atlantic is described, based on specimens of G. francoi sp. n., Guidus magellanicus sp. n., and newly collected specimens of Guidus argentinense Ivanov, 2006. These three species share the presence of wide aristate gladiate spinitriches on the proximal bothridial surface, narrow gladiate spinitriches on the bothridial rim, and filitriches on the distal bothridial surface. The diagnosis of Guidus is revised to include several features exhibited by the new species (i.e., presence of bothridial indentations and bothridial stalks, distribution of vitelline follicles, and eggs grouped in cocoons). The discovery of G. francoi sp. n. and G. magellanicus sp. n. from B. magellanica increases the number of species of Guidus collected from batoids in the Southwestern Atlantic from one to three. The specificity exhibited by the species herein described reinforces the tight association between rays in the genera Guidus and Bathyraja.

Estudio etnográfico de jóvenes skater: prácticas corporales y urbanas / Ethnographic study of young skaters: body and urban practices

El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio etnográfico clásico, que tiene como objetivo explorar el espacio de construcción de los nuevos estilos de vida y prácticas corporales en los jóvenes skaters urbanos de Colima. El estudio se realizó en un parque emblemático: La Piedra Lisa, localizado en la capital del estado de Colima, México. La unidad de observación la integraron 50 jóvenes, entre 12 y 20 años, que practican el skate durante la semana. El método utilizado fue el etnográfico, las técnicas de investigación fueron la observación participante ­durante un mes y medio­ y la entrevista informal; y como instrumento de registro se empleó el diario de campo. En la sistematización de la información y clasificación se usó la Guía de Murdock. El estudio describe aspectos identitarios de los jóvenes skaters, información acerca del desarrollo de habilidades físicas coordinativas, condicionales y de experticia skate, lugares de encuentro y apropiación de espacios públicos, clasificación de los skaters por grupos, el equipamiento utilizado, y la percepción social que se tiene de sí mismos, de la sociedad, la familia y de los amigos.

The present work corresponds to a classic ethnographic study, which aims to explore the construction space of new lifestyles and bodily practices in young urban skaters in Colima. The study was conducted in an emblematic park: La Piedra Lisa, located in the capital of the state of Colima, Mexico. The observation unit was made up of 50 young people between 12 and 20 years old, who skate during the week. The method used was ethnographic, the research techniques were participant observations ­for a month and a half­ and the informal interview, and the field newspaper was used as recording instrument. For the systematization of information and classification, the Murdock Guide was used. The study describes identity aspects of young skaters, information about the development of coordinative, conditional and skateboarding physical skills, meeting places and appropriation of public spaces, classification of skaters by groups, the equipment used, and the social perception that it has of itself, society, family and friends.

Skatistas na cidade "Morena": uma história do desenvolvimento do skate em Campo Grande ­MS / Skateboarders in the "Brown" city: thehistory of skateboarding development in Campo Grande­MS

Este artigo tem por objetivo elencar e sintetizar os principais eventos que ajudaram a consolidar um campo esportivo ligado à prática do skatismo na cidade de Campo Grande, capital do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. A construção da narrativa se deu por intermédio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com doze pessoas envolvidas com a promoção da prática do skate na cidade, em especial lojistas e demais agentes que impulsionaram o skate em fases distintas de seu desenvolvimento no município. A conclusão ressalta a importância das lojas de skate, em especial da Hot Point, da Toys Skate Shope da Rema Board Shop, as quais romperam com a barreira puramente comercial e investiram no cenário do skate campo-grandense de distintos modos, seja trazendo profissionais para demonstração, criando vídeos de skate, organizando campeonatos ou apoiando e patrocinando talentos locais. O artigo finaliza apontando o aparecimento e fortalecimento do skate feminino, com o grupo Pantaneiras Skate Girlse também destaca o surgimento do primeiro skatista profissional oriundo desta cidade, Pedro Iti.

This article aims to list and summarize the main events that helped to consolidate a sports field linked to the practice of skating in the city of Campo Grande, capital of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. The construction of the narrative took place through semi-interviews structured with the main agents involved with the promotion of skateboarding in the city, in particular three shopkeepers who promoted skateboarding at different stages of their development in the municipality. The conclusion points to the importance of three skate shops, the Hot Point, the Toys Skate Shop and the Rema Board Shop, which broke through the purely commercial barrier and invested in the skateboarding scene in different ways, whether bringing professionals for demonstration, creating skateboard videos, organizing championships or sponsoring local talent. The article ends in 2015 when the city revealed its first professional skater, Pedro Iti, to the country.

An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea.

Herein we consolidate the information available concerning the biodiversity of batoid fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, including nearly 70 years of survey data collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories and their predecessors. We document 41 species proposed to occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, the validity of several of these reports and their associated data is questioned. In addition, we provide information and remarks concerning the distribution, conservation status, taxonomy and recorded history for each species covered.

Políticas públicas de esporte e lazer na cidade: não só de pista de skate, vive o skatista de Recife-PE / Public policies of sports and leisure in the city: not only of skateparks, lives Recife's skateboarder

Em contextos urbanos, há o aumento de skatistas. Essa realidade remete ao setor público, especialmente municipal, demandas relacionadas às políticas públicas que contribuam para a manutenção e incremento dos espaços coletivos. Este estudo objetivou analisar os espaços públicos disponíveis para prática de skate na cidade de Recife-PE. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, contou com dados de entrevistas com cem skatistas colaboradores. Como resultado é imprescindível a implantação e manutenção de locais adequados, organizados e descentralizados para garantir direitos de acesso aos cidadãos interessados na modalidade skate. A descentralização dos espaços pode assegurar aos usuários a ocupação democrática e participativa.

In urban contexts, there is the growth of skateboarders. This reality refers to the public sector, especially municipal, demands related to public policies that contribute to the maintenance and increase of collective spaces. This study aimed to analyze the public spaces available for skateboarding in the city of Recife-PE. The research, of qualitative and quantitative nature, had data from interviews with 100 skateboardes collaborators. As a result, it is essential to set up and maintain adequate, organized and decentralized locations to guarantee access rights for citizens interested in skateboarding. The decentralization of spaces can assure users of democratic and participatory occupation.

First observations on captive hatching and incubation period of the yellow-nose skate Dipturus chilensis (Rajiformes: Rajidae), from the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Twelve egg capsules laid in captivity by three females of Dipturus chilensis were incubated in the laboratory. After 252 ± 9.4 days, 10 skates successfully hatched, with a mean total length, disc length, and disc width of 17.2, 7.4, and 11.4 cm, respectively. This is the first report of captive hatching of D. chilensis and its corresponding incubation period.

Highly stable gold nanoparticles green-synthesized by upcycling cartilage waste extract from yellow-nose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and evaluation of its cytotoxicity, haemocompatibility and antioxidant activity.

Skate (Dipturus chilensis) cartilage extract was utilized as a green reducing agent for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles with an average size of 16.7 ± 0.2 nm. The gold nanoparticle solution showed a surface plasmon resonance at 543 nm with a wine-red colour. A strong X-ray diffraction pattern and clear lattice structure in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated a face-centred cubic structure of the gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles retained excellent colloidal stability. Gold nanoparticles showed strong antioxidant activity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. In vitro cytotoxicity was observed for seven cancer cells assessed by the water-soluble tetrazolium assay. Among the seven cancer cells, the highest cytotoxicity was observed for MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell) followed by HeLa (human epithelial cervix adenocarcinoma cell) and lastly by HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell). Furthermore, gold nanoparticles showed excellent haemocompatibility, indicating the possibility of their use as a future nanomedicine. These results strongly suggest that gold nanoparticles green-synthesized by upcycling skate cartilage waste extract will be valuable carriers or vehicles for the delivery of drugs or bioactive molecules, such as anti-cancer agents, for the treatment of cancers.

Skatistas "correndo pelo certo": normalização e produção de subjetividades na contemporaneidade / Skateboarders "going for the right": normalization and subjectivity production in contemporaneity / Skaters "corriendo por lo bueno": normalización y producción de subjetividades en la contemporaneidad

Este estudo visou analisar parte dos processos de produção das subjetividades skatistas nas suas relações com determinadas normas sociais em jogo na contemporaneidade, especificamente, através de uma vontade de inclusão de indivíduos e grupos sociais posicionados como anormais. A cartografia social foi usada como referencial teórico-metodológico e o material empírico baseou-se em falas de entrevistas ao rádio e à TV, conversas informais, cartazes de eventos, fotos retiradas de redes sociais no modo público e registros de Diário de Rua. Analisamos vetores de normalização sobre os skatistas articulados a determinadas normas sociais, através de ações e falas moralmente reconhecidas como "do bem", com vistas a atribuir traços de legitimidade e normalidade estratégicos no jogo incessante das relações de poder e da condução de si mesmos(AU)

This study aimed to analyze part of the processes of production of skateboarder's subjectivities in their relations with certain social rules that are in place in contemporaneity, specifically through a wish for inclusion by individuals and social groups positioned as abnormal. Social cartography was used as a theoretical-methodological framework and the empirical material included radio and TV interviews, informal conversations, posters of events, pictures taken from social media sites open to the public and street diary notes. We analyzed vectors of normalization related to skateboarders by connecting them with certain social norms through actions and speeches morally recognized as being "for the good", in order to ascribe traits of legitimacy and normalcy that are strategic to the permanent game of power relations and conduction of oneself(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar parte de los procesos de producción de las subjetividades de los skaters en sus relaciones con determinadas normas sociales establecidas en la época contemporánea, específicamente a través de la voluntad de inclusión de los individuos y grupos sociales tenidos como anormales. La cartografía social fue utilizada como referencial teórico metodológico y el material empírico consistió en entrevistas a la radio y a la televisión, charlas informales, carteles de eventos, fotos retiradas de redes sociales en modo público y registros de Diario de Calle. Analizamos vectores de normalización sobre los skaters que se articulan a determinadas normas sociales, a través de acciones y discursos moralmente reconocidos como "buenos", con vistas a atribuir rasgos de legitimidad y normalidad estratégicos en el juego incesante de las relaciones de poder y de la conducción de sí mismos(AU)

Gosto musical e hexis corporal: a questão do estilo na prática do skate de rua em Ponta Grossa-PR / Musical taste and hexis body: the question of style in the practice of street skateboard in Ponta Grossa-PR / Gusto musical y hexis del cuerpo: la question del estilo en monopatin de calle en Ponta Grossa-PR

Nosso trabalho é uma análise da estética musical incorporada por um grupo de skatistas e sua relação com do estilo de skate desenvolvido pelos praticantes. A hexis corporal na prática do skate de rua, em nosso espaço de investigação, se mostrou associada com o gosto musical do grupo em questão. Deste modo, nosso propósito foi evidenciar essas referências musicais e seu impacto na formação do estilo do skate praticado. Nossa experiência antropológica com os skatistas e o referencial teórico inspirado pela leitura dos trabalhos de Bourdieu sobre estética musical e a hexis corporal foram nossas fontes de pesquisa. Partindo de uma breve história da skatemusic e da exposição dos skatistas sobre a influência do estilo musical no estilo da prática do skate, exploramos o habitus destes enquanto interdependências dos grupos e parte de um charme ou carisma na conformação dos skaters.

Our work is an analysis of the musical aesthetics incorporated by a group of skateboarders and their relationship with skateboard style developed by practitioners. In practice, Body hexis of street skateboarding in our research area, was associated with the musical taste of the group in question. Thus, our purpose was to demonstrate these musical references and their impact on the style skating practiced. Our anthropological experience with the skaters and the theoretical framework inspired by the reading of Bourdieu's work on musical aesthetics and body hexis were our sources of research. Starting with a brief history of skatemusic and exposure of the skaters on the influence of musical style in the practice skate style, we explore the habitus of these interdependencies as groups and part of a charm or charisma in the skaters form.

Nuestro trabajo es un análisis de la estética musical constituidas por un grupo de patinadores y su relación con el estilo del monopatín desarrollado por los profesionales. Héxis cuerpo en la práctica del patinaje de la calle en nuestra área de investigación, se asoció con el gusto musical del grupo en cuestión. Por lo tanto, nuestro propósito era demostrar estas referencias musicales y su impacto en la formación del estilo de skate practicado. Nuestra experiencia antropológica con los patinadores y el marco teórico inspirados en la lectura de la obra de Bourdieu sobre la estética musical y héxis del cuerpo fueran nuestras fuentes de investigación. Comenzando con una breve historia de skatemusic y la exposición de los patinadores sobre la influencia del estilo musical en el estilo de práctica de skate, exploramos el habitus de estas interdependencias como grupos y parte de un encanto o carisma en la formación de los patinadores.

Reproductive biology of Sympterygia bonapartii (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) in San Matías Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina

This study estimates and analyses the reproductive parameters and cycle of Sympterygia bonapartii in San Matías Gulf, northern Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 827 males and 1,299 females were analysed. Males ranged from 185 to 687 mm of total length (TL) and females from 180 to 742 mm TL. Sexual dimorphism was detected; females were larger, heavier, exhibited heavier livers, wider discs and matured at lager sizes than males. Immature females ranged from 180 to 625 mm TL, maturing females from 408 to 720 mm TL, mature ones from 514 to 742 mm TL and females with egg capsules from 580 to 730 mm TL. Immature males ranged from 185 to 545 mm TL, maturing ones from 410 to 620 mm TL and mature males from 505 to 687 mm TL. Size at which 50% of the skates reached maturity was estimated to be 545 mm TL for males and 594 mm TL for females. According to the reproductive indexes analysed, S. bonapartii exhibited a seasonal reproductive pattern. Mating may occur during winter-early spring and the egg-laying season, during spring and summer.(AU)

El presente estudio estima y analiza los parámetros reproductivos y el ciclo reproductivo de Sympterygia bonapartii en el Golfo San Matías, Patagonia norte, Argentina. Se analizaron 827 machos y 1.299 hembras. Los machos midieron entre 185 y 687 mm de largo total (LT) y las hembras entre 180 y 742 mm LT. Se detectó dimorfismo sexual; las hembras fueron más grandes y pesadas que los machos y presentaron anchos de disco, pesos de hígado y tallas de madurez sexual mayores a los de los machos. Las hembras inmaduras midieron entre 180 y 625 mm LT, las hembras en maduración entre 408 y 720 mm LT, las maduras entre 514 y 742 mm LT y las hembras con cápsulas entre 580 y 730 mm LT. Los machos inmaduros midieron entre 185 y 545 mm LT, los machos en maduración entre 410 y 620 mm LT y los maduros entre 505 y 687 mm LT. La talla media de madurez sexual fue estimada en 545 mm LT para los machos y 594 mm LT para las hembras. De acuerdo con los índices reproductivos analizados, S. bonapartii se reproduce estacionalmente. El apareamiento ocurriría durante el invierno y la primavera y la temporada de puesta durante la primavera y el verano.(AU)

Reproductive biology of Sympterygia bonapartii (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) in San Matías Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina

ABSTRACT This study estimates and analyses the reproductive parameters and cycle of Sympterygia bonapartii in San Matías Gulf, northern Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 827 males and 1,299 females were analysed. Males ranged from 185 to 687 mm of total length (TL) and females from 180 to 742 mm TL. Sexual dimorphism was detected; females were larger, heavier, exhibited heavier livers, wider discs and matured at lager sizes than males. Immature females ranged from 180 to 625 mm TL, maturing females from 408 to 720 mm TL, mature ones from 514 to 742 mm TL and females with egg capsules from 580 to 730 mm TL. Immature males ranged from 185 to 545 mm TL, maturing ones from 410 to 620 mm TL and mature males from 505 to 687 mm TL. Size at which 50% of the skates reached maturity was estimated to be 545 mm TL for males and 594 mm TL for females. According to the reproductive indexes analysed, S. bonapartii exhibited a seasonal reproductive pattern. Mating may occur during winter-early spring and the egg-laying season, during spring and summer.

RESUMEN El presente estudio estima y analiza los parámetros reproductivos y el ciclo reproductivo de Sympterygia bonapartii en el Golfo San Matías, Patagonia norte, Argentina. Se analizaron 827 machos y 1.299 hembras. Los machos midieron entre 185 y 687 mm de largo total (LT) y las hembras entre 180 y 742 mm LT. Se detectó dimorfismo sexual; las hembras fueron más grandes y pesadas que los machos y presentaron anchos de disco, pesos de hígado y tallas de madurez sexual mayores a los de los machos. Las hembras inmaduras midieron entre 180 y 625 mm LT, las hembras en maduración entre 408 y 720 mm LT, las maduras entre 514 y 742 mm LT y las hembras con cápsulas entre 580 y 730 mm LT. Los machos inmaduros midieron entre 185 y 545 mm LT, los machos en maduración entre 410 y 620 mm LT y los maduros entre 505 y 687 mm LT. La talla media de madurez sexual fue estimada en 545 mm LT para los machos y 594 mm LT para las hembras. De acuerdo con los índices reproductivos analizados, S. bonapartii se reproduce estacionalmente. El apareamiento ocurriría durante el invierno y la primavera y la temporada de puesta durante la primavera y el verano.

Thorns and dermal denticles of skates Atlantoraja cyclophora and A. castelnaui: Microscopic features and functional implications.

Some batoid species are covered with dermal denticles (or placoid scales) that occasionally develop into thorns. In sexually mature males, sharp teeth and alar thorns found on the apex of the lateral disc are used to hold the female during copulation. This study set out to analyze microscopic features of modified dermal denticles and thorns and to investigate sexual dimorphism in Atlantoraja cyclophora and A. castelnaui species. Skin samples collected from areas covered with thorns were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, processed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Alar thorn morphology varied within species, while caudal thorn, rostral and caudal dermal denticle morphology varied within and between species. These structures play an important role in the protection and reproduction of the species studied and constitute important taxonomic information, given they are often the only elements preserved in archaeological sites and fossil records.

Jovens praticantes de skate e seu cotidiano / Young skateboarders their everyday / Jóvenes praticantes del skate y su vida cotidiana

Nessa pesquisa, focamos os jovens e seu cotidiano, trazendo elementos que discutem o lazer, família, educação e trabalho. Pesquisa realizada com um grupo de jovens skatistas, numa pista pública de skate na cidade de Porto Alegre - RS. Foram ao todo nove meses de observação direta, cada qual relatada em Diários de Campo. Procuramos compreender como o lazer dos jovens que se dava pela prática do skate, se relacionava como outros aspectos de seu cotidiano. Após concluir o trabalho, consideramos que - para se manter na prática do skate - os jovens necessitam conciliar as cobranças de suas famílias, além das rotulações e estereótipos impostas de fora do universo de praticantes desse esporte. Percebemos, ainda, que os jovens passam por tudo isso com o propósito de manter seus "projetos" no skate.

In this research, we focus on young people and their daily lives, bringing elements discussing leisure, family, education and work. Research conducted with a group of young skaters in a public track skating in the city of Porto Alegre - RS. In a total nine months of direct observation, each reported in Field Diaries. We seek to understand how the leisure of young people who gave the practice of skateboarding, was related to other aspects of their daily lives. After completing the work, we consider that - to remain in practice the skateboard - young people needed to reconcile the charges of their families, in addition to labels and stereotypes imposed from "outside" the universe of practitioners of this sport. We noticed also that young people go through all this in order to keep their "projects" on the skateboard.

En esta investigación, nos centramos en los jóvenes y su vida diaria, con lo que los elementos en discusiones sobre ocio, la familia, la educación y el trabajo. Investigaciones llevadas a cabo con un grupo de jóvenes praticantes del skate en una pista de patinaje pública en la ciudad de Porto Alegre - RS. En un total de nueve meses de la observación directa, cada informó en Diarios de Campo. Buscamos entender cómo el ocio de los jóvenes que dieron a la práctica de skate, estaba relacionada con otros aspectos de su vida cotidiana. Después de completar el trabajo, consideramos que - permanezca en la práctica el consejo - los jóvenes necesitan para conciliar los cargos de sus familias, además de etiquetas y estereotipos impuestos desde "fuera" del universo de los practicantes de este deporte. Notamos también que los jóvenes pasar por todo esto con el fin de mantener sus "proyectos" en el skate.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Yellownose skate: Zearaja chilensis (Rajiformes, Rajidae).

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a Yellownose skate, Zearaja chilensis was determined for the first time. It is 16,909 bp in length covering 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 protein coding genes with the identical gene order and structure as those of other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of low G (14.3%), and slightly high A + T (58.9%) nucleotides. The strong codon usage bias against the use of G (6.0%) is found at the third codon positions. Twelve of the 13 protein coding genes use ATG as the start codon while COX1 starts with GTG. As for the stop codon, only ND4 shows an incomplete stop codon TA. This is the first report of the mitogenome for a species in the genus Zearaja, providing a valuable source of genetic information on the evolution of the family Rajidae and the genus Zearaja as well as for establishment of a sustainble fishery management plan of the species.

A review of longnose skates Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) / Una revisión sobre las rayas de hocico largo Zearaja chilensis y Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) / Urna revisão das raías longnose Zearaja chilensis e Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae)

Longnose skates may have a high intrinsic vulnerability among fishes due to their large body size, slow growth rates and relatively low fecundity, and their exploitation as fisheries target-species places their populations under considerable pressure. These skates are found circumglobally in subtropical and temperate coastal waters. Although longnose skates have been recorded for over 150 years in South America, the ability to assess the status of these species is still compromised by critical knowledge gaps. Based on a review of 185 publications, a comparative synthesis of the biology and ecology was conducted on two commercially important elasmobranchs in South American waters, the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis and the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma, in order to examine and compare their taxonomy, distribution, fisheries, feeding habitats, reproduction, growth and longevity. There has been a marked increase in the number of published studies for both species since 2000, and especially after 2005, although some research topics remain poorly understood. Considering the external morphological similarities of longnose skates, especially when juvenile, and the potential niche overlap in both, depth and latitude it is recommended that reproductive seasonality, connectivity and population structure be assessed to ensure their long-term sustainability.

Las rayas de nariz larga tienen una alta vulnerabilidad intrínseca entre los peces, debido a su gran tamaño corporal, bajas tasas de crecimiento y relativamente baja fecundidad; por otra parte, el hecho de ser blanco de explotación pesquera coloca a su población bajo una presión considerable. Las rayas de nariz larga se encuentran alrededor del mundo en aguas costeras subtropicales y templadas. Aunque se han registrado a lo largo de 150 años en Suramérica, los críticos vacíos de información que aún persisten comprometen la capacidad de determinar el estatus de estas especies. Con base en una revisión de 185 publicaciones, se realizó una síntesis comparativa de la biología y ecología de dos de las especies de elasmobranquios comerciales de aguas suramericanas: la raya volantín (Zearaja chilensis) y la raya espinosa (Dipturus trachyderma). Se examinaron y compararon su taxonomía, distribución, hábitos alimenticios, reproducción, crecimiento, longevidad y explotación pesquera. El número de estudios publicados sobre ambas especies se ha incrementado considerablemente desde 2000 y especialmente después de 2005, aunque algunos tópicos de investigación permanecen poco entendidos. Considerando la similitud morfológica externa de las rayas de nariz larga, especialmente en sus estadios juveniles, y que su nicho potencial se superpone tanto en profundidad como en latitud, se recomienda determinar su estacionalidad reproductiva, con el fin de asegurar su sostenibilidad en el largo plazo.

Raias longnose podem ter uma elevada vulnerabilidade intrínseca entre os peixes, devido ao seu grande tamanho de corpo, taxas lentas de crescimento e fecundidade relativamente baixa, e sua exploraclo como especies alvo de pesca coloca suas populacóes sob considerável pressao. Sao encontradas ao redor do mundo em águas costeiras subtropicais e temperadas. Embora raias longnose hajam sido registradas por mais de 150 anos na América do Sul, a capacidade de avaliar o status dessas espécies ainda é comprometida por lacunas críticas de conhecimento. Com base em uma revisao de 185 publicacóes, uma síntese comparativa da biologia e ecologia foi realizada uma síntese comparativa da biología e ecología de duas espécies de elasmobranquios comerciais de águas sul-americanas, a raia nariz-amarelo (Zearaja chilensis) e a raia pele-áspera (Dipturus trachyderma); com vistas a analisar e comparar a sua taxonomía, distribuicao, pescas, habitats de alimentacao, reprodujo, crescimento e longevidade. Houve um aumento acentuado no número de estudos publicados para ambas as espécies desde 2000, e especialmente depois de 2005, embora alguns tópicos de investiga^ão permanecam pouco compreendidos. Considerando as similaridades morfológicas externas das raias longnose, especialmente quando jovens, e a potencial sobreposição de nichos ocupados tanto em relaclo a profundidade quanto a latitude, recomenda-se que a sazonalidade reprodutiva, seja avaliada para assegurar a sua sustentabilidade em longo prazo.

Not all fish are equal: functional biodiversity of cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) in Chile.

A review of the primary literature on the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras), together with new information suggests that 106 species occur in Chilean waters, comprising 58 sharks, 30 skates, 13 rays and five chimaeras. The presence of 93 species was confirmed, although 30 species were encountered rarely, through validated catch records and sightings made in artisanal and commercial fisheries and on specific research cruises. Overall, only 63 species appear to have a range distribution that normally includes Chilean waters. Actual reliable records of occurrence are lacking for 13 species. Chile has a cartilaginous fish fauna that is relatively impoverished compared with the global species inventory, but conservative compared with countries in South America with warm-temperate waters. The region of highest species richness occurs in the mid-Chilean latitudes of c. 30-40° S. This region represents a transition zone with a mix of species related to both the warm-temperate Peruvian province to the north and cold-temperate Magellan province to the south. This study provides clarification of species occurrence and the functional biodiversity of Chile's cartilaginous fish fauna.

Neuromuscular responses of elite skaters during different roller figure skating jumps.

This study aimed to describe the neuromuscular activity of elite athletes who performed various roller figure skating jumps, to determine whether the muscle activation is greater during jumps with more rotations and in which phase the muscles are more active. This study also aimed to analyze if there is any difference in the muscle activity pattern between female and male skaters. Four elite skaters were evaluated, and each participated in two experimental sessions. During the first session, anthropometric data were collected, and the consent forms were signed. For the second session, neuromuscular data were collected during jumps, which were performed with skates at a rink. The following four roller figure skating jumps were evaluated: single Axel, double Axel, double Mapes and triple Mapes. The neuromuscular activity of the following seven muscles was obtained with an electromyograph which was fixed to the waist of each skater with a strap: biceps femoris, lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and gluteus maximus. The signal was transmitted wirelessly to a laptop. During the roller figure skating jumps, the lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus, showed more activation during the jumps with more rotations, and the activation mainly occurred during the propulsion and flight phases. Female skaters demonstrated higher muscle activities in tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and gluteus maximus during the landing phase of the triple Mapes, when compared to their male counterparts. The results obtained in this study should be considered when planning training programs with specific exercises that closely resemble the roller figure skating jumps. This may be important for the success of elite skaters in competitions.

Biogeographic patterns in the cartilaginous fauna (Pisces: Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) in the southeast Pacific Ocean.

The abundance and species richness of the cartilaginous fish community of the continental shelf and slope off central Chile is described, based on fishery-independent trawl tows made in 2006 and 2007. A total of 194,705 specimens comprising 20 species (9 sharks, 10 skates, 1 chimaera) were caught at depths of 100-500 m along a 1,000 km transect between 29.5°S and 39°S. Sample site locations were grouped to represent eight geographical zones within this latitudinal range. Species richness fluctuated from 1 to 6 species per zone. There was no significant latitudinal trend for sharks, but skates showed an increased species richness with latitude. Standardised catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased with increasing depth for sharks, but not for skates, but the observed trend for increasing CPUE with latitude was not significant for either sharks or skates. A change in community composition occurred along the depth gradient with the skates, Psammobatis rudis, Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma dominating communities between 100 and 300 m, but small-sized, deep-water dogfishes, such as Centroscyllium spp. dominated the catch between 300 and 500 m. Cluster and ordination analysis identified one widespread assemblage, grouping 58% of sites, and three shallow-water assemblages. Assemblages with low diversity (coldspots) coincided with highly productive fishing grounds for demersal crustaceans and bony fishes. The community distribution suggested that the differences between assemblages may be due to compensatory changes in mesopredator species abundance, as a consequence of continuous and unselective species removal. Distribution patterns and the quantitative assessment of sharks, skates and chimaeras presented here complement extant biogeographic knowledge and further the understanding of deep-water ecosystem dynamics in relation to fishing activity in the south-east Pacific Ocean.