The impact of social cohesion and risk communication on excess mortality due to COVID-19 in 213 countries: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Tools for assessing a country's capacity in the face of public health emergencies must be reviewed, as they were not predictive of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social cohesion and risk communication, which are related to trust in government and trust in others, may have influenced adherence to government measures and mortality rates due to COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between indicators of social cohesion and risk communication and COVID-19 outcomes in 213 countries. RESULTS: Social cohesion and risk communication, in their dimensions (public trust in politicians, trust in others, social safety nets, and equal distribution of resources index), were associated with lower excess mortality due to COVID-19. The number of COVID-19-related disorder events and government transparency were associated with higher excess mortality due to COVID-19. The lower the percentage of unemployed people, the higher the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Most of the social cohesion and risk communication variables were associated with better vaccination indicators, except for social capital and engaged society, which had no statistically significant association. The greater the gender equality, the better the vaccination indicators, such as the number of people who received all doses. CONCLUSION: Public trust in politicians, trust in others, equal distribution of resources and government that cares about the most vulnerable, starting with the implementation of programs, such as cash transfers and combating food insecurity, were factors that reduced the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Countries, especially those with limited resources and marked by social, economic, and health inequalities, must invest in strengthening social cohesion and risk communication, which are robust strategies to better cope with future pandemics.

Individual and Collective Forms of Stigma Resistance: Pathways Between HIV and Sex Work Stigma and Viral Suppression Among Female Sex Workers in the Dominican Republic.

Intersecting forms of stigma including both HIV and sex work stigma have been known to impede HIV prevention and optimal treatment outcomes among FSW. Recent research has indicated that intersectional stigma can be resisted at the community and individual level. We assessed pathways between HIV stigma, sex work stigma, social cohesion and viral suppression among a cohort of 210 FSW living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Through Poisson regression we explored the relationship between HIV outcomes and internalized, anticipated and enacted HIV and sex work stigma, and resisted sex work stigma. We employed structural equation modeling to explore the direct effect of various forms of stigma on HIV outcomes, and the mediating effects of multi-level stigma resistance including social cohesion at the community level and occupational dignity at the individual level. 76.2% of FSW were virally suppressed and 28.1% had stopped ART at least once in the last 6 months. ART interruption had a significant negative direct effect on viral suppression (OR = 0.26, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.13-0.51). Social cohesion had a significant positive direct effect on viral suppression (OR = 2.07, p = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01-4.25). Anticipated HIV stigma had a significant negative effect on viral suppression (OR = 0.34, p = 0.055, 95% CI: 0.11-1.02). This effect was mediated by the interaction between cohesion and dignity which rendered the impact of HIV stigma on viral suppression not significant. Findings demonstrate that while HIV stigma has a negative impact on viral suppression among FSW, it can be resisted through individual and collective means. Results reinforce the importance of community-driven, multi-level interventions.

Relatos da quarentena: que sociedade(s) emergirá(ão) após o coronavírus? Estratégias solidárias de construção de outros mundos possíveis / Reports from quarantine: what society(ies) will emerge after the coronavirus? Solidarity strategies for building other possible worlds

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 revelou múltiplas dimensões da crise civilizatória e ecológica, destacando a falência do modelo de desenvolvimento capitalista hegemônico e a injusta concentração de riqueza global, gerando profundas desigualdades sociais. No nível local, a campanha 'Cuidar é Resistir' demonstrou que populações tradicionais podem oferecer respostas promissoras para o futuro. Por meio da coordenação de diversas ações, como arrecadação e distribuição de alimentos, compra de produtos locais e comunicação efetiva, essa campanha promoveu segurança sanitária, econômica e alimentar, além de reduzir desigualdades e pressões socioambientais. A participação das organizações da sociedade civil, das instituições públicas e do Sistema Único de Saúde foi fundamental nesse processo. A experiência da campanha sugere que o futuro diante da pandemia e da crise climática pode ser encontrado nos modos de vida das comunidades tradicionais, que podem inspirar novas formas de habitar o planeta, promovendo uma relação sustentável e solidária entre seres humanos e natureza. Ao aprender com o modo de vida tradicional e combinar suas práticas com as dimensões positivas do pensamento científico e tecnopolítico, baseado em abordagens solidárias e conhecimento colaborativo, é possível utilizar estratégias de governança viva para promover o Bem Viver.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed multiple dimensions of the civilizational and ecological crisis, highlighting the failure of the dominant capitalist development model and the unjust global concentration of wealth, resulting in profound social inequalities. At the local level, the 'Cuidar é Resistir' campaign has demonstrated that traditional populations can offer promising responses for the future. Through the coordination of various actions, such as food collection and distribution, support for local products, and effective communication, this campaign has promoted sanitary, economic, and food security, while reducing social and environmental pressures. The participation of civil society organizations, public institutions, and the Unified Health System has been crucial in this process. The campaign's experience suggests that the future in the face of the pandemic and the climate crisis can be found in the ways of life of traditional communities, which can inspire new ways of inhabiting the planet, promoting a sustainable and compassionate relationship between humans and nature. By learning from traditional ways of life and combining their practices with the positive dimensions of scientific and technopolitical thinking, based on solidarity and collaborative knowledge, it is possible to employ strategies of living governance to promote the 'Buen Vivir' (Good Living) paradigm.

Saúde mental indígena em território de conflitos: o caso da comunidade Tupinambá da Serra do Padeiro no sul da Bahia / Indigenous mental health in conflict territory: the case of the Tupinambá community of Serra do Padeiro in southern Bahia

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma perspectiva da saúde mental a partir do estudo dos efeitos dos conflitos pela terra e da organização comunitária na aldeia Tupinambá da Serra do Padeiro, no sul da Bahia. A luta pela terra com a retomada do território destaca-se enquanto força produtora de saúde, com potência de suplantar as agruras vividas em um contexto de ameaças, violências e traumas. Para isso, diferentes saberes, práticas e atores, indígenas e não indígenas, são continuamente articulados. Os modos de organização da comunidade se inserem como elemento-chave para prevenção e recuperação da saúde mental, evitando agravos nos conflitos territoriais e promovendo condições para reabilitação e inserção social. A espiritualidade, o trabalho, a cultura, a coletividade e o diálogo interétnico são aspectos centrais de proteção e promoção da saúde mental.

Abstract This study offers a mental health perspective based on the study of the effects of conflicts over land and community organization at Aldeia Tupinambá in Serra do Padeiro in southern Bahia. The struggle for land with the repossession of the territory stands out as a force that produces health with the power to overcome the hardships experienced in a context of threats, violence, and trauma. For this, Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledges, practices, and actors are continuously articulated. The community's ways of organizing itself are inserted as a key-element to prevent and recover mental health, avoid injuries in territorial conflicts, and promote conditions for rehabilitation and social insertion. Spirituality, work, culture, community and interethnic dialogue are central aspects of protecting and promoting mental health.

La protesta social en ecuador en octubre 2019: entre la disputa de modelo, la judicialización y el reconocimiento

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva analítica y crítica sobre las protestas sociales vividas en Ecuador en octubre 2019, basada en la investigación de fuentes originales a las que la autora tuvo acceso como parlamentaria y coordinadora del Grupo Parlamentario de Derechos Humanos en el momento de estos acontecimientos y que permite situar los hechos en la visión de sus diversos actores tanto estatales como desde la sociedad. Analizamos sus contenidos, discursos y narrativas, el papel de las redes sociales y los medios digitales en dicha protesta. Reflexionamos sobre los indicadores de cohesión social versus la conflictividad y fractura en una sociedad como la ecuatoriana y las consecuencias negativas de la criminalización de la protesta, frente a la urgencia de atender a sus causas más estructurales y sus aportes críticos al modelo de desarrollo de la sociedad.

This article presents an analytical and critical perspective on the social protests experienced in Ecuador in October 2019. A perspective based on original sources to which the author had access as a parliamentarian and coordinator of the Human Rights parliamentary group at the time of these events and that allows place the facts in the perspective of its various actors, both state and from society. We analyze its contents, speeches and narratives, the role of social networks and digital media in that protest. We reflect on the indicators of social cohesion versus the conflict and fracture in a society like the Ecuadorian one; and, the negative consequences of the criminalization of protest in the face of the urgency of addressing its most structural causes and its critical contributions to the development model of society.

Social and personal control, legitimacy of authorities, and social cohesion as protective factors of anti-sociality in adolescents / Control social y personal, legitimidad de las autoridades y cohesión social como factores protectores de la conducta antisocial en adolescentes

Abstract Law can shape individual and social behavior in different ways including through perceived control and legitimacy of authorities. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether legitimacy of authorities, social and personal control, and social cohesion influence antisocial behaviors in juvenile offenders. The study, included a sample of two hundred juvenile offenders in Mexico, used structural equation modeling to test the relationship between the perception of just treatment by police and judges (i.e., legitimacy) and social and personal control and outcomes of antisocial behaviors and tendencies (self-report and probability of antisocial behavior as well as reports of peer antisocial behavior). Results indicate legitimacy of authorities and personal control had a negative effect while social control showed a positive effect on these behaviors. Social cohesion had a positive effect on social control. Our results suggest that legitimacy of authorities and personal control act as protective factors against antisocial behaviors whereas, contrary to the expected results, social control may be a risk factor. This research highlights the importance of preventative protective efforts in juvenile offenders such as just treatment and development of personal control rather than the use of punitive processes. In this sense, it is important to consider alternatives for judicial involvement and punishment such as community programs as well as cognitive and emotional prevention and intervention efforts to reduce antisocial behaviors. Programs such as the Reasoning and Rehabilitation Program, other cognitive skill interventions as well as developmental prevention programs have shown efficacy.

Resumen La ley puede modelar la conducta de diferentes maneras, consecuentemente, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de la legitimidad, el control social y personal, y la cohesión social en la conducta antisocial de jóvenes infractores. Doscientos menores infractores en México contestaron un cuestionario realizado para este estudio. Los datos fueron analizados a través de ecuaciones estructurales. Cuatro factores fueron especificados: Legitimidad de las autoridades, relacionada con la percepción de tratamiento justo por parte de policías y jueces. Disuasión y norma social conformaron la variable de control social. Orientación al futuro, normas personales y autodeterminación integraron la variable de control personal. La variable conducta antisocial resultó del autoreporte respecto a la conducta antisocial y la probabilidad de conducta antisocial, y del reporte de la conducta antisocial de los amigos. Los resultados indicaron un efecto negativo de la legitimidad y el control personal y uno positivo del control social en la conducta antisocial. La cohesión social tuvo un efecto positivo en el control social. Contrario a lo esperado el control social tuvo un efecto positivo en la conducta antisocial. Por lo tanto, se deben considerar alternativas al "tratamiento" en internamiento (cárcel), ya que la disuasión y el castigo no producen los efectos esperados de retraer a los adolescentes de que cometan delitos. La alternativa pudiera ser los programas de tratamiento comunitarios, así como programas de prevención e intervención que contemplen aspectos emocionales y cognitivos.

Salir Adelante: Social capital and resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic in Argentina.

The Covid-19 pandemic has stimulated new appraisals of how social cohesion, including neighborhood-level social capital, fosters resilience in the face of crisis. Several studies suggest better health outcomes in neighborhoods with higher level of social capital, in general and during the pandemic. Building on a growing body of research which suggests that those who live in close-knit neighborhoods have fared better during the pandemic, this article analyzes how social capital influences individual and collective perceptions and attitudes about the experiences of the Covid-19 pandemic in Tucumán, Argentina. To assess this question, we used a mixed-methods approach, combining focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and an online survey (n = 701 respondents) conducted in September 2021. We find widespread experiences of resilience in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, in spite of difficult socioeconomic conditions and perceived poor government performance. Results from logistic regression analysis indicate that perceptions of high neighborhood social capital are associated with more positive outcomes in many dimensions, including personal resilience, ability to cope with uncertainty, perceptions of community solidarity, and reported compliance with public health measures. We further argue that conceptualizations of social cohesion need to be adjusted to local or national-level cultural norms to accurately capture the experience of countries of the Global South.

The lives of others: Class divisions, network segregation, and attachment to society in Chile.

In this paper, we examine whether social class and class divides in social networks contribute to individuals' attachment to society. We argue that network segregation restricts individuals' social worlds, thereby diminishing societal attachment. Our research site is Chile, a country with relatively low social cohesion and one of the world's highest levels of economic inequality. We use large-scale representative survey data collected in 2016 for the Chilean urban population aged 18-75 years (n = 2983) and interrelate indicators of well-established dimensions and sub-dimensions of societal attachment. Results of our regression analyses show that members of the upper middle class are more attached to society than their fellow citizens from other social strata. In addition, having more social contacts within one's own social class reduces attachment to society. In particular, network homogeneity lessens societal attachment for lower- and upper-class individuals, but not so strongly in the middle class. We conclude that social cohesion in Chilean society would be enhanced not only by more equal opportunities but also by changes to the social settings in which social class segregation is (re)produced.

Comunicación y cohesión en familias de adolescentes que interrumpen el embarazo en Cienfuegos / Communication and cohesion in families of adolescents who interrupt pregnancy in Cienfuegos city

RESUMEN Fundamento: La comunicación y cohesión constituyen categorías fundamentales en la dinámica de las familias con hijas adolescentes embarazadas. Objetivo: Determinar el tipo de comunicación y cohesión en familias de adolescentes que interrumpen el embarazo. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 40 adolescentes embarazadas y sus familiares. Se aplicaron las siguientes técnicas: Escala valorativa, test de percepción de funcionamiento familiar, subescala de cohesión familiar y escudo familiar; además de una entrevista semiestructurada a familiares de las adolescentes. Se incluyeron las variables: sociodemográficas, comunicación familiar y cohesión. Resultados: Predominaron las edades de 16 y 18 años, el nivel medio superior de escolaridad, ocupación estudiante, unión consensual, procedencia urbana, sin hijos, ni antecedentes de embarazos anteriores, el 57.5 % de las adolescentes y el 65 % de sus familiares consideraron regular la comunicación familiar, 62.5 % de las adolescentes percibieron cohesión intermedia en sus familias, resultados cercanos al 57.5 % de sus familiares. Conclusiones: Las adolescentes se encontraban en la etapa tardía, eran estudiantes, mantenían unión consensual con sus parejas, no tenían hijos, ni embarazos anteriores. En las familias de las adolescentes que interrumpieron el embarazo la comunicación fue regular y valoraron como intermedia la cohesión.

ABSTRACT Background: Communication and cohesion constitute fundamental categories in the dynamics of families with pregnant teenage daughters. Objective: to determine the type of communication and cohesion in families of adolescents who interrupt the pregnancy. Methodology: A descriptive observational study was carried out in 40 adolescent pregnant women and their families. The following techniques were applied: Assessment scale, test of perception of family functioning, subscale of family cohesion and family coat of arms; besides the semi-structured interview with relatives of the adolescents, other variables were included like: sociodemographic, family communication and cohesion. Results: The ages of 16 and 18 predominated, the upper middle level of schooling, student occupation, consensual union, urban origin, no children, no history of previous pregnancies, 57.5 % of adolescents and 65 % of their relatives considered regulate family communication, 62.5 % of adolescents perceived intermediate cohesion in their families, results close to 57.5 % of their relatives. Conclusions: The adolescents were in the late stage, they were students, they maintained consensual union with their partners, they had no children, nor previous pregnancies. In the families of the adolescents who terminated their pregnancies, communication was regular and they rated cohesion as intermediate.

Social cohesion and attitudinal changes toward migration: A longitudinal perspective amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted social interactions and coexistence around the globe in dimensions that go far beyond health issues. In the case of the Global South, the pandemic has developed along with growing South-South migratory movements, becoming another key factor that might reinforce social conflict in increasingly multicultural areas as migrants have historically served as "scapegoats" for unexpected crises as a way to control and manage diversity. Chile is one of the main destination countries for migrants from the Latin American and Caribbean region, and COVID-19 outbreaks in migrant housing have intensified discrimination. In such a context, there is a need for understanding how the pandemic has potentially changed the way non-migrants perceive and interact with migrant neighbors. Drawing on the national social cohesion panel survey study ELSOC (2016-2021, N = 2,927) the aim is to analyze the changes in non-migrants' attitudes toward migrants-related to dimensions of social cohesion-over the last years and their relation with individual status and territorial factors. We argue that social cohesion in increasingly multicultural societies is partially threatened in times of crisis. The results indicate that after the pandemic, convivial attitudes toward Latin American migrants decreased. Chileans started perceiving them more negatively, particularly those respondents with lower educational levels and who live in increasingly multicultural neighborhoods with higher rates of migrant residents.

Social environment perception and associations with overweight in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

The prevalence of overweight in Brazilian adults has grown in recent years. There is evidence indicating that environmental factors, especially social characteristics, may be involved in the aetiology of overweight, but few studies have investigated this association adequately. The main objective of this study was to identify residents' perception of their social environment (social cohesion, security and violence) and assess its relationship with overweight in a central area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The associations between socioeconomic characteristics and social environment perception were also explored. This cross-sectional study conducted in 2018-19 had 400 participants aged from 20 to 70 years living in low- and high-income areas of the city of Porto Alegre. Participants' perception of social cohesion, security and violence were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Participants' body mass index (BMI) was measured, and those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were considered to be overweight. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated through Poisson regression analysis; level of significance was 5%. The prevalence of overweight in the sample was 68.8% (95% CI 64.0-73.2). Individuals with a more positive social cohesion perception had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00-1.12; p=0.02) than those with a less positive perception. Brown individuals also had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.15; p=0.03) than those of other skin colour/race. No association was found between overweight and perception of security or violence. Therefore, social cohesion may be an important factor in overweight and the findings highlight the importance of considering social factors, and their perceptions, when planning actions for the prevention and control of overweight in a population.

A saúde pública para além do debate entre direito e meritocracia / Public health beyond the debate between law and meritocracy

Este artigo discute a ressignificação de parte da saúde pública a partir da realidade posta pela COVID-19. Na primeira parte, é tratada a evolução da concepção da saúde como um direito, inserido no âmbito da seguridade social, em diversos países, desde o final do século XIX. Na segunda, são apontadas as críticas do pensamento neoliberal aos gastos públicos com a saúde, desde a crise dos anos 1970. Já na terceira, apresentamos os argumentos que nos levam a defender que parte da saúde pública pode estar sendo ressignificada, para além do direito cidadão ou meritocrático. Entre esses argumentos, destacamos que, a crise econômica e sanitária que acompanhou o avanço da COVID-19, ao deixar claro que esta não será a última pandemia que iremos enfrentar, recolocou a saúde pública no centro da discussão, mas agora como elemento chave para a garantia da soberania nacional e da coesão social, essenciais à continuidade do processo de acumulação na mundialização do capital. Para isso, foi feita revisão da literatura de textos que colocam o acesso à saúde a partir de uma perspectiva histórica crítica e acompanhamento dos desdobramentos da crise sanitária decorrente da COVID-19

This article discusses the redefinition of a portion of public health policies in view of the new reality established by COVID-19. The first part deals with the evolution of the concept of health as a right since the end of the 19th century, within the scope of social security in several countries. The second part discusses the criticisms made by neoliberal thinking to public spending on health kicked off by the 1970s crisis. In the third part, we defend that part of public health may be in the process of being reframed, beyond the concepts of civil rights or meritocracy. Among these arguments, we highlight that, by making it clear that this will not be the last pandemic we will face, the economic and health crisis that accompanied the advance of COVID-19 has brought back public health at the center of the discussion, now placed as a key element for the guarantee of national sovereignty and social cohesion. These are essential for the continuity of the accumulation process with the globalization of capital. To this end, this article presents a literature review that analyzes both the access to healthcare from a critical historical perspective and the monitoring of the consequences of the health crisis resulting from COVID-19

Family Functioning of Adolescents with Congenital Cardiopathy in a Sample from Public Schools in Porto Alegre - RS

Abstract Background The impact of chronic diseases on the patient and the family ranges from minimal to severe distress. Family functioning has been often investigated as a psychosocial measure having an essential role for social adjustment in chronic diseases. Objectives To compare family functioning among families of adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls (H) in relation to cohesion, adaptability, and family risk. Method Cross-sectional exposed-control study with 2 groups of adolescents (12 -18 years). The exposed group included adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD), from a specialized public health system hospital (SUS), and adolescents from 7 public schools, considered healthy, composed the control group. In the hospital, the data collection was individual, before the medical consultation. In schools, the collection took place in groups. Adolescents and parents responded to the FACES III scale. The following statistical tests were used: Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's test, T-test for independent samples, Poisson multivariate regression analysis with 95% reliability, significance established at 5% and a statistical power at 99% (ß = 0.01). Results A total of 161 (41.6%) adolescents with CHD and 226 (58.4%) healthy adolescents participated. There was greater family cohesion among adolescents with CHD, with a higher frequency of connected families, while among healthy adolescents, there are more families of the disengaged type. Regarding adaptability, a higher proportion of families of the chaotic type were found among healthy adolescents compared to adolescents with CHD. A higher frequency of high-risk families was identified among healthy adolescents (16.8%). Conclusion The families of the adolescents with CHD have a more balanced functioning and low risk when compared to the families of healthy adolescents; with greater cohesion between the members and greater adaptability. Congenital heart disease was not an independent factor for high-risk family. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

"I've Learned to Value Myself More": Piloting an Adapted Multilevel Intervention for Transgender Women Sex Workers Living with HIV in the Dominican Republic.

Purpose: Transgender (trans) women living with HIV experience suboptimal care and treatment outcomes. We adapted a multilevel intervention to improve HIV outcomes and overall well-being among trans women sex workers living with HIV. The intervention, called Abriendo Puertas (AP; Opening Doors), included: individual counseling, peer navigation, and community mobilization "open houses." The purpose of this article is to describe acceptability and initial outcomes of the adapted AP pilot and explore intervention experiences to inform recommendations for improvement. Methods: After an iterative adaptation process, we recruited 30 trans women sex workers living with HIV to participate in the pilot. We conducted baseline and endline (12-months) surveys to compare HIV care and treatment outcomes and qualitative interviews to assess intervention experiences with a subsample (n=20). Results: Intervention retention was high, with 86.7% of participants (n=26/30) completing both baseline and endline surveys. At endline, there was a significant increase in current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) use (70.0% to 84.6%, p<0.03) and positive, but not significant, trends in missed care appointments in the past 6 months (34.5% to 20.0%, p<0.39) and not having missed any ART doses in the past 4 days (85.7% to 95.5%, p<0.50). Intervention acceptability was high across all components: individual counseling (96.1%), peer navigation (80.8%), and open houses (84.6%). Participants emphasized that trust and being treated with respect allowed them to relax and improve their self-esteem. Limited trust and cohesion among trans women, however, limited more extensive engagement with peer navigation and community mobilization components. Conclusion: Future efforts to strengthen the AP intervention with trans women sex workers should continue to address emotional, instrumental, and informational support needs related to living with HIV through individual counseling, peer navigation, and open houses while also enhancing group-level activities to build trust and generate a collective commitment to promote the well-being of the community.

Relationship between social capital and the experience of dental carie: systematic review and meta-analysis / Relação entre o capital social e a experiência da cárie dentária: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT Objective Understanding the individual and collective behavior of individuals about their oral health conditions is important to prevent and control of dental caries. This study aimed to seek evidence of the relationship between social capital and caries experience. Methods Using a systematic review with meta-analysis, we searched articles in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, IBECS, BBO, SCIELO, The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. Studies with humans, of all ages and languages, published until July 2019, which related social capital to the caries experience, were included in this review. Results We identified 1163 articles evaluated considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, leaving 5 articles selected to compose the study sample, and only 3 included in the meta-analysis. In the final analysis p value was significant (p <0.001), showing that both social cohesion and neighborhood empowerment are associated with the caries experience. In the random model, the individual has 2.39 chances of not having the caries disease. The results reinforce the importance of community social capital in the caries experience of individuals. Conclusions The high level of community social capital is directly related to lower caries experience rates.

RESUMO Objetivo A compreensão do o padrão de comportamento dos indivíduos no nível individual e coletivo frente às suas condições de saúde bucal é de importância inequívoca para prevenção e controle da cárie dentária. Nesta perspectiva o objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências da relação entre o capital social e a experiência de cárie. Métodos Utilizando como método revisão sistemática com meta-análise, foram pesquisados artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, IBECS, BBO, SciELO, The Cochrane Library e MEDLINE. Estudos com humanos, de todas as idades e línguas, publicados até julho de 2019, que relacionaram o capital social com a experiência de cárie, foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados Foram identificados 1163 artigos, que passaram por avaliação sob critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restando 5 artigos selecionados para compor a amostra do estudo, sendo apenas 3 incluídos na meta-análise. Na análise final o p-valor foi significativo (<0,001), mostrando que tanto a coesão social como o empoderamento de vizinhança estão associados com a experiência de cárie. No modelo randômico foi constatado que o indivíduo tem 2,39 chances de não ter a doença cárie. Os resultados do estudo reforçam a importância do capital social comunitário na experiência de cárie dos indivíduos. Conclusão O alto nível de capital social comunitário tem relação direta com menores índices de experiência de cárie nos indivíduos.

Assessing the Relationship between Autonomy Support and Student Group Cohesion across Ibero-American Countries.

Teacher-endorsed supporting behaviors present themselves as key influencers of student adaptive academic and social functions. The objective of this paper was twofold. First, this study sought to test a model in which student-perceived autonomy support was associated with group cohesion, considering the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Second, the current study examined the dimensionality of the model across five Western countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. A convenience sample of 3033 college students (Mage = 21.51 ± SD = 3.71) were recruited for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived autonomy support was positively associated with needs satisfaction, being consequently associated with intrinsic motivation and, ultimately, with group cohesion. Additionally, a multigroup analysis revealed that the model was invariant across college students from the different countries. The current results are discussed around the promotion of teacher uses of autonomy-supportive behaviors fostering adaptive outcomes in students regarding positive social relations and that the cultures of Ibero-American countries are equivalent in this process.

Sense of community, psychological empowerment, and relational structure at the individual and organizational levels: Evidence from a multicase study.

The aim of this study was to determine the associations among psychological sense of community (PSoC), psychological empowerment (PE), and relational structure with indicators of centrality and cohesion in egocentric and sociocentric networks when analyzed at different levels. A multicase analysis was used (four developed in Colombia and one in Spain) in which 458 people participated in five studies conducted in organizational and community contexts of vulnerable urban and rural areas. The results suggest that PSoC and PE are intertwined processes whose association is accentuated in organizational contexts. However, the relationships between relational context and PSoC and PE vary notably depending on (a) the type of relationship evaluated, (b) the focus of the study (individual/egocentric vs. group/sociocentric) and the type of indicator used to assess the relational context (centrality vs. structural cohesion). Findings are discussed to understand the role that social bonds play in the development of PSoC and in the ability of subjects to empower themselves in different contexts.

Aproximación a la cohesión social y su relación con la mortalidad evitable en la niñez de Chiapas, México, 2015 / Approximation to the social cohesion and its relation with the avoidable mortality in Chiapas's childhood, Mexico, 2015

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Relacionar los datos de la tasa de mortalidad en la niñez por diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso o TMN A(090-099) con el Grado de Cohesión Social (GCS). Métodos: Es un estudio transversal y ecológico para el año 2015. La TMN A(090-099) municipal se calculó con los registros de defunciones del Sistema Nacional en Información en Salud (SINAIS). La aproximación hacia la cohesión social se hizo con base en el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) a través del grado de cohesión social (GCS) municipal. Se calculó una correlación bivariada con la prueba de significancia de Spearman. Se obtuvo la correlación entre la TMN A(090-099) y el GCS. También se hizo un modelo: TMN A(090-099) variable dependiente confrontada con el GCS, el índice de Gini, el índice de rezago social y la no derecho habiencia. Resultados: Existe relación negativa entre el GCS y la TMN A(090-099), con significancia pero débilmente correlacionadas (- 0.320**); la hipótesis se acepta con reservas. El modelo presenta correlación moderada y positiva (R=0.554), la R cuadrada sugiere que el modelo explica casi el 27 % de los casos y el valor Durbin-Watson sugiere que el modelo cubre casi 90 % de los casos estudiados. Discusión: La cohesión social en Chiapas es muy tenue al hacer la aproximación que trató este trabajo. Los datos dan cuenta de que existen municipios con muy alta TMN A(090-099) y baja cohesión social, además de alto grado de rezago social; este escenario predomina, pero es necesario replantear la utilidad del abordaje cualitativo como recomendación encontrada en la literatura.

ABSTRAC. Objective: To relate the information of the childhood rate of mortality due to diarrhea and gastroenteritis of supposed infectious origin or TMN A(090-099) with the social cohesion degree (GCS). Methods: It is a transverse and ecological study for the year 2015. The municipal TMN A(090-099) was calculated with the National System in Health Information (SINAIS) deaths records. The approximation towards the social cohesion was done with the National Council for the Evaluation of the Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) through the municipal Social Cohesion Degree (GCS). A bivariate correlation was calculated with Spearman test. The correlation between the TMN A(090-099) and the GCS was obtained. Also a model was calculated: TMN A(090-099) as the dependent variable confronted with the GCS, Gini's index, social blacklog index and the lack of medical services. Results: A negative relation between the GCS and the TMN TO (090-099) was found, with significant but weakly correlation (-0.320 **); the hypothesis is accepted with reservations. The model presents moderate and positive correlation (R=0.554), the square R suggests that the model explains almost 27 % of the cases, and the Durbin-Watson value suggests that the model covers almost 90 % of the studied cases. Discussion: The social cohesion in Chiapas is very subdued. There are municipalities with very high TMN A(090-099) and lower social cohesion degree besides high social backlog degree; this scene prevails, but is necessary to restate the usefulness of the qualitative boarding as recommendation found in social cohesion literature.