Implementación de tromboelastografia para evitar la transfusión de plasmas fresco congelado en neonatos / Implementation of thrombelastography to avoid transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in neonates

Introducción: actualmente, la indicación principal para la transfusión de FFP es corregir la deficiencia de los factores de coagulación en pacientes con hemorragia activa o sugestión de esta, sin embargo, la práctica clínica ha demostrado que un porcentaje grande de las transfusiones de FFP en neonatología no siguen las recomendaciones de las guías actuales y, en su mayoría, son innecesarias. Objetivo: ampliar el conocimiento que se tiene sobre la transfusión de FFP en neonatología y la implementación de la tromboelastografía para evitar realizar estas intervenciones. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed y Elsevier, usando palabras clave como tromboelastografía, transfusión de plasma en neonatos, hemostasia neonatal. Conclusión: se evidenció que los tiempos de coagulación de los neonatos y prematuros sanos son más prolongados en comparación a los adultos, por ello facilita su errada cuando se habla de transfusión de FFP, de ahí que la TEG sea una buena herramienta para evaluar el estado coagulante de los neonatos de manera integral, sin abrir paso a errores de interpretación y facilitando la decisión de tratamientos en los pacientes en UCIN, antes de requerir transfusiones de FFP.

Introduction: Currently the main indication for FFP transfusion is to correct coagulation factor deficiency in patients with active bleeding or its suggestion, however, clinical practice has shown that a large percentage of FFP transfusions in neonatology do not they follow current guideline recommendations and are mostly unnecessary. Objective: To expand the knowledge about these transfusions in neonatology and the implementation of thrombelastography to avoid performing these interventions. Methodology: A review of the literature was carried out in the PubMed and Elsevier databases, using keywords such as "thrombelastography", "plasma transfusion in neonates", "neonatal hemostasis". Conclusion: It was evidenced that the coagulation times of healthy neonates and premature infants are longer compared to adults, thus facilitating their misinterpretation and limiting their use when talking about FFP transfusion, therefore TEG is a good tool. to evaluate the coagulation interpretación y limita su utilización status of neonates in a comprehensive manner, without giving way to interpretation errors and facilitating treatment decisions in patients in the NICU before requiring FFP transfusions.

Alteraciones tromboelastográficas en pacientes con urgencia dialítica / Thromboelastographic alterations in patients with dialytic urgency

Resumen Antecedentes: la enfermedad renal cursa con alteraciones de la hemostasia, lo que aumenta el riesgo de eventos trombóticos y hemorrágicos. Objetivo: describir las anormalidades de la coagulación en pacientes con urgencia dialítica según tromboelastografía y pruebas convencionales. Materiales y métodos: serie de casos de 60 pacientes adultos con urgencia dialítica. Se tomaron muestras de sangre previas al implante de catéter de hemodiálisis o de diálisis peritoneal y se procesaron para tromboelastografía y pruebas convencionales. Resultados: en la interpretación global del tromboelastograma se identificó estado hipercoagulable en 60 % de los pacientes. En el análisis individual de parámetros del trazado se demostraron alteraciones en la fase enzimática con ángulo-α, aumentado en el 61,7 % y tiempo R acortado en el 58,3 % de los casos, alteraciones en la fase celular con MA y G aumentados en cerca del 45 % y alteraciones en la estabilidad con hiperfibrinolisis en el 18 %. El aPTT estaba prolongado en 23,7 %. Conclusiones: en la interpretación global de la tromboelastografía de pacientes con urgencia dialítica, el hallazgo más frecuente es el estado hipercoagulable. En el análisis individual se encontraron alteraciones en todas las fases de la coagulación, siendo la más frecuente la formación acelerada del coágulo, seguida por aumento de la fuerza de este. La tromboelastografía debería ser considerada como una prueba enfocada en la cabecera del paciente para la valoración de la hemostasia en estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: Kidney disease causes alterations of hemostasis increasing the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. Objective: Describe coagulation abnormalities in patients with kidney disease and dialytic urgency according to thrombelastography and conventional tests. Materials and methods: Case series of 60 patients hospitalized due to dialytic urgency. Blood samples were taken prior to implantation hemodialysis catheter or peritoneal catheter, processed for thrombelastography and conventional tests. Results: In the global interpretation of the thrombelastography hypercoagulable state was identified in 60% of the patients. In the individual analysis of the parameters of the plot, alterations in the enzymatic phase were demonstrated with an increased angle-α in 61.7% and shortened R time in 58.3% of the cases, alterations in the cellular phase with increased MA and G by about 45% and hyperfibrinolysis in 18%. The aPTT was prolonged by 23.7% of cases. Conclusions: In the overall interpretation of the thrombelastography of patients with dialytic urgency, the most frequent disorder was the hypercoagulable state. In the individual analysis, alterations were found in all the phases of coagulation, the most frequent being the accelerated formation of the clot, followed by an increase in strength. Thrombelastography should be considered as point-of-care test for the assessment of hemostasis in these patients.

Perioperative considerations in a girl with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Case report / Consideraciones perioperatorias en niña con trombastenia de Glanzmann. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction Glanzmann thromboasthenia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder caused by a mutation in platelet glycoprotein α-IIb and β3 encoding genes (ITGA2B; 607759 and ITGB3; 173470) in chromosomes I7q21.31 and 17q21.32, respectively, which results in a qualitative or quantitative alteration of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) receptor. Glanzmann thromboasthenia is classified as type I when less than 5% of glycoprotein αIIbβ3 is expressed, and as type II when more than 5% is expressed. Case presentation Description of the perioperative management of a 13-year-old female patient with Glanzmann thromboasthenia who underwent endoscopic anterior bilateral ethmoidectomy. Management was centered on prophylactic platelet transfusion plus the use of tranexamic acid, as well as thromboelastographic determination of hemostasis. There were no bleeding complications during or after the procedure. Conclusiones Pediatric patients with Glanzmann thromboasthenia are at a high risk of perioperastive bleeding. Platelet transfusion is the best prophylactic and therapeutic alternative; however, even in the absence of anti-platelet antibodies, it may not be effective, and viscoelastic testing must be used for assessment during the surgical procedure in order to improve patient safety.

Resumen Introducción La trombastenia de Glanzmann es un trastorno hemorrágico congénito infrecuente, causado por mutación en los genes que codifican las glucoproteínas plaquetarias α-IIb (ITGA2B; 607759) y β3 (ITGB3; 173470) en los cromosomas I7q2i.3i y I7q2i.32, respectivamente, alterando cualitativa o cuantitativamente al receptor plaquetario de integrina αIIbβ3 (glucoproteína IIb/IIIa). La trombastenia de Glanzmann se clasifica como tipo I cuando se expresa menos del 5 % de la glucoproteína αIIbβ3 y como tipo II, cuando es mayor al 5 %. Presentación del caso Se describe el manejo perioperatorio de una paciente de 13 años de edad con trombastenia de Glanzmann, sometida a etmoidectomía anterior bilateral endoscópica. El manejo se centró en la transfusión profiláctica de plaquetas y ácido tranexámico, así como en la evaluación de la hemostasia con tromboelastografía. No hubo complicaciones hemorrágicas durante y después del procedimiento. Conclusiones Los pacientes pediátricos con trombastenia de Glanzmann tienen alto riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria. La transfusión de plaquetas es la mejor alternativa profiláctica y terapéutica; sin embargo, incluso en ausencia de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios, puede no ser efectiva y debe evaluarse mediante pruebas viscoelásticas durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos para mejorar la seguridad del paciente.

Rotational thromboelastometry in the perioperative period of cardiac surgeries: cost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact / Tromboelastometria rotacional no período perioperatório de cirurgias cardíacas: custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário

Objective: The transfusion of blood components and blood products in cardiac surgery patients can be guided by protocols based on standard laboratory tests and/or clinical decisions (Standardof-Care, SOC) or viscoelastic haemostatic assays (VHA). The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of VHAs compared to SOC. Methods: A decision tree model was built in TreeAge Pro® 2009. Costs and benefits were taken from the medical literature. The costeffectiveness was evaluated in a base-case scenario and a worst-case scenario, considering low costs of adverse events. The budget impact was evaluated from data taken from Datasus. Cost data were measured in 2019 USD and outcomes were measured in QALYs. Results: VHAs were considered dominant in the base-case scenario and very cost-effective in the worst-case scenario (ICER = $ 1,083.21 USD/QALY). The budget impact analysis varied from a cost-saving result in the base-case scenario to a reasonable increase in cost in the worst-case scenario. Since the total market share of the technology is unlikely, a reasonable estimative for the base-case scenario and the worst-case scenario are about -$275 million USD and $132 million USD, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that the VHAs are cost-effective and should be recommended for the use in the perioperative period of cardiac surgeries, especially for patients with a high risk of hemorrhage or coagulation problems.

Objetivo: A transfusão de sangue, hemocomponentes e produtos sanguíneos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca pode ser guiada por protocolos baseados em testes laboratoriais padrão e/ou decisão clínica (Standard-of-Care, SOC) ou testes viscoelásticos (TVEs). O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o custo-efetividade e o impacto orçamentário dos TVEs em comparação com o SOC. Métodos: Um modelo de árvore de decisão foi construído em TreeAge Pro® 2009. Os parâmetros de custos e benefícios foram obtidos da literatura médica. A relação custo-efetividade foi avaliada em um cenário-base e no pior cenário, considerando baixos custos de eventos adversos. O impacto orçamentário foi avaliado a partir de dados extraídos do Datasus. Os custos foram avaliados em USD 2019 e os desfechos em AVAQs. Resultados: Os TVEs foram considerados dominantes no cenário-base e muito custo-efetivos no pior cenário avaliado (RCEI = 1.083,21 USD/QALY). A análise de impacto orçamentário variou de um resultado de economia de custos no cenário-base a um aumento razoável no custo no pior cenário. Como a hipótese de que a tecnologia será adotada para toda a demanda do mercado é improvável, estimativas razoáveis para o cenário-base e o pior cenário são de aproximadamente -275 milhões de USD e 132 milhões de USD, respectivamente. Conclusão: Concluímos que os VHAs são econômicos e devem ser recomendados para uso no período perioperatório de cirurgias cardíacas, principalmente para pacientes com alto risco de problemas de hemorragia ou coagulação.

De Novo Assessment and Review of Pan-American Pit Viper Anticoagulant and Procoagulant Venom Activities via Kinetomic Analyses.

Snakebite with hemotoxic venom continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our laboratory has characterized the coagulopathy that occurs in vitro in human plasma via specialized thrombelastographic methods to determine if venoms are predominantly anticoagulant or procoagulant in nature. Further, the exposure of venoms to carbon monoxide (CO) or O-phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) modulate putative heme groups attached to key enzymes has also provided mechanistic insight into the multiple different activities contained in one venom. The present investigation used these techniques to characterize fourteen different venoms obtained from snakes from North, Central, and South America. Further, we review and present previous thrombelastographic-based analyses of eighteen other species from the Americas. Venoms were found to be anticoagulant and procoagulant (thrombin-like activity, thrombin-generating activity). All prospectively assessed venom activities were determined to be heme-modulated except two, wherein both CO and its carrier molecule were found to inhibit activity, while PHA did not affect activity (Bothriechis schlegelii and Crotalus organus abyssus). When divided by continent, North and Central America contained venoms with mostly anticoagulant activities, several thrombin-like activities, with only two thrombin-generating activity containing venoms. In contrast, most venoms with thrombin-generating activity were located in South America, derived from Bothrops species. In conclusion, the kinetomic profiles of venoms obtained from thirty-two Pan-American Pit Viper species are presented. It is anticipated that this approach will be utilized to identify clinically relevant hemotoxic venom enzymatic activity and assess the efficacy of locally delivered CO or systemically administered antivenoms.

A new era of thromboelastometry / A nova era da tromboelastometria

ABSTRACT Severe hemorrhage with necessity of allogeneic blood transfusion is common complication in intensive care unit and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and treatment of bleeding causes becomes essential for the effective control of hemorrhage, rationalizing the use of allogeneic blood components, and in this way, preventing an occurrence of their potential adverse effects. Conventional coagulation tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time present limitations in predicting bleeding and guiding transfusion therapy in critically ill patients. Viscoelastic tests such as thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry allow rapid detection of coagulopathy and goal-directed therapy with specific hemostatic drugs. The new era of thromboelastometry relies on its efficacy, practicality, reproducibility and cost-effectiveness to establish itself as the main diagnostic tool and transfusion guide in patients with severe active bleeding.

RESUMO A hemorragia grave com necessidade de transfusão de sangue e componentes é uma complicação frequente na unidade de terapia intensiva e está associada ao aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. A identificação adequada e o tratamento precoce da causa específica da coagulopatia tornam-se fundamentais para o controle efetivo da hemorragia, racionalizando a utilização de sangue e componentes, e desta forma, prevenindo a ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Testes convencionais da coagulação (tempo de ativação de protrombina e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada) apresentam limitações para prever sangramento e guiar a terapia transfusional em pacientes graves. Testes viscoelásticos como a tromboelastografia e tromboelastometria rotacional permitem a rápida detecção da coagulopatia e orientam a terapia de forma individualizada, alvo dirigida com drogas hemostáticas específicas. A nova era da tromboelastometria confia na sua eficácia, praticidade, reprodutibilidade e custo-eficácia para se firmar como a principal ferramenta diagnóstica e guia transfusional em pacientes com sangramento ativo grave.

Thromboelastographyguided transfusion therapy in a pregnant patient with hemorrhagic dengue fever hospitalized in icu. case report / Tromboelastografía para dirigir la terapia transfusional en dengue hemorrágico en una paciente embarazada hospitalizada en uci: reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Dengue fever is the biggest public health issue in tropical countries. A significant percentage of patients who suffer from this disease require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the severity of the clinical picture. This case reports the clinical evolution of an eight-week pregnant woman with dengue fever associated with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. The patient comes from an endemic area for tropical diseases, fact that led to diagnose dengue fever with hemorrhagic characteristics. During her stay in the ICU, the patient presented with first trimester bleeding and placental hematoma. Therefore, and considering the pregnancy and the risk of loss, the hematological function was monitored through thromboelastography. The transfusion of blood products was decided according to the specific findings. Controlling and reversing the obstetric bleeding process was possible, the patient condition evolved favorably, and she was subsequently discharged from the ICU. This article reports on the usefulness of dynamic monitoring the hematological function using thromboelastography in patients with hemorrhagic dengue fever and special conditions such as pregnancy.

RESUMEN El dengue es una enfermedad considerada como el mayor problema de salud pública en países tropicales. Un importante porcentaje de pacientes que lo padecen requieren ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) debido a la severidad del cuadro clínico. El presente caso reporta la evolución clínica de una gestante de ocho semanas con cuadro febril asociado a trombocitopenia y leucopenia. La paciente procede de un área endémica para enfermedades tropicales, lo que lleva a realizar un diagnóstico de dengue con características hemorrágicas. En la UCI, la paciente presenta hemorragia del primer trimestre y hematoma placentario, por lo que, ante el estado de embarazo y el riesgo de pérdida del mismo, se decide monitorizar la función hematológica con tromboelastrografía y transfundir hemoderivados según los hallazgos específicos. Se logra controlar y revertir el proceso de sangrado obstétrico con evolución favorable de la paciente y egreso de UCI. En el presente artículo se reporta la utilidad de la monitorización dinámica de la función hematológica con tromboelastografia en pacientes con dengue hemorrágico y condiciones especiales, tales como el embarazo.

Identificación de un patrón tromboelastográfico en niños sometidos a cirugía cardiaca con exposición prolongada a circulación extracorpórea / Identification of a thromboelastographic pattern in children undergoing cardiac surgery with prolonged exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass

Background: Point-of-care thromboelastography is used for guiding peri-operative haemostatic therapy. Objective: To identify a thromboelastographic pattern in children with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass exposure. Material and methods: A cohort study of 62 patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass was performed. Patients with preexisting coagulopathy, use of drugs known to interfere with clotting, hematocrit > 60%, weight < 3 kg, or hepatic disease were excluded. The thromboelastography study was conducted at the point of care. Results: Baseline and rewarming reaction time values were 8.24 ± 6.35 and 7.66 ± 2.15min, respectively (p = 0.102). Baseline and rewarming angle values were 64.88 ± 13.08 and 54.67 ± 8.98 degrees, respectively (p < 0.001). Baseline and rewarming maximum amplitude values were 64.54 ± 12.31 and 43.14 ± 12.47 mm, respectively (p = 0.001). The same trend was observed when the cohort was divided into patients under and over 3 years of age, and patients under and over 10 kg of body weight. Discussion: This study suggests the existence of a thromboelastographic pattern independent of age or weight in patients undergoing paediatric cardiac surgery with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass exposure, characterised by a reduction of angle and maximum amplitude values, with no change in reaction time.

Introducción: La tromboelastografía se emplea para la orientación en el manejo de la coagulación perioperatoria en el sitio de atención. Objetívo: Identificar un patrón de coagulación en niños sometidos a tiempos prolongados en circulación extracorpórea así como su asociación con edad y peso. Material y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio de cohorte en 62 pacientes sometidos a circulación extracorpórea prolongada. Excluimos pacientes con coagulopatía pre - existente, empleo de medicamentos interfiriendo con la coagulación, hematocrito > 60%, peso < 3 Kg o con enfermedad hepática. El estudio de tromboelastografía fue realizado en el sitio de atención. Resultados: Los valores para el tiempo de Reacción basales y durante recalentamiento fueron: 8,24 +/- 6,35 y 7,66 +/- 2,15 minutos respectivamente (p= 0,102). Los valores para el Ángulo basales y durante recalentamiento fueron: 64,89 +/- 13,08 y 54,67 +/- 8,98 grados (p< 0,001). Los valores para Amplitud Máxima basales y durante recalentamiento fueron: 64,54 +/-12,31 y 43,14 +/- 12,47 mm respectivamente (p = 0,001). Dividiendo la cohorte en pacientes menores o mayores a 3 años o bien en menores o mayores a 10 Kg se observó el mismo comportamiento. Discusión: Este estudio sugiere la existencia de un patrón tromboelastográfico independiente de la edad o peso en pacientes sometidos cirugía cardiaca pediátrica con permanencia prolongada en circulación extracorpórea caracterizado por reducción en los valores de ángulo y amplitud máxima, sin modificación en el tiempo de reacción.

The role of thromboelastometry in the assessment and treatment of coagulopathy in liver transplant patients / O papel da tromboelastometria na avaliação e no tratamento da coagulopatia em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático

ABSTRACT Perioperative monitoring of coagulation is vital to assess bleeding risks, diagnose deficiencies associated with hemorrhage, and guide hemostatic therapy in major surgical procedures, such as liver transplantation. Routine static tests demand long turnaround time and do not assess platelet function; they are determined on plasma at a standard temperature of 37°C; hence these tests are ill-suited for intraoperative use. In contrast, methods which evaluate the viscoelastic properties of whole blood, such as thromboelastogram and rotational thromboelastometry, provide rapid qualitative coagulation assessment and appropriate guidance for transfusion therapy. These are promising tools for the assessment and treatment of hyper- and hypocoagulable states associated with bleeding in liver transplantation. When combined with traditional tests and objective assessment of the surgical field, this information provides ideal guidance for transfusion strategies, with potential improvement of patient outcomes.

RESUMO A monitorização perioperatória da coagulação é fundamental para estimar o risco de sangramento, diagnosticar deficiências causadoras de hemorragia e guiar terapias hemostáticas durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de grande porte, como o transplante hepático. Os testes estáticos, comumente usados na prática clínica, são insatisfatórios no intraoperatório, pois demandam tempo e não avaliam a função plaquetária; são determinados no plasma e realizados em temperatura padrão de 37°C. Os métodos que avaliam as propriedades viscoelásticas do sangue total, como o tromboelastograma e a tromboelastometria rotacional, podem suprir as deficiências dos testes estáticos tradicionais, uma vez que permitem avaliar a coagulação de forma rápida e qualitativa, guiando a terapia transfusional de forma adequada. A tromboelastometria rotacional mostrou-se promissora na avaliação e no tratamento de estados de hipercoagulação e hipocoagulação, associados a sangramento no transplante hepático. Estas informações, combinadas com os testes tradicionais e uma avaliação objetiva do campo cirúrgico, promovem um cenário ótimo para guiar as estratégias transfusionais e potencialmente melhorar o desfecho destes pacientes.

Manejo del sangrado periopeatorio en cirugía y trasplante hepático basado en objetivos / Management of perioperative bleeding in surgery and liver transplantation based on objectives

Los “Point of Care” test (POC) como la Tromboelastografía, tienen como objetivo realizar de forma simple y rápida el diagnóstico del estado de la coagulación y permitir intervenciones profilácticas y terapéuticas rápidas y adaptadas al contexto clínico. La Tromboelastografía, forma parte integral de los programas que plantean un abordaje multidisciplinario para la aplicación efectiva de medidas basadas en la evidencia, tendientes a optimizar la volemia del paciente, minimizar el sangrado y reducir significativamente o incluso suprimir la transfusión de sangre alogénica.Se propone un Protocolo, basado en una revisión no sistemática de la literatura, que establece una guía de referencia para la profilaxis y el tratamiento de las alteraciones de la coagulación sanguínea durante perioperatorio en los pacientes sometidos a Cirugía Hepática y Trasplante Hepático.

Un resumen de la investigación en tromboelastografía / An overview of thrombelastography research

Introducción: La tromboelastografía (TEG) es un método para valorar las características de la formación y destrucción del coágulo. Una variedad de aplicaciones han sido sugeridas en la literatura. Objetivo: Proporcionar un resumen acerca del conocimiento actual de las aplicaciones de la TEG. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed hasta julio de 2012 con el término «Thrombelastography [MeSH Terms]¼. Se analizaron artículos de estudios retrospectivos y prospectivos, revisiones y guías conteniendo información acerca de las aplicaciones de la TEG escritos en inglés y español. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 3.139 artículos desde 1962. Se clasificaron en 8 categorías: 862 (27,6%) asociados a enfermedades no quirúrgicas, 294 (9,4%) a trasplante hepático, 711 (22,6%) a investigación básica, 174 (5,5%) a obstetricia, 228 (7,3%) a cirugía cardiovascular, 177 (5,6%) a otras cirugías, 234 (7,4%) a técnicas anestésicas y 459 (14,6%) a fármacos. Conclusión: La TEG como herramienta diagnóstica y para guiar terapia transfusional está en aumento. La TEG aún continúa en estudio en diferentes áreas del conocimiento clínico y aún falta definir adecuadamente los alcances de esta técnica diagnóstica. Es evidente que se debe hacer un uso racional de la TEG, conocer a fondo sus fortalezas y debilidades y continuar explorando nuevas aplicaciones.

Introduction: Thrombelastography (TEG) is a method to assess clot formation and destruction. Various applications have been suggested in the literature. Objective: To provide an overview of the current knowledge about TEG applications. Methods: Adatabase search in PubMed was performed up to July 2012 using the term "Thrombelastography [MeSH Terms]". We analysed retrospective and prospective studies, reviews and guidelines with information about the applications of TEG written in English and Spanish. Results: The search resulted in 3139 papers since 1962. These were classified in 8 categories: 862 (27.6%) in non-surgical diseases, 294 (9.4%) in liver transplant, 711 (22.6%) in basic research, 174 (5.5%) in obstetrics, 228 (7.3%) in cardiovascular surgery, 177 (5.6%) in other types of surgery, 234 (7.4%) in anaesthetic techniques, and 459 (14.6%) in relation with medications. Conclusion: The application of TEG as a diagnostic tool and as a guide in transfusion therapy is increasing. Its use is still in development in different clinical fields and the advantages and limitations of this technique still have to be defined. It is evident that thrombelastography should be used with caution, and its strengths and weaknesses as well as new applications must continue to be explored.

Monitorização da coagulação sanguínea perioperatória / Perioperative blood coagulation monitoring

A monitorização perioperatória da coagulação sanguínea é crítica para entender melhor as causas de hemorragia, guiar terapias hemostáticas e prever o risco de sangramento durante procedimento cirúrgico. Nosso entendimento de coagulopatia perioperatória, ferramentas diagnósticas e abordagens terapêuticas têm evoluído nos últimos anos. O recentementedesenvolvido modelo celular da coagulação somado aos novos testes hemostáticos viscoelásticos (TEG e ROTEM) e testes de função plaquetária realizados à beira do leito facilita o entendimento e mede a formação e resolução do coágulo no sangue total, possibilitando rápido diagnóstico e tratamento da coagulopatia perioperatória.

The perioperative blood coagulation monitoring is critical to better understand the causes of bleeding, guide hemostatic therapies, and predict the risk of bleeding during surgery. Our understandings of perioperative coagulopathy, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic approaches have evolved in recent years. The newly developed cell coagulation model combined with new hemostatic viscoelastic tests (TEG or ROTEM) and platelet function tests, carried out by the bedside, facilitates the understanding and measure of the formation and resolution of the clot in whole blood, enabling rapid diagnosis and treatment of perioperative coagulopathy.

Manejo anestésico del transplante hepático pediátrico. Reporte de caso / Anaesthetic management of Pediatric liver transplantation. Case report

Introducción: Los avances en todos los aspectos del trasplante hepático y la complejidad del manejo anestésico nos estimula a presentar el caso de trasplante hepático pediátrico. Relato del caso: Se trata de un paciente de 3 años y 11 meses de edas, con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática por atresia de vías biliares, se le programa para trasplante hepático donante vivo relacionado. En el manejo anestésico se monitorizó la saturación venosa central continua con el catéter Pediasat, se monitorizó la coagulación con tromboelastografía, y se hizo un seguimiento acucioso de la glicemia. Se presentan las tablas del manejo hemodinámico y del medio interno. Conclusión: Los aspectos críticos en el trasplante hepático pediátrico son variados, siendo los más importantes el monitoreo de la perfusión tisular con el catéter de oximetría venosa central continua, el monitoreo de la coagulación con tromboelastografía, y el monitoreo y manejo de la hipoglicemia.

Tromboelastografía: evaluación global de la coagulación: aplicaciones en el periodo perioperatorio / Thromboelastography: overall evaluation of coagulation: perioperative applications

La tromboelastografía es un método diagnostico de uso relativamente reciente, enfocado a evaluar de forma global la coagulación. Este método ha evolucionado con rapidez hacia el uso frecuente en la clínica, y es de utilidad para la evaluación de coagulopatías y como guía para la intervención; además, se ha encontrado que su implementación rutinaria conlleva la disminución en el uso de transfusión de hemoderivados y, consecuentemente, en los costos y complicaciones asociadas a su administración. Este reporte de casos en pacientes del Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio describe situaciones clínicas alternas a las de uso común, en las cuales el uso de la tromboelastografía aporta un excelente complemento diagnóstico y guía terapéutica en el perioperatorio.

Thromboelastography is a relatively new diagnostic method designed for a global evaluation of coagulation. This method has rapidly evolved and is frequently used in the clinic for the evaluation of coagulopathies and as guide for intervention; furthermore, its routine application on a daily basis reduces the need for transfusion ofhemoderivatives, and consequently lessens the costs and complications thereof. This case report of patients from the San Ignacio University Hospital, describes infrequent clinical situations in which the use of thromboelastography provides an excellent diagnostic aid and treatment guide during the perioperative period.