Navigating the legal complexities of telesurgery in China: An assessment of tort liability and the path forward.

This study investigates the legal challenges posed by telesurgery, an emergent healthcare modality facilitated by advancements in 5G and Artificial Intelligence. It highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive legal framework reconciling the complexities of healthcare delivery and technology integration. The paper examines the Chinese adjudication of negligence and the evidentiary hurdles in telesurgery, interrogating the application of the 'reasonable doctor' standard, the intricate causation-negligence nexus and the distribution of evidentiary burdens. The analysis contends that current statutes require revision to apportion telesurgery-induced damages fairly. Further, it proposes the formation of multidisciplinary committees to oversee medical technology, calls for systemic reforms, more reasonable liability differentiation and fortifying medical insurance frameworks.

Legal Theories, Disability Models and Principles of Disability Assessment.

In the personal injury compensation system, the protection and relief of the injured people's rights to life, rights to health, and body rights are generally based on the results of disability assessment. Over the years, with the increased number of personal injury compensation cases, the practice of disability assessment have been greatly developed, and the development of disability assessment standards tends to be mature. However, the lack of basic theories for disability assessment has seriously affected the construction and unification of standards. Starting from the tort legal system of personal injury compensation, this article systematically analyzes the legal theories of disability assessment, and holds that the loss of labor ability is the legal basis for disability assessment in China, and the essence of disability assessment should be understood as the quantitative assessment of an individual's permanent loss of labor ability. This article combines the international disability assessment models and the primary concepts of American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment to refine the basic concepts of disability assessment in China, such as impairment, disability, handicap, disabled people and self-care ability, etc. At the same time, it sorts out the critical issues of identification time, promotion principles and compound calculation of multiple injuries in disability assessment. It is expected to be beneficial to the theory and practice of disability assessment in personal injury compensation.

Juicios de daños y aporte de los tribunales chilenos ante los desafíos ético-ambientales que impone el cambio climático / Litigation for damages and contribution of the Chilean courts to the ethical-environmental challenges posed by climate change / Julgamento de danos e contribuições dos tribunais chilenos diante dos desafios ético-ambientais trazidos pela mudança climática

Este artículo muestra que la experiencia acumulada por la Corte Suprema chilena en juicios sobre responsabilidad civil y ambiental, debiera permitirle abordar los problemas ético-ambientales y jurídicos que el calentamiento global implica, sea previniendo daños mediante la imposición a los principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, incluido el Estado, del deber de reducir acelerada y significativamente las emisiones, sea exigiendo y haciendo cumplir la obligación de adaptación al cambio climático mediante la atribución de responsabilidad extracontractual o ambiental.

This article shows that the experience accrued by the Chilean Supreme Court in lawsuits on tort and environmental liability, should allow it to address the ethical-environmental and legal issues that global warming implies, either by preventing harm through the imposition on the major emitters of greenhouse gases, including the State, of the duty to reduce emissions rapidly and significantly, or by demanding and enforcing the obligation to adapt to climate change through the attribution of tort liability or environmental liability.

Esse artigo mostra que a experiência acumulada pela Corte Suprema chilena em julgamentos sobre responsabilidade civil e ambiental, deveria permitir-lhe abordar os problemas ético-ambientais e jurídicos que o aquecimento global implica, seja prevenindo danos mediante a imposição aos principais emissores de gases de efeito estufa, incluindo o Estado, do dever de reduzir acelerada e significativamente as emissões, seja exigindo e fazendo cumprir a obrigação de adaptação à mudança climática mediante a atribuição de responsabilidade extracontratual ou ambiental.

The dilemma and outlet of judicial determination of medical liability in China.

Medical damage liability is directly related to the diagnosis and treatment behavior of medical institutions. It is the most basic form of liability because patients enter the doctor-patient relationship with the expectation that they will receive highly professional medical services from the medical institution. This paper outlines the features of the development of China's medical damage liability system, points out the problems of the system in practice, and proposes improvements. It explores how to solve the legal dilemma of identifying medical liability in China from three perspectives: perfecting the formation and adoption procedures of expert opinions, standardizing the identification of fault by medical institutions, and standardizing the application of the rules of reducing liability for the cause.

Legal Theories, Disability Models and Principles of Disability Assessment / 法医学杂志

In the personal injury compensation system, the protection and relief of the injured people's rights to life, rights to health, and body rights are generally based on the results of disability assessment. Over the years, with the increased number of personal injury compensation cases, the practice of disability assessment have been greatly developed, and the development of disability assessment standards tends to be mature. However, the lack of basic theories for disability assessment has seriously affected the construction and unification of standards. Starting from the tort legal system of personal injury compensation, this article systematically analyzes the legal theories of disability assessment, and holds that the loss of labor ability is the legal basis for disability assessment in China, and the essence of disability assessment should be understood as the quantitative assessment of an individual's permanent loss of labor ability. This article combines the international disability assessment models and the primary concepts of American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment to refine the basic concepts of disability assessment in China, such as impairment, disability, handicap, disabled people and self-care ability, etc. At the same time, it sorts out the critical issues of identification time, promotion principles and compound calculation of multiple injuries in disability assessment. It is expected to be beneficial to the theory and practice of disability assessment in personal injury compensation.

Reparación Directa y Conflicto Armado Interno: la Constitucionalización de la Responsabilidad Extracontractual del Estado / Direct Reparation and Internal Armed Conflict: Constitutionalization of Tort Liability of the State / Reparação Direta e Conflito Armado Interno: a Constitucionalização da Responsabilidade Ilícita do Estado

Resumen Introducción: En materia de responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, los procesos de reparación directa que se han derivado de hechos con ocasión al Conflicto Armado Interno, en adelante -CAI- han generado cambios en las categorías de protección que se han ido transformando especialmente desde que se reconoce la existencia del CAI. Objetivo: el principal objetivo de esta investigación está articulado a determinar cuáles son las condiciones que se han valorado por parte del Consejo de Estado para establecer la adecuación frente a los títulos de imputación y asimismo, las condiciones de interpretación de las categorías del daño antijurídico y la responsabilidad del Estado. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue delimitado a partir de la revisión documental de una elección aleatoria de sentencias del Consejo de Estado tomadas de forma no probabilística a través de las categorías de los títulos de imputación que se presentaron en una reconstrucción cronológica donde el eje referencia se contrastó en una dimensión analítica del reconocimiento del CAI. Resultados: el estudio evidenció cómo entre los diferentes títulos de imputación aplicables a hechos del CAI existen parámetros que evidencian una transición de omisión institucional que permitía un margen de la concepción del daño antijurídico en un sentido amplio, hacia un margen más limitado fundamentado en un desarrollo más riguroso del principio de legalidad. Conclusiones: La declaración del CAI tuvo una gran incidencia en la forma como se desarrolló la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, que al disponer de nuevas categorías de protección generó con ello más seguridad jurídica, pero, que a su vez limitó interpretaciones amplias del daño antijurídico.

Abstract Introduction: In matters of extracontractual liability of the State, the processes of direct reparation that have been derived from facts on the occasion of the CAI have generated changes in the categories of protection that have been transforming especially since the existence of the CAI is recognized. Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine which are the conditions that have been assessed by the Council of State to establish the adequacy of the title of imputation and the conditions of interpretation of the categories of antijuridical damage and the responsibility of the State. Materials and Methods: The study was delimited from the documentary review of a random selection of sentences of the Council of State taken in a non-probabilistic way through the categories of the titles of imputation that were presented in a chronological reconstruction where the reference axis was contrasted in an analytical dimension of the recognition of the CAI. Results: the study evidenced how among the different titles of imputation applicable to facts of the internal armed conflict there are parameters that evidence a transition from institutional omission that allowed a margin of the conception of the antijuridical damage wide towards a more limited margin based on a more rigorous development of the principle of legality. Conclusions: The declaration of the internal armed conflict had a great impact on the way tort liability was developed, which by providing new categories of protection generated more legal certainty but limited broad interpretations of tort.

Resumo Introdução: Em matéria de responsabilidade extracontratual do Estado, os processos de reparação direta que foram derivados de fatos por ocasião da CAI geraram mudanças nas categorias de proteção que têm se transformado especialmente desde que a existência da CAI foi reconhecida. Objetivo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar as condições que foram avaliadas pelo Conselho de Estado para estabelecer a adequação do título de imputação e as condições de interpretação das categorias de danos antijurídicos e a responsabilidade do Estado. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo foi delimitado a partir da revisão documental de uma seleção aleatória de julgamentos do Conselho de Estado tomados de forma não-probabilística através das categorias dos títulos de imputação que foram apresentados em uma reconstrução cronológica onde o eixo de referência foi contrastado em uma dimensão analítica do reconhecimento do CAI. Resultados: o estudo evidenciou como entre os diferentes títulos de imputação aplicáveis aos fatos do conflito armado interno existem parâmetros que evidenciam uma transição da omissão institucional que permitiu uma margem ampla da concepção de dano anti-jurídico para uma margem mais limitada baseada em um desenvolvimento mais rigoroso do princípio da legalidade. Conclusões: A declaração do conflito armado interno teve um grande impacto na forma como a responsabilidade extracontratual foi desenvolvida, o que ao proporcionar novas categorias de proteção gerou maior segurança jurídica, mas limitou interpretações amplas dos danos não judiciais.

Impassable scientific, ethical and legal barriers to body-to-head transplantation.

This article consists of four parts. In the first part it briefly describes the history of body-to-head transplantation (BHT) and the surgical plan proposed by Drs. Sergio Canavero and Ren Xiaoping on a human subject. In the second part it argues that the BHT procedure that they propose is scientifically invalid and technically infeasible so therefore would end in failure. In the third part it argues that the present conceivable procedure of BHT cannot be ethically justified because it would bring great harm to the human subject, it is uncertain who would be the possible beneficiary, and valid informed consent cannot be obtained. In the fourth part it argues that the action of performing the procedure of BHT might violate China's current criminal and civil laws. The conclusion that follows from the arguments above is that BHT should be prohibited now and also in the near future. However, this conclusion does not preclude scientists, neurosurgeons and bioethicists doing research into scientific, technical, surgical and ethical issues raised by BHT.

Sobre la responsabilidad civil por cambio climático en Chile / Sobre a responsabilidade civil por mudança climática no Chile / On tort liability for climate change in Chile

Resumen: La comunidad científica coincide en que la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero genera calentamiento global y éste a su vez produce cambio climático. El cambio climático está y seguirá causando daños graves, incluso catastróficos, a la salud de las personas y al medioambiente. En este contexto, este artículo argumenta que la responsabilidad civil extracontractual puede contribuir en las tareas de mitigación y adaptación relacionadas con el daño que emana del cambio climático. Sin embargo, para lograr este objetivo, en futuros juicios indemnizatorios por cambio climático en Chile, los demandantes deberán proporcionar a los tribunales evidencia que demuestre la existencia de un nexo causal directo y necesario entre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero —producidas por una o más personas naturales o jurídicas— y el daño concretamente sufrido por la víctima.

Resumo: A comunidade científica concorda que a emissão de gases de efeito estufa gera aquecimento global e este por sua vez produz mudança climática. A mudança climática está e seguirá causando danos graves, inclusive catastróficos, à saúde das pessoas e ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, este artigo argumenta que a responsabilidade civil extracontratual pode contribuir nas tarefas de mitigação e adaptação relacionadas com o dano que emana da mudança climática. Sem dúvida, para alcançar este objetivo, em juízos indenizatórios futuros pela mudança climática no Chile, os demandantes deverão proporcionar aos tribunais evidência que demonstre a existência de um nexo causal direto e necessário entre as emissões de gases de efeito estufa - produzidos por uma ou mais pessoas físicas ou jurídicas - e o dano concretamente sofrido pela vítima.

Abstract: The scientific community agrees that the emission of greenhouse gases generates global warming which in turn produces climate change. Climate change is -and will continue- causing serious, even catastrophic harm to the people's health and the environment. In this context, this article argues that tort liability can make a contribution to the mitigation and adaptation efforts related to the harm arising from climate change. In order to achieve this aim in future tort litigation for climate change in Chile, however, the claimants will have to provide courts with evidence showing the existence of a direct and necessary causal link between the emissions of greenhouse gases -produced by one or more natural persons or legal entities- and the harm actually suffered by the victim.

Strategy of Basic Medical System Reform Under the Perspective of Institutional Supply / 中国医院管理

Financial funding model of basic medical service reform should shift from single paying attention to supply of medical services to coordination concern about medical service output.No fault medical damage compensation system should be included in the budget arrangement of national financial investment.In the face of high incidence of medical damage,the center of medical tort liability system should be changed from relief patients to prevention of medical injury.Negligence litigation system has a profound negative impact on health care system.Most attention to this negative influence should be paid when efforts are made to promote managed care.It is necessary to change basic medical service system linking with current medical tort liability system so as to design from a more macro perspective of system supply.

The Legal Attributes and Civil Liability of Telemedicine / 医学信息学杂志

Based on introducing the conception and developing status of the telemedicine and current administrative guidance documents of telemedicine,the paper sorts out legal relations among all parties by combining the developing status of all parties,and defines the involved civil liabilities,in order to lay a foundation for China to improve the telemedicine system standard,and vigorously promote the application of telemedicine.

[Current issues in legal cases of compensation for healthcare malpractice]. / Az egészségügyi kártérítési perek aktuális kérdései.

The number of medical malpractice lawsuits filed each year in Hungary has considerably increased since 1990. The judicial decisions and practices on determining and awarding wrongful damages recoverable for medical malpractices in the Hungarian civil law have been developing for decades. In the meantime, a new Hungarian Civil Code (Act V of 2013) has entered into force, which among others, necessitates the revaluation of assessment of damages recoverable for medical malpractices. There are two main areas where fundamental changes have been introduced, which may significantly affect the outcome of medical malpractice lawsuits in the future. In the early stage of medical malpractices it was unclear whether the courts had to consider either the contractual relationship between patients and healthcare providers (contractual liability) or general codal articles on damages arising from non-contractual liability/torts (delictual liability) in their judgement delivered in the cases. Both the theoretical and practical experience of the last ten years shows that healthcare services agreements are concluded between healthcare providers and patients with the aim and intention to provide appropriate professional healthcare services to patients, which meet patients' interests and wishes. The medical service is violated if it fails to meet patients' interests and wishes as well as the objectives of the agreement. Since the new legislation implies a stricter liability for damages in the case of breach of contract and stricter rules for exempting the party in breach from compensation obligations, the opportunities to exempt healthcare providers from these obligations have become limited compared to previous regulations. This modification, which was aimed at further integrating the established judicial practices into legislation, stipulates the application of the rules for liability for damages resulting from medical malpractice in non-contractual situations. This paper analyses dogmatic and practical problems related to this topic. Another important area of current analysis is the institution of injury fees, which replaced the reimbursement of non-pecuniary damages. The mere fact of infringement allows setting injury fees. Taking into consideration the current resources in staff and equipment available in healthcare, this regulation may promote claims for injury fees impartial. Consequently, courts will have to apply other criteria when judgment in 'trivial cases', which might not require legal assessment, is delivered.

Insights on EMR-related legal matters in terms of the Tort Liability Law / 中华医院管理杂志

Tort Liability Law set tougher requirements on the validity and authenticity of medical records,featuring explicit protection of patient rights of informed consent.Based on the changes in the law since its enforcement,the authors studied existing deficiencies of electronic medical records and came up with the following suggestions.Establish sound legal accreditation system for electronic medical records; perfect related laws and regulations to ensure standard application of the electronic medical records; and work out regulations to make medical staff aware of their legal responsibilities when applying electronic medical records.These recommendations will enable electronic medical records better fit the current legal environment onto the track of healthier development.

On the retention and revision directions of the Regulations on Handling of Medical Malpractice / 中华医院管理杂志

The authors discussed the retention and revision of the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Malpractice following the enforcement of the Tort Liability Law.These discussions also covered the amendment of the concept of medical malpractice,and the reforms to make on the medical malpractice appraisal system built upon the Regulations following the enforcement.In the meantime of applying the Law to judge cases of medical malpractice,the Regulations as an administrative regulations issued by the State Council,should be revised before playing its role in preventing medical malpractice,medical dispute handling,and penalising medical institutions and medical workers of malpractice.

On Relationship Between Tort Liability and Special Relief for Adverse Drug Reactions / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between Tort Liability and Special Relief for Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). METHODS: An analysis was conducted by literature review, logical reasoning and comparative study etc. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: In different country or area, the relationship between Tort Liability and Special Relief for ADRs manifested as German’s risk-sharing type, Japan’s supplement type, America’s mixed type. Tort Liability put an emphasis on the assignment and prevention of loss, while Special Relief on the sharing and shifting of risks. The functions of the two were different yet not incompatible, and they should work together to make up for the loss. Meanwhile, we should regard the trend of gradual socialization of the tort law seriously.