New multienzymatic complex formed between human cathepsin D and snake venom phospholipase A2.

Background: Cathepsin D (CatD) is a lysosomal proteolytic enzyme expressed in almost all tissues and organs. This protease is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for essential biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, differentiation, migration, tissue remodeling, neuronal growth, ovulation, and apoptosis. The overexpression and hypersecretion of CatD have been correlated with cancer aggressiveness and tumor progression, stimulating cancer cell proliferation, fibroblast growth, and angiogenesis. In addition, some studies report its participation in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory processes. In this regard, the search for new inhibitors from natural products could be an alternative against the harmful effects of this enzyme. Methods: An investigation was carried out to analyze CatD interaction with snake venom toxins in an attempt to find inhibitory molecules. Interestingly, human CatD shows the ability to bind strongly to snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2), forming a stable muti-enzymatic complex that maintains the catalytic activity of both CatD and PLA2. In addition, this complex remains active even under exposure to the specific inhibitor pepstatin A. Furthermore, the complex formation between CatD and svPLA2 was evidenced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), two-dimensional electrophoresis, enzymatic assays, and extensive molecular docking and dynamics techniques. Conclusion: The present study suggests the versatility of human CatD and svPLA2, showing that these enzymes can form a fully functional new enzymatic complex.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of protein sources associated with exogenous enzymes for broilers.

OBJECTIVE: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzyme complex (EC) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn gluten meal (60%) (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), dried bovine plasma (DBP), and poultry offal meal (POM). Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (1 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. METHODS: The treatments consisted of a protein-free diet (PFD) containing feedstuffs either supplemented with EC (xylanase, amylase, and protease) or not. In Experiment I, a total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with eight birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. In Experiment II a total of 270 one-day-old male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with six birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. The PFD groups were used to assess the endogenous AA losses. The birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal content. RESULTS: In the pre-starter phase, the SID of arginine, branched chain-aminoacids, glycine, serine, aspartate, and glutamic acid increased with EC addition. The EC improved the SID of arginine and glutamic acid of CGM; the SID of valine and cystine of SPC; the SID of leucine, glycine, and aspartate of POM and the SID of isoleucine of DBP. In the starter phase, the SID of isoleucine, phenylalanine and glycine increased in EC-supplemented diets. The EC improved the SID of isoleucine of DBP; the SID of phenylalanine of CGM and POM. The SID of AA of SPC was not influenced by the EC. CONCLUSION: The addition of an EC to broiler pre-starter and starter diets is efficient in increasing the SID of AA on SPC, POM, and DBP.

New multienzymatic complex formed between human cathepsin D and snake venom phospholipase A2

Background Cathepsin D (CatD) is a lysosomal proteolytic enzyme expressed in almost all tissues and organs. This protease is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for essential biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, differentiation, migration, tissue remodeling, neuronal growth, ovulation, and apoptosis. The overexpression and hypersecretion of CatD have been correlated with cancer aggressiveness and tumor progression, stimulating cancer cell proliferation, fibroblast growth, and angiogenesis. In addition, some studies report its participation in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory processes. In this regard, the search for new inhibitors from natural products could be an alternative against the harmful effects of this enzyme. Methods An investigation was carried out to analyze CatD interaction with snake venom toxins in an attempt to find inhibitory molecules. Interestingly, human CatD shows the ability to bind strongly to snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2), forming a stable muti-enzymatic complex that maintains the catalytic activity of both CatD and PLA2. In addition, this complex remains active even under exposure to the specific inhibitor pepstatin A. Furthermore, the complex formation between CatD and svPLA2 was evidenced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), two-dimensional electrophoresis, enzymatic assays, and extensive molecular docking and dynamics techniques. Conclusion The present study suggests the versatility of human CatD and svPLA2, showing that these enzymes can form a fully functional new enzymatic complex.

Silenciamiento génico en insectos plaga que afectan la industria agrícola usando ARN de interferencia / Gene silencing in pest insects that affect the agricultural industry using interference RNA

Resumen Los insectos plaga, son especies de organismos vivos que en forma constante se encuentran en poblaciones altas, ocasionando daños económicos en los cultivos. Generalmente, suele tratarse de especies puntuales, por lo general, sólo una o dos, que pueden causar gran afectación económica en el sector de la agricultura. En las últimas 3 décadas se ha venido desarrollando el concepto de un proceso biológico, detectado en eucariotas ampliamente, mediante el que se pueden silenciar genes, a partir de ARN de doble cadena (ARNdc). Esta maquinaria se ha investigado para conocer su funcionamiento y buscar potenciales aplicaciones que podrían tener en el campo de la biotecnología. En varios estudios se encontró que el silenciamiento de genes se debe a las interacciones enzimáticas intracelulares citoplasmáticas con moléculas de ARN pequeñas (ARNsi), que actúan sobre el ARN mensajero (ARNm) intracelular, impidiendo que este se traduzca a proteína. Mediante este mecanismo se busca silenciar genes específicos en insectos plaga, que sean esenciales para que el insecto pueda vivir y de esa manera evitar la proliferación de la plaga. Este artículo recopila los estudios realizados acerca del ARN de interferencia, referidos al mecanismo genético de los insectos, como alternativa para su control.

AbstractPest insects are species of living organisms that are constantly found in high populations,causing economic crops damage. Generally, it tends to be specific species, usually onlyone or two, which can cause great economic damage in the agricultural sector. In thelast 3 decades, the concept of a biological process has been developed, widely detected in eukaryotes, by which genes can be silenced, from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). This machinery has been investigated to understand its operation and to look for potential applications that it could have in the field of biotechnology. In several studies it was found that gene silencing is due to cytoplasmic intracellular enzymatic interactions with small RNA molecules (siRNA), which act on intracellular messenger RNA (mRNA), preventing it from translating a protein. Through this mechanism, the aim is to silence specific genes in pest insects, which are essential for the insect to live and thus prevent the proliferation of the pest. This article compiles the studies carried out on RNA interference, referring to the genetic mechanism of insects, as an alternative for its control.

Effect of wilting time and enzymatic-bacterial inoculant on the fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and nutritional value of BRS capiaçu grass silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wilting times and application of an enzymatic-bacterial inoculant on the fermentative profile and nutritional characteristics of BRS capiaçu grass silage in a semi-arid region. Four wilting times treatments (control, 6, 24, and 30 h), with or without the addition of an enzymatic-bacterial inoculant, were analyzed as a split-plot completely randomized design with eight replications. Parameters of the rumen degradability test were analyzed using a split-plot completely randomized block design with four replications. There was no interaction between wilting times and inoculant application on pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3 -N), and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu silage. Aerobic stability was reduced by 1.2 h for every 1-h increase in wilting time. Inoculant application reduced the pH values by 2.59% and extended the aerobic stability of the silage by 19 h. There was a significant interaction of wilting times and inoculant application on the levels of malic, succinic, lactic, and acetic acids. Inoculant application increased the contents of dry matter, ash, crude protein, insoluble neutral detergent fiber, and total carbohydrates by 3.63, 6.13, 7.73, 6.39, and 9.97% compared with non-inoculated silages, respectively. Wilting times for up to 30 h and application of enzymatic-bacterial inoculant improves the fermentative profile and chemical composition and reduces dry matter losses of silage of BRS capiaçu grass harvested at 100 days of regrowth.

Dry residue of cassava as a supplementation in broiler feed with or without addition of carbohydrases / Resíduo seco de fecularia na alimentação de frangos de corte suplementados ou não com carboidrases

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24 hours post mortem, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) for breast meat between carbohydrase supplementation and DRCinclusion for the variable L. The analysed values of pH, water holding capacity and shear force of the breast meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC inclusion and carbohydrase addition. However,cooking loss was influenced (P < 0.05) by levels of inclusion of DRC. The L and a* variable and the feet of broiler chickens were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC levels and carbohydrase addition. The colour variable b* showed a decrease... (AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) com ou sem a suplementação de carboidrases sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, constituído da combinação da adição ou não de carboidrases e cinco níveis de inclusão de RSF, resultando em 10 tratamentos, com cinco repetições e 22 aves cada. Aos 21 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram mantidas em jejum por 6 horas, para coleta de sangue via punção braquial. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, cortes, órgãos, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e avaliação da qualidade da carne. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e o RSF para ganho de peso e consumo de ração, que apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente sem a inclusão de carboidrases. No período de 1 a 42 dias houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e a inclusão do RSF para as variáveis GP e conversão alimentar. A inclusão das carboidrases proporcionou um aumento (P 0,05) na concentração de colesterol, triglicerídeos, creatinina, gama GT e glicose no sangue. A concentração da Gama GT apresentou um acréscimo e da alanina aminotransferase e creatinina apresentaram umdecréscimo (P < 0,05) com a inclusão do RSF. Na análise 24 horas post mortem da carne do peito houveinteração significativa (P < 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e a inclusão do RSF para avariável L. Os valores analisados de pH, capacidade de retenção de água e força de cisalhamento dacarne do peito não foram influenciados (P > 0,05) pela inclusão do RSF e adição ou não de carboidrases.A perda por cocção foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelos níveis de inclusão do RSF...(AU)

Dry residue of cassava as a supplementation in broiler feed with or without addition of carbohydrases / Resíduo seco de fecularia na alimentação de frangos de corte suplementados ou não com carboidrases

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24 hours post mortem, there was a significant interaction (P 0.05) by DRC inclusion and carbohydrase addition. However,cooking loss was influenced (P 0.05) by DRC levels and carbohydrase addition. The colour variable b* showed a decrease...

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) com ou sem a suplementação de carboidrases sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, constituído da combinação da adição ou não de carboidrases e cinco níveis de inclusão de RSF, resultando em 10 tratamentos, com cinco repetições e 22 aves cada. Aos 21 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram mantidas em jejum por 6 horas, para coleta de sangue via punção braquial. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, cortes, órgãos, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e avaliação da qualidade da carne. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e o RSF para ganho de peso e consumo de ração, que apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente sem a inclusão de carboidrases. No período de 1 a 42 dias houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e a inclusão do RSF para as variáveis GP e conversão alimentar. A inclusão das carboidrases proporcionou um aumento (P 0,05) na concentração de colesterol, triglicerídeos, creatinina, gama GT e glicose no sangue. A concentração da Gama GT apresentou um acréscimo e da alanina aminotransferase e creatinina apresentaram umdecréscimo (P 0,05) pela inclusão do RSF e adição ou não de carboidrases.A perda por cocção foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelos níveis de inclusão do RSF...

Effects of supplements containing different additives on nutritional and productive performance of beef cattle grazing tropical grass.

A grazing trial was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of three feed additives in supplements (crude protein, CP 230 g/kg dry matter, DM) on the performance, voluntary intake, and digestibility of beef heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens (CP 81 and neutral detergent fiber, NDF 615 g/kg DM). Thirty-five Nellore heifers (21 months of age and 383 ± 6.29 kg of body weight, BW) were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: no supplement (control); supplement fed at 1 kg/animal/day without additives (S); supplement with monensin (S + M); supplement with yeast culture (S + YC); and supplement with enzyme complex (S + EC). All of the supplemented heifers had greater (P < 0.1) average daily gain (∼0.186 kg/day) compared to the control treatment (0.014 kg/day). Average daily gain and final BW were similar (P > 0.1) among supplemented heifers. Monensin inclusion in the supplement decreased (P < 0.1) forage DM (expressed as g/kg BW) and NDF intake (expressed as kg/day and as g/kg BW). All of the feed additive inclusions decreased (P < 0.1) NDF digestibility. In conclusion, the heifers' performance was improved by concentrate supplementation. However, the inclusion of additives did not enhance this effect.

Dry residue of cassava as a supplementation in broiler feed with or without addition of carbohydrases / Resíduo seco de fecularia na alimentação de frangos de corte suplementados ou não com carboidrases

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) com ou sem a suplementação de carboidrases sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, constituído da combinação da adição ou não de carboidrases e cinco níveis de inclusão de RSF, resultando em 10 tratamentos, com cinco repetições e 22 aves cada. Aos 21 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram mantidas em jejum por 6 horas, para coleta de sangue via punção braquial. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, cortes, órgãos, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e avaliação da qualidade da carne. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e o RSF para ganho de peso e consumo de ração, que apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente sem a inclusão de carboidrases. No período de 1 a 42 dias houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e a inclusão do RSF para as variáveis GP e conversão alimentar. A inclusão das carboidrases proporcionou um aumento (P 0,05) na concentração de colesterol, triglicerídeos, creatinina, gama GT e glicose no sangue. A concentração

Dry residue of cassava as a supplementation in broiler feed with or without addition of carbohydrases / Resíduo seco de fecularia na alimentação de frangos de corte suplementados ou não com carboidrases

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) com ou sem a suplementação de carboidrases sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, constituído da combinação da adição ou não de carboidrases e cinco níveis de inclusão de RSF, resultando em 10 tratamentos, com cinco repetições e 22 aves cada. Aos 21 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram mantidas em jejum por 6 horas, para coleta de sangue via punção braquial. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, cortes, órgãos, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e avaliação da qualidade da carne. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e o RSF para ganho de peso e consumo de ração, que apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente sem a inclusão de carboidrases. No período de 1 a 42 dias houve interação (P 0,05) entre a suplementação de carboidrases e a inclusão do RSF para as variáveis GP e conversão alimentar. A inclusão das carboidrases proporcionou um aumento (P 0,05) na concentração de colesterol, triglicerídeos, creatinina, gama GT e glicose no sangue. A concentração

Exogenous enzymes in diets for broilers / Enzimas exógenas em dietas para frangos de corte

The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex consisting of phytase, protease, xylanase, -glucanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase on the parameters of performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. Six hundred broiler chicks were used, and the animals were females with one day of age, from the Cobb 500 strain, and distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of inclusion of the enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ton), and six repetitions, with twenty animals each. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and production viability were assessed in stages between 1 to 21, 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days of age. The carcass yield and meat quality were evaluated at 35 and 42 days of age. We evaluated the characteristics of weight loss by cooking, shear force, water holding capacity, pH, lightness and color. The parameters of performance, carcass yield and carcass parts, and meat quality were not affected by the enzyme supplementation of diets fed to broiler chickens (P>0.05), except for the performance characteristics of the breast and the wings at 42 days of age (P 0.05).(AU)

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis de um complexo enzimático composto por fitase, protease, xilanase, glucanase, celulase, amilase e pectinase, em dietas à base de milho e de farelo de soja, sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e de qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte, de um dia de idade, fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de inclusão do complexo enzimático (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 g/ton), e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Foram avaliados, nas fases de 01 a 21, de 01 a 35 e de 01 a 42 dias de idade, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração e a viabilidade criatória. O rendimento de carcaça e a qualidade da carne foram avaliados aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade. Avaliou-se as características de perda de peso por cocção, a força de cisalhamento, a capacidade de retenção de água, o pH, a luminosidade e a cor. Os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e cortes e de qualidade da carne não foram afetados pela suplementação enzimática das dietas fornecidas aos frangos de corte (P>0,05), exceto para as características de rendimento de peito e de asas aos 42 dias de idade (P 0,05).(AU)

Exogenous enzymes in diets for broilers

SUMMARY The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex consisting of phytase, protease, xylanase, -glucanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase on the parameters of performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. Six hundred broiler chicks were used, and the animals were females with one day of age, from the Cobb 500 strain, and distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of inclusion of the enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ton), and six repetitions, with twenty animals each. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and production viability were assessed in stages between 1 to 21, 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days of age. The carcass yield and meat quality were evaluated at 35 and 42 days of age. We evaluated the characteristics of weight loss by cooking, shear force, water holding capacity, pH, lightness and color. The parameters of performance, carcass yield and carcass parts, and meat quality were not affected by the enzyme supplementation of diets fed to broiler chickens (P>0.05), except for the performance characteristics of the breast and the wings at 42 days of age (P 0.05).

RESUMO O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis de um complexo enzimático composto por fitase, protease, xilanase, glucanase, celulase, amilase e pectinase, em dietas à base de milho e de farelo de soja, sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e de qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte, de um dia de idade, fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de inclusão do complexo enzimático (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 g/ton), e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Foram avaliados, nas fases de 01 a 21, de 01 a 35 e de 01 a 42 dias de idade, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração e a viabilidade criatória. O rendimento de carcaça e a qualidade da carne foram avaliados aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade. Avaliou-se as características de perda de peso por cocção, a força de cisalhamento, a capacidade de retenção de água, o pH, a luminosidade e a cor. Os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e cortes e de qualidade da carne não foram afetados pela suplementação enzimática das dietas fornecidas aos frangos de corte (P>0,05), exceto para as características de rendimento de peito e de asas aos 42 dias de idade (P 0,05).

Exogenous enzymes in diets for broilers / Enzimas exógenas em dietas para frangos de corte

The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex consisting of phytase, protease, xylanase, -glucanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase on the parameters of performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. Six hundred broiler chicks were used, and the animals were females with one day of age, from the Cobb 500 strain, and distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of inclusion of the enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ton), and six repetitions, with twenty animals each. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and production viability were assessed in stages between 1 to 21, 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days of age. The carcass yield and meat quality were evaluated at 35 and 42 days of age. We evaluated the characteristics of weight loss by cooking, shear force, water holding capacity, pH, lightness and color. The parameters of performance, carcass yield and carcass parts, and meat quality were not affected by the enzyme supplementation of diets fed to broiler chickens (P>0.05), except for the performance characteristics of the breast and the wings at 42 days of age (P 0.05).

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis de um complexo enzimático composto por fitase, protease, xilanase, glucanase, celulase, amilase e pectinase, em dietas à base de milho e de farelo de soja, sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e de qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte, de um dia de idade, fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de inclusão do complexo enzimático (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 g/ton), e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Foram avaliados, nas fases de 01 a 21, de 01 a 35 e de 01 a 42 dias de idade, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração e a viabilidade criatória. O rendimento de carcaça e a qualidade da carne foram avaliados aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade. Avaliou-se as características de perda de peso por cocção, a força de cisalhamento, a capacidade de retenção de água, o pH, a luminosidade e a cor. Os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e cortes e de qualidade da carne não foram afetados pela suplementação enzimática das dietas fornecidas aos frangos de corte (P>0,05), exceto para as características de rendimento de peito e de asas aos 42 dias de idade (P 0,05).

Exogenous enzymes in diets for broilers

SUMMARY The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex consisting of phytase, protease, xylanase, -glucanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase on the parameters of performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. Six hundred broiler chicks were used, and the animals were females with one day of age, from the Cobb 500 strain, and distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of inclusion of the enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ton), and six repetitions, with twenty animals each. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and production viability were assessed in stages between 1 to 21, 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days of age. The carcass yield and meat quality were evaluated at 35 and 42 days of age. We evaluated the characteristics of weight loss by cooking, shear force, water holding capacity, pH, lightness and color. The parameters of performance, carcass yield and carcass parts, and meat quality were not affected by the enzyme supplementation of diets fed to broiler chickens (P>0.05), except for the performance characteristics of the breast and the wings at 42 days of age (P 0.05).

RESUMO O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis de um complexo enzimático composto por fitase, protease, xilanase, glucanase, celulase, amilase e pectinase, em dietas à base de milho e de farelo de soja, sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e de qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte, de um dia de idade, fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de inclusão do complexo enzimático (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 g/ton), e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Foram avaliados, nas fases de 01 a 21, de 01 a 35 e de 01 a 42 dias de idade, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração e a viabilidade criatória. O rendimento de carcaça e a qualidade da carne foram avaliados aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade. Avaliou-se as características de perda de peso por cocção, a força de cisalhamento, a capacidade de retenção de água, o pH, a luminosidade e a cor. Os parâmetros de desempenho, de rendimento de carcaça e cortes e de qualidade da carne não foram afetados pela suplementação enzimática das dietas fornecidas aos frangos de corte (P>0,05), exceto para as características de rendimento de peito e de asas aos 42 dias de idade (P 0,05).

A novel pectin-degrading enzyme complex from Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants.

BACKGROUND: In the food industry, the use of pectinase preparations with high pectin esterase (PE) activity leads to the release of methanol, which is strictly regulated in food products. Herein, a pectin-degrading enzyme (PDE) complex exhibiting low PE activity of three Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants (M3, DH56 and Guserbiot 2.230) was investigated. Production of exo-/endo-polygalacturonase (PG), exo-polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) and pectin lyase (PL) by mutant M3 and A. sojae using two different carbon sources was evaluated in solid-state fermentation. Finally, experimental preparations obtained from the mutants and commercial pectinases standardized to the same potency were screened for PDEs. RESULTS: Mutant M3 grown on sugar beet was found to be the best producer of exo-PG, endo-PG, exo-PMG and PL, with maximum yields of 1111, 449, 130 and 123 U g(-1), respectively. All experimental preparations exhibited low PE activity, at least 21.5 times less than commercial pectinases, and higher endo-PG (40 U mL(-1)). CONCLUSION: Mutant M3 was the best PDE producer using sugar beet. Mutant strains presented a PDE complex featuring high endo-PG and very low PE activities. This novel complex with low de-esterifying activity can be exploited in the food industry to degrade pectin without releasing methanol.

Inclusion of sunflower meal, with or without enzyme supplementation, in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of different dietary sunflower meal (SFM) levels (0% and 20%), with or without the supplementation of an enzyme complex (EC) (cellulase, -glucanase, xylanase, and phytase) on broiler performance, carcass and cuts yields, economics, and dietary AMEn values. A randomized block experimental design, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of eight replicates of 20 birds each, was used to test performance. A completely randomized experimental design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of eight replicates of four birds each was used to test metabolism. No interaction effects between SFM and EC were observed on performance. Although SFM significantly reduced feed intake in the starter phase and total period, weight gain was not different in these phases. Feed: gain ratio improved with the use of SFM in all phases, probably due to the dietary inclusion of oil, which may have improved digestibility. There was a significant increase in weight gain with the use of EC in the starter phase, which is possibly explained by the immature digestive system of birds at this age. There were no SFM or EC significant effects on carcass or cuts yields. There was no significant effect of the addition of EC on dietary AMEn values; however, EC significantly improved the apparent metabolizability coefficients of phosphorus and calcium.

Inclusion of sunflower meal, with or without enzyme supplementation, in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of different dietary sunflower meal (SFM) levels (0% and 20%), with or without the supplementation of an enzyme complex (EC) (cellulase, -glucanase, xylanase, and phytase) on broiler performance, carcass and cuts yields, economics, and dietary AMEn values. A randomized block experimental design, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of eight replicates of 20 birds each, was used to test performance. A completely randomized experimental design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of eight replicates of four birds each was used to test metabolism. No interaction effects between SFM and EC were observed on performance. Although SFM significantly reduced feed intake in the starter phase and total period, weight gain was not different in these phases. Feed: gain ratio improved with the use of SFM in all phases, probably due to the dietary inclusion of oil, which may have improved digestibility. There was a significant increase in weight gain with the use of EC in the starter phase, which is possibly explained by the immature digestive system of birds at this age. There were no SFM or EC significant effects on carcass or cuts yields. There was no significant effect of the addition of EC on dietary AMEn values; however, EC significantly improved the apparent metabolizability coefficients of phosphorus and calcium.