Accidental Intravascular Local Anesthetic Injection of the Facial Artery.

Local anesthesia techniques are widely used in dentistry because of their numerous advantages, including safety. Several articles have been published on local and systemic complications stemming from the use of local anesthesia, one of which is accidental intravascular injection, usually reported during inferior alveolar nerve blocks. A 58-year-old man presented to the dental office for extraction of the lower left first molar. During delivery of a supplemental injection in the buccal vestibular mucosa to anesthetize the buccal nerve, an accidental intra-arterial injection to the facial artery occurred, causing sudden sharp pain and immediate pallor along the course of the facial artery. The pallor resolved in approximately 20 minutes. Buccal infiltration was repeated successfully, and the tooth was extracted uneventfully. This case appears to be the first report in the literature to describe the accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic involving the facial artery and discuss its clinical implications.

Origin variations of the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries: a computed tomography angiography study.

PURPOSE: To determine the anatomical variations and morphology of the external carotid artery (ECA) and its anterior branches. METHODS: Using computed tomography angiography (CTA), the origin, internal diameter, and surface laterality emergence of the superior thyroid (STA), lingual (LA), and facial (FA) arteries were evaluated retrospectively evaluated and classified. The bifurcation level of the common carotid artery (CCA) in relation to the cervical vertebrae and disc was also determined. RESULTS: A total of 76 CTA were included in the study. STA originated from the carotid bifurcation (CB) (type I), CCA (type II) and ECA (type III) in 20.4 (31/152), 17.1 (26/152) and 50.7% (77/152) cases, respectively. Also 10.5% (16/152) arose from a shared trunk with LA as a thyrolingual trunk (TLT) (type IVa), and absent in 1.3% (2/152). LA originated in the CB in only one case. A linguofacial trunk (LFT) was present in 14.5% (22/152). Mean diameters of STA, LA and FA were 1.70, 1.95 and 2.45 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, surface laterality were predominately from anteromedial, medial, and anterior, respectively. CB was mainly on C3 or C3-C4 (55.9% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: STA origin below the ECA is a common finding. Our population presented the highest percentage of TLT (10.5%) and high CB (9.8%) in literature. Considering these variations are important to prevent complications in neck surgical procedures.

An anatomical study of the facial artery / Un estudio anatómico de la arteria facial

The facial artery (a branch of the external carotid artery) is the main artery of the face. It gives rise to seven branches viz. inferior labial, superior labial, inferior alar, superior alar, lateral nasal and angular arteries, which are variable. This study included a dissection of twenty embalmed adult cadaveric head and neck specimens. The parameters of origin, branching patterns, termination and variations were analysed and compared with sex and laterality. The facial artery followed the standard anatomical description of origin in 84.62 % of the sample. Variations: (i) origin as a linguofacial trunk in 12.82 % and (ii) high origin in 2.56 % was observed. Male specimens displayed a higher number of linguofacial trunk origins (7.69 %). The branching patterns of the facial artery was classified into six types, with subtypes for Types 1 and 2. Subtype 1-A (standard anatomical description with early termination) occurred in most of the sample (46.15 %). Males were found to have more variations in branching patterns than females (48.72 % and 41.03 % respectively). Termination of the facial artery was as follows: inferior labial artery (5.13 %), superior labial artery (10.26 %), inferior alar artery (10.26 %), superior alar artery (46.15 %), lateral nasal artery (5.13 %), and angular artery (20.51 %). A single case (2.56 %) of an abortive artery was noted. Statistical analysis showed that sex was independent of each parameter observed in this study. Anatomical knowledge of the facial artery is of importance to clinicians and surgeons during procedures such as musculomucosal, island flaps and aesthetic dermatology.

La arteria facial (una rama de la arteria carótida externa) es la arteria principal de la cara. Da lugar a siete ramas: labial inferior, labial superior, alar inferior, alar superior, arterias nasales y angulares laterales, además de ramas pequeñas variables. Este estudio incluyó una disección de veinte muestras de cabeza y cuello de cadáveres adultos fijados. Los parámetros de origen, patrones de ramificación, terminación y variaciones fueron analizados y comparados con el sexo y la lateralidad. La arteria facial se originó de manera normal en el 84,62 % de la muestra. Variaciones: (i) origen como tronco linguofacial en 12.82 % y (ii) se observó un origen alto en 2,56 %. Las muestras en los hombres mostraron un mayor número de orígenes del tronco linguofacial (7,69 %). Los patrones de ramificación de la arteria facial se clasificaron en seis tipos, con subtipos para los Tipos 1 y 2. El subtipo 1-A (descripción anatómica normal con terminación temprana) se observó en (46,15 %) de la muestra. Las muestras de varones tenían una mayor variación en los patrones de ramificación que las muestras de mujeres, 48,72 % y 41,03 % respectivamente. La terminación de la arteria facial fue la siguiente: arteria labial inferior (5,13 %), arteria labial superior (10,26 %), arteria alar inferior (10,26 %), arteria alar superior (46,15 %), arteria nasal lateral (5,13 %) y arteria angular (20,51 %). Se observó un solo caso (2,56 %) de una arteria abortiva. El análisis estadístico mostró que el sexo era independiente de cada parámetro observado en este estudio. El conocimiento anatómico de la arteria facial es importante para los médicos y cirujanos durante procedimientos como colgajos musculomucosal y en la dermatología estética.

Unusual branching pattern and termination of facial artery and its clinical implications for facial operations.

The facial artery is the main artery of the face and variations in its origin and its branching pattern have been documented. We report herein multiple facial artery branch variations in the face. A large posterior (premasseteric) branch originated from the left facial artery and coursed upwards behind the main trunk of the facial artery. This artery presented with a straight course and was closely related to the anterior border of the masseter. The branch then terminated by supplying the adjacent connective tissue below the parotid duct. It was also observed that the facial artery was very thick and tortuous and terminated as the superior labial artery. Knowledge of this variation is of great clinical significance in facial operations, especially for maxillofacial surgeons and plastic surgeons, because it forms the anatomical basis for the facial artery musculo-mucosal flap.

A artéria facial é a principal artéria da face, e variações da sua origem e padrão de ramificação têm sido documentadas. Este artigo descreve múltiplas variações de ramificações da artéria facial. Um ramo posterior grande (pré-massetérico) teve origem na artéria facial esquerda e cursou para cima por trás do tronco principal da artéria facial. Essa artéria apresentou um curso reto e intimamente relacionado com a borda anterior do masseter. O ramo terminou suprindo o tecido conjuntivo adjacente abaixo do ducto parotídeo. Também se observou que a artéria facial tinha grande calibre, era tortuosa e terminava na artéria labial superior. Conhecer essa variação é de grande significância clínica em cirurgias da face, principalmente para cirurgiões maxilofaciais e plásticos, tendo em vista que ela forma a base anatômica para o retalho músculo-mucoso da artéria facial.

Unusual branching pattern and termination of facial artery and its clinical implications for facial operations / Padrão anômalo de ramificação e terminação da artéria facial e implicações clínicas para cirurgias da face

The facial artery is the main artery of the face and variations in its origin and its branching pattern have been documented. We report herein multiple facial artery branch variations in the face. A large posterior (premasseteric) branch originated from the left facial artery and coursed upwards behind the main trunk of the facial artery. This artery presented with a straight course and was closely related to the anterior border of the masseter. The branch then terminated by supplying the adjacent connective tissue below the parotid duct. It was also observed that the facial artery was very thick and tortuous and terminated as the superior labial artery. Knowledge of this variation is of great clinical significance in facial operations, especially for maxillofacial surgeons and plastic surgeons, because it forms the anatomical basis for the facial artery musculo-mucosal flap

A artéria facial é a principal artéria da face, e variações da sua origem e padrão de ramificação têm sido documentadas. Este artigo descreve múltiplas variações de ramificações da artéria facial. Um ramo posterior grande (pré-massetérico) teve origem na artéria facial esquerda e cursou para cima por trás do tronco principal da artéria facial. Essa artéria apresentou um curso reto e intimamente relacionado com a borda anterior do masseter. O ramo terminou suprindo o tecido conjuntivo adjacente abaixo do ducto parotídeo. Também se observou que a artéria facial tinha grande calibre, era tortuosa e terminava na artéria labial superior. Conhecer essa variação é de grande significância clínica em cirurgias da face, principalmente para cirurgiões maxilofaciais e plásticos, tendo em vista que ela forma a base anatômica para o retalho músculo-mucoso da artéria facial

Nasolabial propeller perforator flap: Anatomical study and case series.

PURPOSE: The previous cadaveric studies of facial artery perforators have frequently reported high variability, and those results remain to be validated in the Colombian population. Thus, we aimed to describe the vascular anatomy of the lateral nasal artery cutaneous branches and their clinical applications using Colombian cadavers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hemifaces from six fresh cadavers were included in the study. Terminal branches of the facial artery and cutaneous perforators of the lateral nasal artery were dissected. The quality, number, and distribution of the perforators were assessed. In addition, we present results of seven clinical cases for nasal alar reconstruction. RESULTS: Cutaneous perforators were found in all hemifaces, and zone 2 was the most common location. In our clinical case series, all flaps used to reconstruct the nasal alar defects survived. There were two cases of venous congestion but no additional procedures were needed. CONCLUSIONS: Although nasal alar reconstruction continues to be a challenging plastic surgery procedure, the nasolabial propeller perforator flap is an excellent choice for such because it allows a precise skin island design, is less bulky, has a wide arc of rotation, and facilitates one-staged reconstruction without increasing the rate of complications.

Origens, ramificações e distribuições das artérias faciais em suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) da linhagem sadia / Origins, ramifications and distributions of facial arteries in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus LINNAEUS, 1758 ) of the Sadia lineage

The origins, ramifications and distributions of the left and right facial arteries were studied in 30 stillborn pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the Sadia lineage, 17 males and 13 females, with the aim of increasing morphological knowledge of these structures in terms of their localization and distribution. The species was chosen for its well known commercial importance. The specimen had its artery system filled with stained solution of neoprene latex 601 A and afterwards fixed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was observed that in 100% of the studied animals the facial arteries originated from the ventrolateral surface of  the external carotid artery, rostrally to the lingual artery. The gland branches divided, supplying the mandibular, parotid, monostomática portion of the sublingual and part of the cervical thymus in muscular branches, irrigating the medial pterygoid, masseter, ventral aspect of the digastrics and cutaneous of the face muscles. Furthermore, the pharyngal branch irrigated the soft palate, tympanic bula and basihyoid, and the submentalis artery was directed towards the submental and the dorsal face of the digastrics muscles.(AU)

Estudou-se as origens, ramificações e distribuições das artérias faciais direita e esquerda em 30 (trinta) suínos natimortos (Sus scrofa domesticus) da linhagem Sadia, 17 (dezessete) machos e 13(treze) fêmeas. Os espécimes tiveram os seus sistemas arteriais preenchidos com solução corada de neoprene látex 601 A e a seguir foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Notou-se que em 100% dos animais pesquisados as artérias faciais originaram-se das superfícies ventrolaterais das artérias carótidas externas, rostralmente às artérias linguais. Ramificaram-se em ramos glandulares suprindo as glândulas mandibulares, parótidas, porção monostomática das glândulas sublinguais e parte cervical do timo; em ramos musculares irrigando os músculos pterigóideos mediais, masseteres, faces ventrais dos músculos digástricos e cutâneos da face. Ainda, o ramo faríngico nutrindo o palato mole, a bula timpânica e o basihióide, e por último as artérias submentonianas que direcionaram-se para os músculos milohióideos e faces dorsais dos músculos digástricos.(AU)

Origens, ramificações e distribuições das artérias faciais em suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) da linhagem sadia / Origins, ramifications and distributions of facial arteries in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus LINNAEUS, 1758 ) of the Sadia lineage

The origins, ramifications and distributions of the left and right facial arteries were studied in 30 stillborn pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the Sadia lineage, 17 males and 13 females, with the aim of increasing morphological knowledge of these structures in terms of their localization and distribution. The species was chosen for its well known commercial importance. The specimen had its artery system filled with stained solution of neoprene latex 601 A and afterwards fixed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was observed that in 100% of the studied animals the facial arteries originated from the ventrolateral surface of  the external carotid artery, rostrally to the lingual artery. The gland branches divided, supplying the mandibular, parotid, monostomática portion of the sublingual and part of the cervical thymus in muscular branches, irrigating the medial pterygoid, masseter, ventral aspect of the digastrics and cutaneous of the face muscles. Furthermore, the pharyngal branch irrigated the soft palate, tympanic bula and basihyoid, and the submentalis artery was directed towards the submental and the dorsal face of the digastrics muscles.

Estudou-se as origens, ramificações e distribuições das artérias faciais direita e esquerda em 30 (trinta) suínos natimortos (Sus scrofa domesticus) da linhagem Sadia, 17 (dezessete) machos e 13(treze) fêmeas. Os espécimes tiveram os seus sistemas arteriais preenchidos com solução corada de neoprene látex 601 A e a seguir foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Notou-se que em 100% dos animais pesquisados as artérias faciais originaram-se das superfícies ventrolaterais das artérias carótidas externas, rostralmente às artérias linguais. Ramificaram-se em ramos glandulares suprindo as glândulas mandibulares, parótidas, porção monostomática das glândulas sublinguais e parte cervical do timo; em ramos musculares irrigando os músculos pterigóideos mediais, masseteres, faces ventrais dos músculos digástricos e cutâneos da face. Ainda, o ramo faríngico nutrindo o palato mole, a bula timpânica e o basihióide, e por último as artérias submentonianas que direcionaram-se para os músculos milohióideos e faces dorsais dos músculos digástricos.

The mandibular landmarks about the facial artery and vein with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): an anatomical and radiological morphometric study / Puntos de referencia de la mandíbula relacionados a la arteria y vena facial con angiografía por tomografía computarizada multidetector (ATCM): un estudio morfométrico anatómico y radiológico

The aim of this study was to investigate the course of the facial vessels according to several mandibular landmarks in living individuals using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) to determine these related to sex and side. This study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey). In total, sixty faces from 30 specimens (15 males and 15 females) with symptoms and signs of vascular disease were evaluated for the facial vessels by MDCTA scan. The facial vessel parameters were measured according to the reference points (mandibular angle, mental protuberance, mental foramen and facial midline). The distance from the point at which the facial artery first appears in the lower margin of the mandible to the mandibular angle for right and left facial artery were observed as 3.53+/-0.66 cm and 3.31+/-0.73 cm in males, respectively. These distances were determined as 2.91+/-0.52 cm and 3.35+/-0.48 cm in females. MDCTA is a new, powerful, safe and noninvasive test to demonstrate the vasculature of the head. Bony structures and neighboring vessel morphology can be evaluated by this technique in cases of trauma with suspected vessel injuries and when considering patient selection for flap surgery.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el curso de los vasos faciales de acuerdo con varios puntos de referencias mandibulares en sujetos vivos mediante angiografía por tomografía computarizada multidetector (ATCM) para determinar si éstos están relacionados con el sexo y el lado. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Departamento de Radiología, Facultad de Medicina de Meram en Necmettin Erbakan (Konya, Turkey). En total, sesenta caras de 30 sujetos (15 hombres y 15 mujeres), que presentaban síntomas y signos de la enfermedad vascular fueron evaluados para explorar los vasos faciales por ATCM. Los parámetros sobre los vasos faciales se midieron en relación a puntos de referencia (ángulo de la mandíbula, proceso mental, foramen mental y línea mediana facial). La distancia desde el punto en el que la arteria facial aparece por primera vez en el margen inferior de la mandíbula hasta el ángulo mandibular de la arteria facial derecha y izquierda fueron 3,53+/-0,66 cm y 3,31+/-0,73 cm en hombres, respectivamente. En mujeres fueron 2,91+/-0,52 cm y 3,35+/-0,48 cm. La ATCM es un examen nuevo, poderoso, seguro y no invasivo para demostrar la vascularización de la cabeza. Las estructuras óseas y la morfología de los vasos vecinos pueden ser evaluados por esta técnica en casos de trauma con sospecha de lesiones de los vasos y se puede considerar de selección en pacientes para realizar cirugías de colgajo.

Estudio de variantes anatómicas de la arteria facial y su aplicación en la cirugía de colgajos faciales / A study of anatomical variants of the facial artery and their use in facial flap surgery

Introducción: Diversos estudios acerca de las variantes anatómicas de la arteria facial han sido descritos en la literatura. Sin embargo éstos no se han realizado en nuestro medio. Los colgajos basados en la arteria facial, tales como el descrito por Pribaz en 1992, son una buena alternativa en el manejo de las fístulas palatinas severas. Por otro lado, la reconstrucción de defectos faciales posresección de cáncer de piel son frecuentes y demandan de técnicas seleccionadas con la finalidad de mejorar los aspectos funcionales y estéticos en los pacientes. Aquí los colgajos basados en ramas de la arteria facial también son útiles. Nuestra experiencia en el uso de estos colgajos así como una nueva modificación propuesta es presentada, además, en este trabajo. Objetivo: mostrar las posibles variantes anatómicas en cadáveres peruanos y su aplicación en la cirugía de colgajos basados en esta arteria. Material y método: El presente es un estudio descriptivo analítico. Un total de 24 hemicaras de 12 cadáveres peruanos frescos (10 hombres y 2 mujeres) fueron disecados manualmente y observados macro y microscópicamente por el autor. La arteria facial fue disecada desde su aparición en la cara a nivel del borde inferior de la mandíbula hasta sus ramas terminales. Se describen las variantes en el trayecto y la posición de sus perforantes cutáneas. Un estudio retrospectivo de 23 pacientes operados de cirugía reconstructiva por diversas causas, utilizando colgajos basados en la arteria facial, es incluido en el presente artículo. Resultados: El estudio cadavérico mostró la predominancia del patrón nasal de la arteria facial en cadáveres peruanos (70,8%). Además, la disección cadavérica mostró un número variable de perforantes cutáneas distribuidas a lo largo de la trayectoria de la arteria facial en todos los casos. Los colgajos realizados para el tratamiento de defectos faciales y...

Introduction: Several reports about facial artery anatomy have been published in the literature, however none of such studies has ever been performed in our country. Flaps based on the facial artery, like those described by Pribaz in 1992, are a good alternative for the management of severe palatal fistula management. On the other hand, the reconstruction of facial wounds after skin cancer resection is commonly needed, and it requires selected surgical techniques in order to improve facial cosmetics and functioning in our patients. In this paper we describe our experience using these flaps and we propose a modification for the technique. Objetives: show the anatomical variants in facial artery anatomy in Peruvian cadavers and their application in facial flap surgery based on this artery. Material and method: This is an analytic and descriptive study. 24 half-faces from 12 Peruvian cadavers (10 men and two women) were manually dissected, and thy were macroscopically and microscopically observed by the author. The facial artery was dissected from its origin in the face, at the lower border of the mandible, up to its terminal branches. We describe the anatomical variants about the facial artery localization and its perforating cutaneous branches. Also, we include in this report a retrospective study performed in 23 patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for many different reasons using flaps based on the facial artery. Results: The study in cadavers showed the predominance of a nasal pattern in the way of the facial artery in Peruvian cadavers (70.8%). Also, the cadaver dissection showed a variable number of skin perforating branches distributed along the way of the facial artery in all cases. Flaps techniques used for facial wound repair and palatal fistulae had good outcomes in most of the cases. Conclusions: A nasal pattern for the way of the facial artery is the most commonly observed in our study performed in Peruvian cadavers...

Biomethrics study of the upper and lower labial artery in human cadavers / Estudio biométrico de las arterias labiales superiores e inferiores en cadáveres humanos

The face is richly vascularizad by various branches of the facial artery. Among them are the upper and lower lips branches irrigate the lips and cheeks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the biometric characteristics of labials arteries of human corpses . It disected 18 human midfaces, preserved on the basis of formalin and the arterial system repleted with red latex. It noted the trail of the facial artery and the presence of the upper and lower labial arteries. Anatomical fixed points were established to measure the distribution pattern of facial artery in the facial region and the origin and route of the upper and lower labial arteries. Of the 18 analyzed samples, 100 percent labial arteries presented an independent origin of the artery facial with an average distance 36.61mm (SD 8.51) between them. The upper labial artery originated on the oral angle and lower labial artery basilar closest to the edge of the jaw. The values obtained reported a wide variation in the origin and behavior of the upper and lower labial artery.

En humanos la cara está ricamente vascularizada por diversas ramas de la arteria facial. Entre ellas se encuentran las ramas labiales superiores e inferiores destinadas a irrigar los labios y mejillas. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las características biométricas de las arterias labiales de cadáveres humanos. Se disecaron 18 hemicabezas humanas, conservadas en formalina y con el sistema arterial repletado con látex rojo. Se observaron el trayecto de la arteria facial y la presencia de las arterias labiales superiores e inferiores. Se establecieron puntos anatómicos fijos para medir el patrón de distribución de la arteria facial en la región geniana y el origen y trayecto de las arterias labiales superiores e inferiores. De las 18 muestras analizadas, el 100 por ciento las arterias labiales presentaron un origen independiente de la arteria facial con una distancia promedio entre ellas de 36,61mm (DS 8,51). La arteria labial superior se originó sobre la comisura oral y la arteria labial inferior más cercana al borde basilar de la mandíbula. Los valores obtenidos informan de una gran variación en el origen y comportamiento de las arterias labiales superiores e inferiores.

Arterias mentolabiales bilaterales: reporte de un caso / Bilateral mentolabial arteries: a case report

En un cadáver repletado con látex coloreado rojo, se reporta la presencia bilateral de arterias ramas de la arteria facial, que se dirigen a irrigar la región mentolabial. Se discute la importancia de la descripción de las variaciones anatómicas en la irrigación de la cara y labio inferior por las implicancias en la cirugía reconstructiva de labio.

In one cadaver with colored latex red injected, the presence of the facial artery branches that go to irrigate the mentolabial region is reported. One discusses to the importance of the description of the anatomical variations in the irrigation of the face and lower lip by the influence in the reconstructive surgery of lip.

Estudio Descriptivo Macro y Mesoscópico de la Irrigación de Piezas Dentarias Superiores en Perro (Canis familiaris) Mediante Repleción con Tinta China / Macro and Mesoscopical Study About the Irrigation of the Upper Teeth in Dogs (Canis familiaris) through Repletion With Chinese Ink

Se describe macro y mesoscópicamente la irrigación de piezas dentarias superiores en su tercio rostral (incisivos y canino) en perro, mediante repleción con tinta china. Se utilizaron 30 cabezas de cadáveres de perro, divididas en tres grupos de igual número. El grupo I fue inyectado con tinta china azul vía arteria facial, el grupo II con tinta amarilla vía arteria maxilar y el grupo III con tinta azul y amarilla vía arteria facial y arteria maxilar respectivamente y en forma simultánea. En las cabezas, ya fijadas y conservadas, se analizó macroscópicamente la llegada del color de la tinta china inyectada a nivel de la gíngiva asociada a dientes incisivos y canino superior derecho. Posteriormente, las cabezas se congelaron para realizarles cortes transversales, los que fueron analizados mesoscópicamente, donde se observó la llegada de la tinta china, a nivel de los alvéolos y cavidad pulpar de las piezas dentarias en estudio. La presente investigación demostró que la arteria facial se distribuye hacia tejidos profundos como gíngiva, alvéolos y pulpa de los dientes incisivos y canino superior derecho en perro, por lo tanto, estaría aportando a su irrigación complementaria; se reafirmó la participación de ramas de la arteria maxilar en la irrigación de estos mismos tejidos y finalmente se demostró que ramas de las arterias facial y maxilar se anastomosan para irrigar tejidos en común, como los ya mencionados. Estos resultados permiten conocer el origen de la revascularización de piezas dentarias superiores y periodonto en perro, luego de procedimientos quirúrgicos que pudiesen dañar ramas de la arteria maxilar. Debido a la similitud anatómica de la cavidad oral entre el perro y el humano, los resultados descritos se podrían utilizar como referencia para explicar el origen de la revascularización de piezas dentarias superiores y periodonto, luego de la cirugía ortognática.

The irrigation of upper teeth is described macro and mesoscopically in their facial third (incisive and canine teeth) through repletion with Chinese tint. Thirty heads of corpses of dogs were used, which were divided in three equal groups. Group I was injected with blue Chinese ink via facial artery, group II with yellow Chinese ink via maxillary artery, and the group III with blue and yellow Chinese ink via facial and maxillary artery respectively and simultaneously. In the heads, already fixed and conserved, the arrival of the colour of the injected ink was macroscopically analyzed up to the level of the gingiva associated to the upper right incisive and canine teeth; subsequently, the heads were frozen to make them cross sections, which were analyzed mesoscopically, where the arrival of the injected ink was observed up to the level of the alveolus and pulpar cavity of the teeth under study. The present research demonstrated that the facial artery is distributed to deep-lying tissues such as gingiva, alveolus, and pulpar cavity of the upper right incisive and canine teeth in dogs; therefore, it would be contributing to its complementary irrigation, the participation of the branches of the maxillary artery in the irrigation of these tissues, and, finally, it demonstrated that the branches of the facial and maxillary artery anastomose themselves to irrigate tissues they have in common, as the ones that were already mentioned. These results allow us knowing the origin of the revascularization of the upper and periodontal teeth in dogs, after surgical procedures that could damage some branches of maxillary artery. Due to the anatomic similarity of human being's oral cavity and the oral cavity of dogs, the already described results could be used as reference to explain the origin of the revascularization of upper and periodontal teeth, after orthognathic surgery.