Ruminant and industrial trans-fatty acids consumption and cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic review.

The development of cardiometabolic diseases is related to conditions such as obesity, abdominal fat, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, elevated blood pressure and changes in lipid profile. The whole of Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) intake is associated with the increase of cardiometabolic risk factors. There are two main sources of TFA, the ruminant TFA (rTFA) which are produced by biohydrogenation in animal's rumen, and the industrial TFA (iTFA), produced by hydrogenation of vegetable oils, the individual effect of each group is still controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of industrially and ruminants TFA intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults. It was carried out a systematic search of the literature in October 2019 and two independent authors selected and extracted data from articles. After the selection process, nine clinical trials were included, and summary tables were constructed to present data for all outcomes. The results showed that both sources of TFA can increase cardiometabolic risk parameters, especially lipid profile. At levels up to 1.5%-7% of energy, the effect of rTFA seems to be greater than iTFA and it seems to be greater in women. However, rTFA seems to be less harmful than iTFA for High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, although for total cholesterol and Low density Lipoprotein cholesterol it may be worse. In summary, both sources of TFA can increase cardiometabolic risk parameters, especially lipid profile. However, the dose of TFA and the whole composition of the food must be considered.

Natural Rumen-Derived trans Fatty Acids Are Associated with Metabolic Markers of Cardiac Health.

Evidence suggests that industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) impair lipid profiles while ruminant trans fatty acids (rTFA) may lower insulin resistance and blood pressure. The objective of this article was to determine if the plasma phospholipid percentage of rTFA is associated with a favorable cardiometabolic profile. We collected fasting blood samples from 200 individuals from Quebec city (QC, Canada) aged from 18 to 55 years old, including 100 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2)) and 100 non-obese (BMI < 30 kg m(-2)) men and women. Fatty acid levels in plasma phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography. After separating the subjects into two groups, according to the median percentage of rTFA in plasma phospholipids, participants in the group with higher percentages of rTFA (0.86 ± 0.24 %) had higher adiponectin levels (p = 0.01) and a lower blood pressure (systolic, p = 0.005; diastolic, p = 0.04). In contrast, concentrations in plasma phospholipids of elaidic acid, a major iTFA, are positively correlated with glycemia in non-obese subjects (p = 0.01) and with both triacylglycerol (TAG) (p = 0.0007) and total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.009) in obese subjects. These data suggest that rTFA may have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk factors conversely to their counterpart iTFA. Dietary sources of TFA should be taken into account in future cardiometabolic studies.

Óleos e gorduras: utilização no processo produtivo de restaurantes comerciais de Porto Alegre / Oils and fats: use in the production process of commercial restaurants in Porto Alegre, Brazil

In this study, we aimed to identify the types of oils and fats used in the production process of meals and investigate practices to control immersion frying in commercial restaurants. Sixty-two managers of commercial restaurants in the municipality of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil were interviewed between February and April 2012. The main results showed that soybean oil (91.9%) was the most often used, followed by hydrogenated vegetable fat (35.5%), in the restaurants surveyed. As to immersion frying practices, at the establishments where managers were trained in nutrition, hydrogenated vegetable fat was less used (p<0.05). It is worth mentioning the importance of having vocational education as a tool to promote better practices in using oils and fat to produce healthy food. It is clearly necessary to have specific legislation involving the production processes and sale of meals in accordance with the policies adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO).

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los tipos de aceites y grasas utilizados en el proceso productivo de comidas, así como investigar las prácticas en el control de las frituras de inmersión de restaurantes comerciales. Se entrevistó, entre febrero y abril de 2012, a 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciales de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, RS. Entre los principales resultados, se destaca el aceite de soja (91,9%) como el más utilizado, seguido por la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%) en los restaurantes que participaron de la encuesta. En lo que se refiere a las prácticas de las frituras de inmersión, en aquellos establecimientos en los que el gestor poseía formación en nutrición, hubo una menor prevalencia del uso de la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Se destaca la importancia de la educación profesional como herramienta promotora de mejores prácticas en la utilización de aceites y grasas para la producción de alimentos sanos y se observa la necesidad de legislaciones específicas en lo que se refiere a los procesos productivos y a la comercialización de comidas que estén en consonancia con las políticas adoptadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os tipos de óleos e gorduras utilizados no processo produtivo de refeições, bem como investigar as práticas no controle das frituras de imersão de restaurantes comerciais. Foram entrevistados, entre fevereiro e abril de 2012, 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciais do município de Porto Alegre, RS. Dentre os principais resultados, destaca-se o óleo de soja (91,9%) como o mais utilizado, seguido pela gordura vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%), nos restaurantes pesquisados. Em relação às práticas das frituras de imersão, nos estabelecimentos em que o gestor possuía formação em nutrição, houve menor prevalência do uso da gordura vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Destaca-se a importância da educação profissionalizante como ferramenta promotora de melhores práticas na utilização de óleos e gorduras para produção de alimentos saudáveis e percebe-se a necessidade de legislações específicas relacionadas aos processos produtivos e à comercialização de refeições que sejam consoantes às políticas adotadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde.

Ácidos grasos trans, cops y lops: evidencia actual de su influencia sobre la salud infantil / Trans fatty acids, cholesterol oxidation products and lipid oxidation products: current evidence of their influence on the health of children

Una de las preocupaciones del pediatra es la prevención de la enfermedad del adulto a través de la nutrición del niño. La aterosclerosis, una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad actual, se origina ya en la infancia, y uno de sus factores predisponentes es la dieta. En ella, se encuentran algunos productos grasos menos conocidos, como son los ácidos grasos trans, así como los productos de oxidación del colesterol y otros lípidos, que parecen tener efectos nocivos importantes sobre el organismo, y cuyo consumo debería limitarse ya desde la infancia precoz

The prevention of adult disease through childhood nutrition is one of the aims of the paediatrician. It is well known that atherosclerosis is among the major causes of morbidity and mortality, and nutrition is one of its etiologic factors. Our daily diet provides certain lesser known fat products, such as trans fatty acids, cholesterol oxidation products and other lipid oxidation products, that may have detrimental effects on the human body, and their intake through the diet should be limited from early childhood