Perioperative administration of recombinant activated factor VII in a Glanzmann's thrombasthenia patient with platelet refractoriness: case report

Abstract Glanzmannʼs Trombasthenia (GT) is a genetic disorder, that develops with a tendency toward bleeding and is characterized by the absence or decrease in platelet aggregation. Surgical bleeding may be difficult to control. Platelet transfusion is the main treatment, albeit refractoriness can occur. We describe the case of a patient with GT and platelet refractoriness, who was submitted to radical prostatectomy and dental extraction. The perioperative treatment with apheresis platelet concentrate and activated recombinant factor seven allowed the procedures to be performed uneventfully. We discuss the complexity of the case and the treatment option.

Manejo de la trombastenia de Glanzmann durante el embarazo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Management of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia during pregnancy: a case report and literature review

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar el caso de una paciente con trombastenia de Glanzmann que recibe manejo con transfusión de plaquetas con factor VII activado y realizar una revisión de la literatura referente al tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta patología durante la gestación. Método: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años con trombastenia de Glanzmann y embarazo de 33 semanas, con cesárea al término sin complicaciones. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO y ScienceDirect; se incluyeron reportes de caso, series de casos y revisiones bibliográficas hasta 2021. Resultados: Se encontraron 21 artículos, con 23 casos reportados. Los embarazos se presentaron entre la tercera y la cuarta décadas de la vida, siendo la mayoría pacientes con anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios (43,4% de los casos). El principal manejo fue con transfusión plaquetaria. Conclusiones: La trombastenia de Glanzmann durante el embarazo es infrecuente y se asocia a eventos hemorrágicos. La presencia de anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios condiciona el manejo con mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales. No tiene un enfoque terapéutico unificado, siendo el de elección la transfusión de plaquetas y como segunda línea el factor VII activado.

Abstract Objective: To report the case of a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia who receives management with platelet transfusion with activated factor VII and a literature review regarding the treatment and prognosis of this pathology during pregnancy. Method: We present the case of a 27 year old patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and a 33-week pregnancy, with a cesarean section at term without complications. Medline databases were searched via PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO and ScienceDirect; case reports, case series and bibliographic reviews were included until 2021. Results: A total of 21 articles were found, with 23 reported cases; the pregnancies occurred between the third and fourth decades of life, the majority being patients with anti-platelet antigen antibodies in 43.4% of the cases. The main management was with platelet transfusion. Conclusions: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia during pregnancy is rare and is associated with hemorrhagic events. The presence of anti-platelet antigen antibodies conditions management with a higher risk of perinatal complications. It does not have a unified therapeutic approach, with platelet transfusion being the management of choice and activated factor VII as second line.

Perioperative administration of recombinant activated factor VII in a Glanzmann's thrombasthenia patient with platelet refractoriness: case report.

Glanzmann's Trombasthenia (GT) is a genetic disorder, that develops with a tendency toward bleeding and is characterized by the absence or decrease in platelet aggregation. Surgical bleeding may be difficult to control. Platelet transfusion is the main treatment, albeit refractoriness can occur. We describe the case of a patient with GT and platelet refractoriness, who was submitted to radical prostatectomy and dental extraction. The perioperative treatment with apheresis platelet concentrate and activated recombinant factor seven allowed the procedures to be performed uneventfully. We discuss the complexity of the case and the treatment option.

Perioperative considerations in a girl with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Case report / Consideraciones perioperatorias en niña con trombastenia de Glanzmann. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction Glanzmann thromboasthenia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder caused by a mutation in platelet glycoprotein α-IIb and β3 encoding genes (ITGA2B; 607759 and ITGB3; 173470) in chromosomes I7q21.31 and 17q21.32, respectively, which results in a qualitative or quantitative alteration of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) receptor. Glanzmann thromboasthenia is classified as type I when less than 5% of glycoprotein αIIbβ3 is expressed, and as type II when more than 5% is expressed. Case presentation Description of the perioperative management of a 13-year-old female patient with Glanzmann thromboasthenia who underwent endoscopic anterior bilateral ethmoidectomy. Management was centered on prophylactic platelet transfusion plus the use of tranexamic acid, as well as thromboelastographic determination of hemostasis. There were no bleeding complications during or after the procedure. Conclusiones Pediatric patients with Glanzmann thromboasthenia are at a high risk of perioperastive bleeding. Platelet transfusion is the best prophylactic and therapeutic alternative; however, even in the absence of anti-platelet antibodies, it may not be effective, and viscoelastic testing must be used for assessment during the surgical procedure in order to improve patient safety.

Resumen Introducción La trombastenia de Glanzmann es un trastorno hemorrágico congénito infrecuente, causado por mutación en los genes que codifican las glucoproteínas plaquetarias α-IIb (ITGA2B; 607759) y β3 (ITGB3; 173470) en los cromosomas I7q2i.3i y I7q2i.32, respectivamente, alterando cualitativa o cuantitativamente al receptor plaquetario de integrina αIIbβ3 (glucoproteína IIb/IIIa). La trombastenia de Glanzmann se clasifica como tipo I cuando se expresa menos del 5 % de la glucoproteína αIIbβ3 y como tipo II, cuando es mayor al 5 %. Presentación del caso Se describe el manejo perioperatorio de una paciente de 13 años de edad con trombastenia de Glanzmann, sometida a etmoidectomía anterior bilateral endoscópica. El manejo se centró en la transfusión profiláctica de plaquetas y ácido tranexámico, así como en la evaluación de la hemostasia con tromboelastografía. No hubo complicaciones hemorrágicas durante y después del procedimiento. Conclusiones Los pacientes pediátricos con trombastenia de Glanzmann tienen alto riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria. La transfusión de plaquetas es la mejor alternativa profiláctica y terapéutica; sin embargo, incluso en ausencia de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios, puede no ser efectiva y debe evaluarse mediante pruebas viscoelásticas durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos para mejorar la seguridad del paciente.

Peculiar Congenital Factor VII Defect with the Proposita and Her Mother Showing the Same Compound Heterozygosity for Thr384Met and Arg413Gln.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a family with factor VII (FVII) deficiency from Argentina. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The proposita is a 14-year-old girl who presented with a mild to moderate bleeding tendency. Menorrhagia is controlled with periodical administration of small doses of recombinant FVII concentrate. The mother of the proposita has a similar bleeding tendency. RESULTS: FVII activity in both patients was 20% of normal; FVII antigen was 35% of normal. Molecular biology investigation revealed that the proposita was compound heterozygote between Thr384Met and Arg413Gln. The mother had the same mutations. This was due to the fact that the father of the proposita and her maternal grandfather both carried, in spite of no relation, the same mutation, namely Arg413Gln. CONCLUSIONS: The identical defect which presented in the propositaand her mother could be explained by the genetic analysis of the father and maternal grandfather of the proposita who happened to have the same mutation (Arg413Gln).

Minimally invasive surgery for haemophilic pseudotumour of the limbs: 28 years of experience.

INTRODUCTION: Haemophilic pseudotumour (HP) is an encapsulated haematoma in patients with haemophilia (PWH) which has a tendency to progress and produce clinical symptoms related to its anatomical location. AIM: To show the experience of one surgeon who has been using mini-invasive technique to treat pseudotumours of limbs in PWH with and without inhibitors at one centre for 28 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with 39 HP were treated. All patients had haemophilia A. Twenty-four patients had no inhibitors (72.8%), and 9 had inhibitors (27.2%). The mean follow-up was 16 years (1-25). All patients had x-rays and MRIs. All of them received Buenos Aires protocol as conservative treatment for 6 weeks. MRIs were repeated after 6 weeks' treatment to assess response to treatment. Surgery was performed in patients who did not respond to conservative treatment. RESULTS: After Buenos Aires protocol, four pseudotumours did not shrink (10.24%), 33 (84.61%) shrank, and two (5.12%) healed. Thirty-seven pseudotumours had surgery, 35 pseudotumours (94.59%) healed with minimally invasive treatment, and two did not heal (5.41%). No infection was observed with this treatment. The mortality rate for the series was 0%. CONCLUSION: The minimally invasive treatment of pseudotumours was effective in 95% of the cases and resulted in no mortality in this series after 28 years.

Human acute Chagas disease: changes in factor VII, activated protein C and hepatic enzymes from patients of oral outbreaks in Pará State (Brazilian Amazon).

Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been increasing in Latin American countries. The present study aimed to investigate changes in hepatic function, coagulation factor levels and parasite load in human acute Chagas disease (ACD) secondary to oral Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Clinical and epidemiological findings of 102 infected individuals attended in the State of Pará from October 2013 to February 2016 were included. The most common symptoms were fever (98%), asthenia (83.3%), face and limb edema (80.4%), headache (74.5%) and myalgia (72.5%). The hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 30 ACD patients were higher compared with controls, and this increase was independent of the treatment with benznidazole. Moreover, ACD individuals had higher plasma levels of activated protein C and lower levels of factor VII of the coagulation cascade. Patients with the highest parasite load had also the most increased transaminase levels. Also, ALT and AST were associated moderately (r = 0.429) and strongly (r = 0.595) with parasite load respectively. In conclusion, the present study raises the possibility that a disturbance in coagulation and hepatic function may be linked to human ACD.

Human acute Chagas disease: changes in factor VII, activated protein C and hepatic enzymes from patients of oral outbreaks in Pará State (Brazilian Amazon)

Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been increasing in Latin American countries. The present study aimed to investigate changes in hepatic function, coagulation factor levels and parasite load in human acute Chagas disease (ACD) secondary to oral Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Clinical and epidemiological findings of 102 infected individuals attended in the State of Pará from October 2013 to February 2016 were included. The most common symptoms were fever (98%), asthenia (83.3%), face and limb edema (80.4%), headache (74.5%) and myalgia (72.5%). The hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 30 ACD patients were higher compared with controls, and this increase was independent of the treatment with benznidazole. Moreover, ACD individuals had higher plasma levels of activated protein C and lower levels of factor VII of the coagulation cascade. Patients with the highest parasite load had also the most increased transaminase levels. Also, ALT and AST were associated moderately (r = 0.429) and strongly (r = 0.595) with parasite load respectively. In conclusion, the present study raises the possibility that a disturbance in coagulation and hepatic function may be linked to human ACD.

Infused factor VIII-expressing platelets or megakaryocytes as a novel therapeutic strategy for hemophilia A.

B-domainless factor VIII (FVIII) ectopically expressed in megakaryocytes (MKs) is stored in α granules of platelets (pFVIII) and is capable of restoring hemostasis in FVIIInull mice, even in the presence of circulating inhibitors. However, our prior studies have shown that this ectopically expressed pFVIII can injure developing MKs. Moreover, the known risks of prolonged thrombocytopenia after bone marrow transplantation are significant challenges to the use of this strategy to treat individuals with severe hemophilia A and particularly those with intractable clinically relevant inhibitors. Because of these limitations, we now propose the alternative therapeutic pFVIII strategy of infusing pFVIII-expressing MKs or platelets derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). pFVIII-expressing iPSC-derived MKs, termed iMKs, release platelets that can contribute to improved hemostasis in problematic inhibitor patients with hemophilia A. As proof of principle, we demonstrate that hemostasis can be achieved in vitro and in vivo with pFVIII-expressing platelets and show prolonged efficacy. Notably, pFVIII-expressing platelets are also effective in the presence of inhibitors, and their effect was enhanced with recombinant FVIIa. Human pFVIII-expressing iMKs improved hemostasis in vitro, and derived platelets from infused human pFVIII-expressing iMKs improved hemostasis in FVIIInull mice. These studies indicate the potential therapeutic use of recurrent pFVIII-expressing MK or platelet infusions with prolonged hemostatic coverage that may be additive with bypassing agents in hemophilia A patients with neutralizing inhibitors.

Gene-based FVIIa prophylaxis modulates the spontaneous bleeding phenotype of hemophilia A rats.

A sizable proportion of hemophilia inhibitor patients fails immune tolerance induction and requires bypass agents for long-term bleed management. Recombinant human-activated coagulation Factor VII (rhFVIIa) is an on-demand bypass hemostatic agent for bleeds in hemophilia inhibitor patients. Prophylactic use of rhFVIIa may enable sustained hemostatic management of inhibitor patients, but the critical relationship of rhFVIIa circulating levels and clinical outcome in that setting remains unclear. To address this in vivo, we used the rat hemophilia A (HA) model that exhibits spontaneous bleeds and allows longitudinal studies with sufficient statistical power. We simulated activated Factor VII (FVIIa) prophylaxis by adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer of a rat FVIIa transgene. Compared with naive HA animals, rat FVIIa continuous expression affected the overall observed bleeds, which were resolved with on-demand administration of recombinant rat FVIIa. Specifically, although 91% of naive animals exhibited bleeds, this was reduced to 83% and 33% in animals expressing less than 708 ng/mL (<14 nM) and at least 708 ng/mL (≥14 nM) rat FVIIa, respectively. No bleeds occurred in animals expressing higher than 1250 ng/mL (>25 nM). Rat FVIIa expression of at least 708 ng/mL was also sufficient to normalize the blood loss after a tail vein injury. Continuous, AAV-mediated rat FVIIa transgene expression had no apparent adverse effects in the hemostatic system of HA rats. This work establishes for the first time a dose dependency and threshold of circulating FVIIa antigen levels for reduction or complete elimination of bleeds in a setting of FVIIa-based HA prophylaxis.

Cost-Effectiveness of rFVIIa versus pd-aPCC in the Management of Mild to Moderate Bleeds in Pediatric Patients with Hemophilia A with Inhibitors in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs and clinical consequences of treating mild-to-moderate joint bleeds with recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) versus plasma-derived activated prothrombin complex concentrate (pd-aPCC) in pediatric patients with hemophilia A with inhibitors in Mexico. METHODS: A cost-effectiveness model was developed using TreeAge Pro v14.2.2 software (licensed in the USA) and adapted from a previously published model, with adjustments to reflect local clinical practice. Expert opinion was sought regarding patients' clinical management and resource utilization in Mexico to ensure that the current model was appropriate and relevant. The model compared rFVIIa and pd-aPCC for the treatment of mild-to-moderate joint bleeds in children <14 years old (assumed average weight: 30 kg). The analysis outcome was incremental cost per resolved mild-to-moderate joint bleed. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were used to assess specific assumptions and to address any uncertainty in the model. RESULTS: The cost of treating mild-to-moderate joint bleeds was lower for rFVIIa versus pd-aPCC after 7 days (MX$105,581 vs. MX$132,024), assuming complete bleed resolution. After 48 hours, rFVIIa was associated with an 8% improvement in bleed resolution versus pd-aPCC, resulting in cost savings of MX$16,754. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that rFVIIa treatment was more cost-effective than pd-aPCC in 67% (at 7 days) and 72% (at 48 hours) of Monte Carlo simulations. CONCLUSION: Accounting for model uncertainty, rFVIIa provided cost savings over pd-aPCC for the Mexican public health care payer in the management of mild-to-moderate joint bleeds in pediatric hemophilia A with inhibitors.

Non-neoplastic Portal Vein Thrombosis in HCV Cirrhosis Patients: Is it an Immuno-Inflammatory Disorder?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a critical complication in cirrhotic patients. We explored the role of the activated factor VII-antithrombin (FVIIa-AT) complex and enhanced monocytic tissue factor (TF) expression in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in cirrhotic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 30 HCV-cirrhosis patients were included in our study. They were compared to 35 cirrhotic patients without PVT, 15 non-cirrhotic patients with PVT, and 15 healthy controls. The plasma level of the FVIIa-AT complexes was analyzed by ELISA. MIF CD142, CD86, and HLA-DR on monocytes (CD14) were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with cirrhotic patients without PVT, cirrhotic patients with PVT had comparable plasma values of FVIIa, AT, and the FVIIa-AT complex. However, they had significantly lower values compared to non-cirrhotic patients with PVT and healthy controls. Cirrhotic patients with PVT had increased monocytic TF expression (MIF CD142) compared to non-PVT cirrhotic patients and healthy controls [86.5 (93.5) vs. 18 (32.0) and 11.0 (6.0), respectively; p < 0.001 for each]. However, cirrhosis PVT could not be distinguished from non-cirrhosis PVT. The area under the ROC curve of MIF CD142 was 0.759 (0.641- 0.876; p = 0.000) at an optimal cut-off value of 45, which yielded a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 77.1%, as well as a PPV and NPV of 69.2% for each. CONCLUSION: Enhanced expression of monocytic TF may have a role in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in HCV-cirrhosis patients. Large multicenter studies are necessary to validate our results.

PT-VWD posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges - small case series.

Despite the increased worldwide awareness, over the last decade, of the platelet-type von Willebrand Disease (PT-VWD), many uncertainties remain around this rare platelet bleeding disorder. This report aims to correctly identify and study the phenotype of new patients and highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges this disease remains to pose. We describe four PT-VWD cases confirmed by genetic analysis in which either the diagnosis and/or the treatment posed challenge. We provide the details of the clinical presentation, laboratory analysis, and the treatment and the responses in each case. We show that in addition to type 2B VWD, PT-VWD can be misdiagnosed as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and unexplained gestational thrombocytopenia. The disease can be diagnosed as early as 1 year of age and with phenotypically normal parents. Bleeding in some patients can be managed successfully using Humate P and DDAVP combined with tranexamic acid with no significant thrombocytopenia. We provide for the first time an evidence of an efficient response to rFVIIa in PT-VWD. Anaphylactic reaction to VWF preparations may be related to PT-VWD and the development of HLA antibodies is not uncommon. Progressive thrombocytopenia with normal VWF levels can be seen with PT-VWD and the platelet count was normalized at 2.5 weeks postpartum in one case. We conclude that these studies represent a record of clinical observations/interventions that help improve diagnoses/management of PT-VWD, highlight the variations in age and clinical presentations, laboratory diagnostic approaches, the importance of genetic testing for accurate diagnosis and consideration of therapeutic alternatives.

Modificar la especificación técnica del producto farmacéutico Factor VIIA o EPTACOG ALFA (Activado) 2 punto 4 mg/vial + sdiluyente - AM incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD / MModify the technical specification of the pharmaceutical product Factor VIIA or EPTACOG ALFA (Activated) 2 score 4 mg / vial + solvent-AM included in the Pharmacological Request of ESSALUD

La Carta Número 304-DETS-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016 y el Informe Número 135-SDEPFyOT-DETS-IETSI-ESALUD-2016 que sustenta la modificación del producto farmacéutico FACTOR VIIA o EPTACOG ALFA (Activado) 2.4 mg/vial + diluyente - AM en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD. SE RESUELVE: MODIFICAR: La especificación técnica del producto farmacéutico FACTOR VIIA o EPTACOG ALFA (Activado) 2.4 mg/vial + diluyente - AM en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALU según consta en tabla de la Resolución. DISPONER: que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación haga de conocimiento a todos los órganos desconcentrados, órganos prestadores nacionales, establecimientos de salud y demás órganos que correspondan, la presente Resolución. DISPONER: que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación coordine con la Gerencia Central de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, la publicación de la inclusión de los referidos medicamentos en el Petitorio Farmacológico en la pagina WEB de ESSALUD.

Tissue factor-dependent pathway in severe preeclampsia revisited: a Brazilian cohort study.

Previously we investigated the tissue factor (TF)-dependent coagulation pathway and key haemostatic cofactors in white women with preeclampsia (P-EC) and suggested that plasma factor VII (FVII) levels can differentiate women with P-EC from healthy nonpregnant women or normal pregnant women, at the same trimester, with high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Here we re-examine the TF-dependent pathway in a large cohort of Brazilian women. A total of 240 women were studied. These included healthy nonpregnant women (n = 79), normotensive pregnant women (n = 80) and women with severe P-EC (n = 81). Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure plasma FVII, activated factor VII (FVIIa), TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). All study participants were matched for age. Pregnant women (with/without P-EC) were matched for gestational age and parity. Plasma levels of FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly increased in women with severe P-EC compared with healthy nonpregnant women (P < 0.01) or normotensive pregnant women (P < 0.01). FVIIa was also higher in normotensive pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women (P < 0.01). However, no such significant trends were observed for plasma TF levels (P = 0.074). In conclusion, circulating FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly elevated in women with severe P-EC in the absence of comparable changes in plasma TF levels. The present work is in agreement with our previous report on FVII levels in white women with P-EC. Thus, this lends further support to the notion that plasma FVII levels are potentially valuable diagnostic marker for P-EC, irrespective of ethnicity.

Seguridad y eficacia de facto VII recombinante activado para el tratamiento de pacientes con hemofilia a severa con presencia de inhibidores y alto riesgo de eventos agudos de sangrado o hemorragia que no responden al concentrado de complejo protrombínico activado / Safety and efficacy de facto Recombinant VII activated for the treatment of patients with hemophilia to severe with inhibitors and high risk of acute bleeding or bleeding events that do not respond to activated prothrombin complex concentrate

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente informe expone la evaluación del Facto VII recombinante en el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de Hemofilia A severa, con presencia de inhibidores y que presentan o estén en riesgo de presentar evento agudo de sangrado o hemorragia, con el objetivo de prevenir muerte por sangrado no controlado. Aspectos Generales: La hemofilia es un desorden hematológico congénito ligado al cromossoma X. Se han identificado dos tipos principalmente, la Hemofilia A que es causado por deficiencia de factor de coagulación VIII (FVIII) y la Hemofilia B que es causado por deficiencia de factor de coagulación IX (FIX). La deficiencia de estos factoes es el resultado de mutaciones en los genes de los factores de coagulación respectivos. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Factor VII Recombinante Activado-RFVIIA (Novoseven - Marca Registrada): El RFVIIA es un glicoproteina dependiente de la vitamina K que consiste em 406 residuos de aminoácidos (MW 50K Dalton). Es estructuramente similar al factor VIIa derivado de plasma hmano y actúa de manera semejante al factor VII en la cascada de coagulación. Debido a que el factor VII actúa directamente sobre el factor X independientemente del facto VIII y IX, este medicamento puede ser usado en pacientes con hemofilia que han desarrollado inhibidores a los factores VII oIX. METODOLOGIA: Estratégia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de Factor VII recombinante activado con diagnóstico de Hemofilia A severa, con presencia de inhibidores altos respondedores definido por presentar una alta respuesta (>= 5 unidades Bethesda UB), que presentan o estén en alto riesgo de presentar evento agudo de sangrado o hemorragia y que haya usado aPCC previamente. RESULTADOS: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliografica y de evidencia cientifica para el sustento del uso del Factor VII recombinante activado en pacientes con Hemofilia A severa con titulos elevados de inhibidores, que sean altos respondedores (>= 5 unidades Bethesda UB), que tengan o estén en alto riesgo de presentar evento agudo de sangrado y que hayan usado aPCC previamente. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se ha encontrado escasa evidencia que muestre que facto VII recombinante activado (rFVIIa) ofrezca beneficios para los pacientes con diagnóstico de hemofilia A severa con presencia de inhibidores y con alto riesgo de hemorragia de evento agudo de sangrado o hemorragia que hayan usado el concentrado de complejo protrombínico activado (aPCC). La evidencia que respalda esto uso de rFVIIa es aún muy limitada, se establece que el efecto de rFVIIa se evaluará con los datos de los pacientes que los hayan recibido por el periodo de vigencia de este Dictamen, para determinar el impacto de su usi en los desenlaces de interés de este Dictamen. Esta información será tomada en cuenta en la reevaluación de este medicamento para efectos de un nuevo dictamen al terminar la vigencia del presente Dictamen Preliminar.

Readability of medicinal package leaflets: a systematic review / Legibilidade das bulas dos medicamentos: revisão sistemática

OBJECTIVE To review studies on the readability of package leaflets of medicinal products for human use. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review between 2008 and 2013 using the keywords “Readability and Package Leaflet” and “Readability and Package Insert” in the academic search engine Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online, comprising different bibliographic resources/databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses criteria were applied to prepare the draft of the report. Quantitative and qualitative original studies were included. Opinion or review studies not written in English, Portuguese, Italian, French, or Spanish were excluded. RESULTS We identified 202 studies, of which 180 were excluded and 22 were enrolled [two enrolling healthcare professionals, 10 enrolling other type of participants (including patients), three focused on adverse reactions, and 7 descriptive studies]. The package leaflets presented various readability problems, such as complex and difficult to understand texts, small font size, or few illustrations. The main methods to assess the readability of the package leaflet were usability tests or legibility formulae. Limitations with these methods included reduced number of participants; lack of readability formulas specifically validated for specific languages (e.g., Portuguese); and absence of an assessment on patients literacy, health knowledge, cognitive skills, levels of satisfaction, and opinions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the package leaflets presented various readability problems. In this review, some methodological limitations were identified, including the participation of a limited number of patients and healthcare professionals, the absence of prior assessments of participant literacy, humor or sense of satisfaction, or the predominance of studies not based on role-plays about the use of medicines. These limitations should be avoided in future ...

OBJECTIVO Analisar a literatura sobre legibilidade das bulas dos medicamentos para uso humano. MÉTODOS Estudo de revisão sistemática, utilizando as palavras-chave “Readability and Package Leaflet” e “Readability and Package Insert”e a ferramenta de busca académica b-on, que contém diferentes bases bibliográficas. O período analisado foi entre 2008 e 2013. Foram aplicados os critérios PRISMA para redigir o relatório da revisão. Foram incluídos artigos originais de pesquisa quantitativa ou qualitativa. Os critérios de exclusão foram: artigos de opinião ou de revisão, ou escritos numa língua diferente do inglês, português, italiano, francês ou espanhol. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 202 trabalhos, dos quais 180 foram excluídos e 22 selecionados para análise: dois com profissionais de saúde, 10 com pacientes, três sobre reações adversas e sete descritivos. As bulas apresentaram diversos problemas de legibilidade, entre os quais: textos insuficientemente claros e simples, utilização de tamanhos de letra pequenos e número reduzido de ilustrações. Os principais métodos utilizados para avaliar a legibilidade das bulas foram as fórmulas e os testes de legibilidade/usabilidade. Entre as limitações metodológicas, foram identificados aspetos como o recurso a amostras pequenas, a inexistência de fórmulas de legibilidade específicas para a língua em causa, e.g., português, e a realização de testes de compreensão em grupos de pacientes sem avaliação prévia da literacia, dos conhecimentos específicos na área da saúde, das capacidades cognitivas, ou do grau de satisfação dos participantes. CONCLUSÕES Em geral, as bulas apresentaram diversos problemas de legibilidade. Adicionalmente, nesta revisão foram identificadas algumas limitações metodológicas nos estudos revistos (e.g. a participação de um número reduzido de pacientes e profissionais de saúde, a ausência da avaliação prévia da literacia, do humor ou satisfação dos participantes ...

The old and new: PCCs, VIIa, and long-lasting clotting factors for hemophilia and other bleeding disorders.

What is the correct use of established clotting factors, prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), and activated factor VII in bleeding complications of trauma, surgery, and old and new oral anticoagulants? How will new clotting factors, specifically the long-acting factors, change the hemostatic management of coagulation deficiency disorders? From bench to bedside, comparative coagulation studies and clinical trials of modified clotting factors are providing insights to help guide hemostatic management of congenital and acquired bleeding disorders. Comparative thrombin-generation studies and preclinical and clinical trials suggest that PCCs and fresh-frozen plasma are effective in reversing the anticoagulant effects of warfarin, yet there are few data to guide reversal of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Although coagulation studies support the use of PCCs to reverse new oral anticoagulants, correlation with clinical response is variable and clinical trials in bleeding patients are needed. For congenital bleeding disorders, exciting new technologies are emerging from the bench. Data from clinical trials of molecularly modified coagulation factors with extended half-lives suggest the possibility of fewer infusions, reduced bleeds, and better quality of life in persons with hemophilia. Preclinical studies of other novel prohemostatic approaches for hemophilia and other congenital coagulation disorders include RNA interference silencing of antithrombin, monoclonal anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor (anti-antibody, anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor) aptamer, bispecific anti-IXa/X antibody, and fucoidans. Understanding the comparative coagulation studies of established prohemostatic agents, the pharmacokinetics of new long-acting clotting factors, and their correlation with bleeding outcomes will provide opportunities to optimize the hemostatic management of both congenital and acquired hemostatic disorders.

Factor VII activado (FVIIa) y Concentrado Complejo Protrombínico activado (CCPa) para control del sangrado agudo en pacientes con hemofilia e inhibidores / Effectiveness of teriparatide to reduce the frequency of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in adults at high risk of fracture

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés: La hemofilia es causada por una deficiencia hereditaria en el factor VIII de coagulación (Hemofilia A)\ty en el factor IX (Hemofilia B), y constituye un trastorno hereditario que afecta a los hombres. Los dos tipos de hemofilia presentan tres estados: leve, moderado, grave. La manifestación clínica más importante está dada por sangrado en cualquier lugar del cuerpo, principalmente articulaciones, músculos y tejidos blandos. El desarrollo de inhibidores, es la complicación más importante en el tratamiento de la hemofilia y se desarrolla secundaria a la terapia de reemplazo del factor faltante (factor VIII o IX), a pesar de que no implica una mayor frecuencia de episodios hemorrágicos, si dificulta el tratamiento de los mismos, lo que afecta en forma grave la calidad de vida y aumenta considerablemente el costo de la enfermedad. Los inhibidores son anticuerpos que atacan la actividad del factor VIII o IX y generalmente se desarrolla entre las primeras 10 a 50 exposiciones al factor faltante. La incidencia de desarrollo de inhibidores en hemofilia A severa es del 20% a 30%; del tipo leve a moderada del 5% al 10%; en hemofilia B es menor al 5%. Descripción de la tecnología: La finalidad del tratamiento de la hemofilia es reemplazar o suplementar con el factor de la coagulación normal para paliar su deficiencia en el paciente, con el fin de prevenir o disminuir los efectos de los episodios de sangrado agudo. Los concentrados del complejo protrombínico estándar y activado al igual que el factor VIIa recombinante se emplean para inducir la hemostasia en pacientes que presentan inhibidores de alta respuesta. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: Pregunta de investigación: En pacientes con hemofilia e inhibidores, ¿cuál es la efectividad y seguridad del concentrado Complejo de Protrombina activado (CCPa) comparado con Factor VII activado recombinante (rFVIIa), como tratamiento de primera línea para el control del sangrado agudo, prevención de secuelas derivadas (artropatía, secuelas neurológicas) y mortalidad? La pregunta de investigación fue validada teniendo en cuenta las siguientes fuentes de información: registro sanitario INVIMA, Acuerdo 029 de 2011, guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas de la literatura, estudios de prevalencia/incidencia y carga de enfermedad, libros de texto, sociedades científicas y otros actores clave. Población: Pacientes con diagnóstico de hemofilia e inhibidores de alta respuesta que presentan sangrado agudo. Tecnología de interés: Concentrado Complejo de Protrombina activado (CCPa). Conclusiones: Efectividad: no existen diferencias significativas entre el CCPa y el rFVIIa en el control del episodio de sangrado agudo. La evidencia es insuficiente para determinar la superioridad de un agente sobre otro; sin embargo, establece que es más efectivo administrar uno de estos agentes que no hacerlo. No se identificó evidencia sobre la efectividad comparativa entre CCPa y de rFVIIa para los desenlaces de mortalidad y secuelas derivadas (artropatía, secuelas neurológicas). Seguridad: los dos agentes anti-inhibidores (CCPa y rFVIIa) tienen bajo riesgo de complicaciones trombóticas y bajo riesgo de respuesta anamnésica. Ambos muestran un perfil de seguridad equivalentemente bajo, y por lo tanto se consideran agentes con una adecuada tolerabilidad.