Nonlinear models for soil moisture sensor calibration in tropical mountainous soils

Electromagnetic sensors are widely used to monitor soil water content (θ); however, site-specific calibrations are necessary for accurate measurements. This study compares regression models used for calibration of soil moisture sensors and investigates the relation between soil attributes and the adjusted parameters of the specific calibration equations. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the A and B horizons of two Ultisols and two Inceptisols from the Mantiqueira Range in Southeastern Brazil. After saturation, the Theta Probe ML2X was used to obtain the soil dielectric constant (ε). Several readings were made, ranging from saturation to oven-dry. After each reading, the samples were weighted to calculate θ (m³ m-³). Fourteen regression models (linear, linearized, and nonlinear) were adjusted to the calibration data and checked for their residue distribution. Only the exponential model with three parameters met the regression assumptions regarding residue distribution. The stepwise regression was used to obtain multiple linear equations to estimate the adjusted parameters of the calibration model from soil attributes, with silt and clay contents providing the best relations. Both the specific and the general calibrations performed well, with RMSE values of 0.02 and 0.03 m³ m-³, respectively. Manufacturer calibration and equations from the literature were much less accurate, reinforcing the need to develop specific calibrations.

Sombric-like horizon and xanthization in polychrome subtropical soils from Southern Brazil: implications for soil classification

The occurrence of dark subsurface horizons rich in organic matter (OM) associated with polychrome in the B horizon (yellowish over reddish hue) is common in soils from Southern Brazil. The formation of these horizons and the combination with such morphological attributes has not been properly documented, and neither has the cause effect relationship. Four soil profiles with such sombric-like horizons with a yellowish color at the upper part of the B horizon over red subsoil were studied in Southern Brazil. Results from micromorphology, extractable sesquioxide minerals, clay mineralogy and isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al in iron minerals showed that melanization, xanthization, bioturbation, moderate shrinking/swelling and moderate ferralitization were the most evident pedogenetic processes in role. Xanthization is closely related to the sombric-like horizon formation. In the studied area the findings demonstrated that no clay and OM illuviation had taken place. Therefore, the classification of these soils was revisited, so as to take into account the processes that underlie their genesis with emphasis on xanthization, clay illuviation and soil aggregation. The results suggest that the sombric horizon may need redefinition, unless profiles can be found in which illuviation of clay and/or OM can be proven.

Mineralogical, chemical and electrochemical attributes of soils

A set of attributes endows the soils with distinctive characteristics and astute understanding is required in order to formulate suitable strategies for soil management. The aim of this study was to physically, chemically and mineralogically characterize samples of the main soil classes in Minas Gerais, Brazil, determine the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and the point of zero charge (PZC), and ascertain the correlation between these factors and soil attributes. The soils evaluated presented different textural classes ranging from loamy sand (Entisol) to very clayey (some Oxisols and Ultisols). The soils differed substantially in terms of fertility, presenting a range from dystrophic (low fertility, base saturation = 50 %), even within the same soil class, such as the Oxisols, which suggests the concurrence of the parent material. Highly weathered soils are predominant in Minas Gerais and these soils are composed predominantly of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite. Traces of hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and illite were also found in the Oxisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols. A correlation between the PZSE and the PZC in the A horizon was observed. A high degree of correlation was observed between the PZC and the exchangeable aluminum and the ratio of iron obtained by ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate (Feo/Fed) in both the A and B horizons of soil classes. The results obtained reinforce the importance of knowledge of soil attributes to the adoption of practices such as the management of phosphate fertilization in clayey soils and liming in soils rich in aluminum.

Sombric-like horizon and xanthization in polychrome subtropical soils from Southern Brazil: implications for soil classification

The occurrence of dark subsurface horizons rich in organic matter (OM) associated with polychrome in the B horizon (yellowish over reddish hue) is common in soils from Southern Brazil. The formation of these horizons and the combination with such morphological attributes has not been properly documented, and neither has the cause effect relationship. Four soil profiles with such sombric-like horizons with a yellowish color at the upper part of the B horizon over red subsoil were studied in Southern Brazil. Results from micromorphology, extractable sesquioxide minerals, clay mineralogy and isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al in iron minerals showed that melanization, xanthization, bioturbation, moderate shrinking/swelling and moderate ferralitization were the most evident pedogenetic processes in role. Xanthization is closely related to the sombric-like horizon formation. In the studied area the findings demonstrated that no clay and OM illuviation had taken place. Therefore, the classification of these soils was revisited, so as to take into account the processes that underlie their genesis with emphasis on xanthization, clay illuviation and soil aggregation. The results suggest that the sombric horizon may need redefinition, unless profiles can be found in which illuviation of clay and/or OM can be proven.(AU)

Mineralogical, chemical and electrochemical attributes of soils

A set of attributes endows the soils with distinctive characteristics and astute understanding is required in order to formulate suitable strategies for soil management. The aim of this study was to physically, chemically and mineralogically characterize samples of the main soil classes in Minas Gerais, Brazil, determine the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and the point of zero charge (PZC), and ascertain the correlation between these factors and soil attributes. The soils evaluated presented different textural classes ranging from loamy sand (Entisol) to very clayey (some Oxisols and Ultisols). The soils differed substantially in terms of fertility, presenting a range from dystrophic (low fertility, base saturation < 50 %) to eutrophic character (fertility, base saturation >= 50 %), even within the same soil class, such as the Oxisols, which suggests the concurrence of the parent material. Highly weathered soils are predominant in Minas Gerais and these soils are composed predominantly of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite. Traces of hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and illite were also found in the Oxisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols. A correlation between the PZSE and the PZC in the A horizon was observed. A high degree of correlation was observed between the PZC and the exchangeable aluminum and the ratio of iron obtained by ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate (Feo/Fed) in both the A and B horizons of soil classes. The results obtained reinforce the importance of knowledge of soil attributes to the adoption of practices such as the management of phosphate fertilization in clayey soils and liming in soils rich in aluminum.(AU)

Provenance of heavy and clay minerals in bottom sediments of Green Lake, an Amazonian fluvial lake in Brazil / Proveniência de minerais pesados e argilominerais em sedimentos de fundo do Lago Verde, um lago fluvial amazônico no Brasil

Studies on provenance of minerals in Amazonian rivers focus mostly on suspended sediments, while processes that control bottom-sediment production and distribution are still little known. We determined the provenance of the bottom sediments of Green Lake, a micro-basin draining into the Tapajós River, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We used X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and, cathodoluminescence techniques to analyze clay, light and heavy minerals of 22 samples. The lake is L-shaped, with 5.5 m maximum depth, and predominance of mud over sand in the center. Quartz and feldspar were dominant in the light fraction, while zircon, tourmaline, kyanite, rutile, and staurolite were dominant in the heavy fraction. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite, with morphology and degree of crystallinity indicative of a detrital origin related to weathering. The Alter do Chão Formation (ACF) is suggested as the main source of sand sediments and heavy minerals, due to their mineralogical and percentage similarity. The provenance of kaolinite was mainly the ACF, with a minor contribution of the Amazon and Tapajós rivers. The primary origin of the heavy minerals in the ACF indicates the basement of the Amazonas Basin as source rock and this formation as a source of sediments for Green Lake through weathering and erosion processes under current tropical conditions. The presence of Aulacoseira granulata and Aulacoseira ambigua indicates the importance of current erosive processes on sediment production.(AU)

Estudos de proveniência em rios amazônicos concentram-se principalmente em sedimentos suspensos, enquanto os processos que controlam a produção e distribuição de sedimentos de fundo ainda são pouco conhecidos. Sedimentos de fundo do Lago Verde foram estudados com o objetivo principal de determinar a proveniência sedimentar. Utilizamos técnicas de difração de raios-X em pó (DRX), espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformação de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e catodoluminescência para analisar argilas e minerais pesados em 22 amostras. O Lago Verde tem forma em L, profundidade máxima de 5.5 m, com predomínio da fração lama sobre areia no centro do lago. Quartzo e feldspato foram dominantes na fração leve, e zircão, turmalina, cianita, rutilo e estaurolita na fração pesada. A fração argila foi dominada por caulinita, cuja morfologia e grau de cristalinidade indicam origem detrítica relacionada com ação intempérica. A Formação Alter do Chão (FAC), substrato do Lago Verde, é indicada como principal fonte dos sedimentos arenosos e minerais pesados, dada a semelhança mineralógica e percentual. A caulinita foi derivada da FAC, mas não como única fonte. Os rios Amazonas e Tapajós têm uma pequena contribuição para a proveniência da caulinita. A origem primária dos minerais pesados na FAC indica o embasamento da Bacia do Amazonas como rochas fonte, e esta formação funciona com fonte de sedimentos para o Lago Verde, a partir dos processos de intemperismo e erosão, sob condições tropicais atuais. A presença de Aulacoseira granulata e Aulacoseira ambigua indicou o papel importante dos processos erosivos atuais na produção de sedimentos.(AU)

Mineralogia da argila e propriedades químicas de solos do Planalto Norte Catarinense / Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of soils in the north plateau of Santa Catarina state

No Planalto Norte Catarinense são escassas as informações sobre a composição mineralógica dos solos e há poucos perfis de solo descritos e caracterizados para a região. O mapa de solos de Santa Catarina indica predominância de Cambissolos, Neossolos Litólicos e Latossolos, com Gleissolos ocupando áreas de várzeas. Esses solos ocorrem em relevo desde plano até forte ondulado, onde pequenos e médios proprietários rurais desenvolvem cultivos diversificados, com áreas expressivas de reflorestamentos com pinus. Este trabalho objetivou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a mineralogia e as propriedades químicas de alguns desses solos, desenvolvidos de rochas sedimentares de distintas formações geológicas. Foram descritos e amostrados 5 (cinco) perfis de solo, sendo um Latossolo e quatro Cambissolos.  Na TFSA, foram feitas análises físicas (areia, silte, argila) e químicas de caracterização básica ( pH em água e sal, carbono orgânico, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, H+Al) e com base nesses parâmetros foi calculada a CTC efetiva, CTC pH7, Soma e Saturação por Bases. Análises mineralógicas foram conduzidas na fração argila do horizonte B de cada solo, utilizando-se difratometria de raios X. Todos os solos apresentaram reação muito ácida, com baixa soma e saturação por bases e teores elevados de carbono orgânico e Al trocável. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predomínio de caulinitas em todos os solos, com quantidades consideráveis de illita, gibbsita e vermiculita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas.

In the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, there is little information about the mineralogical composition of the soils and a few soil profiles were described and characterized in the region. The two generalized soil maps of Santa Catarina indicate predominance of Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols, with hydromorphic soils occupying areas of floodplains. These soils occur in relief from plane to strong wavy, where small and medium rural farmers develop diversified crops, with significant areas with pine reforestation. This work aimed to increase the knowledge of the mineralogical and chemical properties of some of these soils developed from sedimentary rocks of different geological formations. Five soil profiles were described and sampled, included one oxisol and four Inceptisols. In fine earth, physical (sand, silt, clay) and chemical analyzes were performed (pH in water, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg, K, Na, Al, H + Al) and based on these attributes was calculated effective CEC, CEC at pH7, sum of bases and base saturation. Mineralogical analyzes were conducted in the clay fraction of the B horizon of each soil, using X-ray diffraction techniques. All soils showed very acid reaction, with low sum of bases and base saturation and high levels of organic carbon and exchangeable Al. The clay mineralogy revealed predominance of kaolinite in all soils, with considerable amounts of gibbsite, and vermiculite with hydroxy-Al interlayered.

Mineralogia da argila e propriedades químicas de solos do Planalto Norte Catarinense / Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of soils in the north plateau of Santa Catarina state

No Planalto Norte Catarinense são escassas as informações sobre a composição mineralógica dos solos e há poucos perfis de solo descritos e caracterizados para a região. O mapa de solos de Santa Catarina indica predominância de Cambissolos, Neossolos Litólicos e Latossolos, com Gleissolos ocupando áreas de várzeas. Esses solos ocorrem em relevo desde plano até forte ondulado, onde pequenos e médios proprietários rurais desenvolvem cultivos diversificados, com áreas expressivas de reflorestamentos com pinus. Este trabalho objetivou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a mineralogia e as propriedades químicas de alguns desses solos, desenvolvidos de rochas sedimentares de distintas formações geológicas. Foram descritos e amostrados 5 (cinco) perfis de solo, sendo um Latossolo e quatro Cambissolos.  Na TFSA, foram feitas análises físicas (areia, silte, argila) e químicas de caracterização básica ( pH em água e sal, carbono orgânico, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, H+Al) e com base nesses parâmetros foi calculada a CTC efetiva, CTC pH7, Soma e Saturação por Bases. Análises mineralógicas foram conduzidas na fração argila do horizonte B de cada solo, utilizando-se difratometria de raios X. Todos os solos apresentaram reação muito ácida, com baixa soma e saturação por bases e teores elevados de carbono orgânico e Al trocável. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predomínio de caulinitas em todos os solos, com quantidades consideráveis de illita, gibbsita e vermiculita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas.(AU)

In the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, there is little information about the mineralogical composition of the soils and a few soil profiles were described and characterized in the region. The two generalized soil maps of Santa Catarina indicate predominance of Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols, with hydromorphic soils occupying areas of floodplains. These soils occur in relief from plane to strong wavy, where small and medium rural farmers develop diversified crops, with significant areas with pine reforestation. This work aimed to increase the knowledge of the mineralogical and chemical properties of some of these soils developed from sedimentary rocks of different geological formations. Five soil profiles were described and sampled, included one oxisol and four Inceptisols. In fine earth, physical (sand, silt, clay) and chemical analyzes were performed (pH in water, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg, K, Na, Al, H + Al) and based on these attributes was calculated effective CEC, CEC at pH7, sum of bases and base saturation. Mineralogical analyzes were conducted in the clay fraction of the B horizon of each soil, using X-ray diffraction techniques. All soils showed very acid reaction, with low sum of bases and base saturation and high levels of organic carbon and exchangeable Al. The clay mineralogy revealed predominance of kaolinite in all soils, with considerable amounts of gibbsite, and vermiculite with hydroxy-Al interlayered.(AU)

Clay dispersion and loss in Oxisol treated with different concentrations of limestone / Dispersão e perda de argila em solo muito argiloso incubado com diferentes doses de calcário

The addition of limestone to the soil may cause clay dispersion and loss. In this study, we aimed to estimate clay dispersion and loss in Oxisol incubated with different concentrations of limestone. To this end, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0.0-0.20 m, treated with limestone at a concentration of 1.46 Mg ha-1 or 2.73 Mg ha-1 to raise base saturation to 60% and 70%, respectively, and incubated for 12 months under greenhouse conditions. Clay dispersion analysis was conducted monthly using the test tube method. The results showed that clay dispersion increased with soil pH and time after limestone application. However, no significant change in clay concentration was identified in the control (no limestone application). At 60% base saturation, clay loss was first observed to be significantly higher than that of the control at 4 months after application and reached a maximum at 9 months after application. At 70% base saturation, clay loss was also first observed to be significantly higher than that of the control at 4 months after application and reached a maximum at 6 months after application. Overall, our data revealed that clay dispersion due to limestone application was approximately 16 g kg-1 over a period of 12 months and increased with the increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg.

A calagem afeta a dupla camada difusa através das cargas que ocasionam repulsão ou coesão das argilas e, como consequência, interfere na sua floculação/dispersão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a perda de argila em um Latossolo Vermelho incubado com e sem calcário em duas saturações por bases. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0,00 - 0,20 m de profundidade e acondicionadas em vasos de 0,20 m de altura, com volume de 0,0049 m3. Foi utilizado o calcário dolomítico nas saturações por base de 60 % e 70 % (1,46 e 2,73 Mg ha-1) e a incubação foi durante 12 meses. A cada mês, uma alíquota era coletada e realizada análise da dispersão de argila pelo método da proveta. À medida que decorreu o tempo, houve aumento da quantidade de argila dispersa em função do aumento do pH. Para a saturação de bases a 60 %, as perdas de argila aconteceram a partir do quarto mês após aplicação do calcário, em torno de 6 g kg-1, e houve decréscimo do nono mês em diante. Para 70 % de saturação foi observado aumento também no quinto mês, de 10 g kg-1 de argila perdida. A testemunha se manteve estável ao longo do período. À medida que ocorre o efeito da calagem no solo, as perdas de argila em relação à testemunha ficam em torno de 16 g kg-1 ao longo do período. Calcários com teores elevados de Ca e Mg tendem a ser mais dispersivos.

Clay dispersion and loss in Oxisol treated with different concentrations of limestone / Dispersão e perda de argila em solo muito argiloso incubado com diferentes doses de calcário

The addition of limestone to the soil may cause clay dispersion and loss. In this study, we aimed to estimate clay dispersion and loss in Oxisol incubated with different concentrations of limestone. To this end, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0.0-0.20 m, treated with limestone at a concentration of 1.46 Mg ha-1 or 2.73 Mg ha-1 to raise base saturation to 60% and 70%, respectively, and incubated for 12 months under greenhouse conditions. Clay dispersion analysis was conducted monthly using the test tube method. The results showed that clay dispersion increased with soil pH and time after limestone application. However, no significant change in clay concentration was identified in the control (no limestone application). At 60% base saturation, clay loss was first observed to be significantly higher than that of the control at 4 months after application and reached a maximum at 9 months after application. At 70% base saturation, clay loss was also first observed to be significantly higher than that of the control at 4 months after application and reached a maximum at 6 months after application. Overall, our data revealed that clay dispersion due to limestone application was approximately 16 g kg-1 over a period of 12 months and increased with the increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg.(AU)

A calagem afeta a dupla camada difusa através das cargas que ocasionam repulsão ou coesão das argilas e, como consequência, interfere na sua floculação/dispersão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a perda de argila em um Latossolo Vermelho incubado com e sem calcário em duas saturações por bases. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0,00 - 0,20 m de profundidade e acondicionadas em vasos de 0,20 m de altura, com volume de 0,0049 m3. Foi utilizado o calcário dolomítico nas saturações por base de 60 % e 70 % (1,46 e 2,73 Mg ha-1) e a incubação foi durante 12 meses. A cada mês, uma alíquota era coletada e realizada análise da dispersão de argila pelo método da proveta. À medida que decorreu o tempo, houve aumento da quantidade de argila dispersa em função do aumento do pH. Para a saturação de bases a 60 %, as perdas de argila aconteceram a partir do quarto mês após aplicação do calcário, em torno de 6 g kg-1, e houve decréscimo do nono mês em diante. Para 70 % de saturação foi observado aumento também no quinto mês, de 10 g kg-1 de argila perdida. A testemunha se manteve estável ao longo do período. À medida que ocorre o efeito da calagem no solo, as perdas de argila em relação à testemunha ficam em torno de 16 g kg-1 ao longo do período. Calcários com teores elevados de Ca e Mg tendem a ser mais dispersivos.(AU)

Caracterização mineralógica dos solos derivados de rochas efusivas no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Mineralogical characterization of soils derived from effusive rocks from plateau in south Santa Catarina, Brazil

A presença simultânea de gibbsita, caulinita, argilominerais 2:1 com polímeros de hidróxi- Al (2:1HE) e interestratificados em solos ácidos e dessaturados do Sul do Brasil pode ser considerada contraditória, mas não rara. Como a correta identificação destes argilominerais é de difícil execução, a evolução destes solos pode acabar sendo atribuída simplesmente a uma escala de intemperismo moderado. Para melhor compreender a gênese dos solos da região do Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, foram desenvolvidos estudos mineralógicos da fração argila e das respectivas rochas matriz de sete perfis de solo ao longo de duas topossequências. As análises mineralógicas foram realizadas por difratometria de raios X (DRX), utilizando os pré-tratamentos usuais e um pré-tratamento com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) a 3,5 mol L-1 a quente (250ºC). Os teores dos óxidos de Si, Al e Fe foram determinados após a digestão das amostras com ataque sulfúrico. As rochas apresentaram mineralogia similar, exceto nas quantidades de plagioclásios, piroxênios e quartzo. Todos os solos apresentaram caulinitas de baixa cristalinidade e resquícios de argilominerais 2:1 sob a forma de interestratificados e/ou 2:1HE, que permaneceram nos solos devido à intercalação dos polímeros de Al e/ou Fe nas entrecamadas. As diminutas proporções de gibbsita são decorrentes do efeito complexante da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) sobre a cristalização dos hidróxidos de Al e também, devido ao ambiente lixiviante que não foi sufi cientemente severo a ponto de predominar os processos de alitização. Nos Nitossolos Vermelhos o principal processo de alteração do material originário foi a monossialitização, enquanto os Cambissolos Háplicos apresentaram processo de hidrólise tendendo para a alitização.(AU)

The simultaneous presence of gibbsite, kaolinite, 2:1 clay minerals with Al-hydroxy polymers and interstratified minerals in acid soils and desaturated in southern Brazil can be seen as contradictory, but not rare. How correct identification of these clay minerals is difficult to perform, the evolution of these soils may simply end up being attributed to a range of moderate weathering. To better understand the genesis of soils in southern highlands of Santa Catarina, studies were conducted of mineralogical clay rocks and their array of seven soil profiles along two topossequences. The mineralogical analyzes were performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) using the usual pretreatment and a pretreatment with hot (250°C) 3.5 mol L-1 solution. The levels of oxides of Si, Al and Fe were determined after dissolving the samples in sulfuric acid. The rocks show similar mineralogy, except in amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene and quartz. All soils had low crystallinity of kaolinite and traces of 2:1 clay minerals in the form of interstratifi ed and/or 2:1 clay minerals with Al-hydroxy polymers, that/ which remained in the soil due to intercalation of the polymers of Al and / or Fe in interlayers. The diminutive proportions of gibbsite are due to the complex effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on the crystallization of Al hydroxides and also due to the leaching environment was not suffi ciently severe as to dominate the processes of alitization. In Kandiudox the main process of changing the source material was monossialitization while Haplumbrept showed hydrolysis process tending to alitization.(AU)

Caracterização química, física e morfológica de solos derivados de rochas efusivas no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Chemical, physical and morphological characterization of soils derived from effusive rocks on the south plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Em duas topossequências no Planalto Sul Catarinense estudou-se as características químicas, físicas e morfológicas de sete perfis de solo desenvolvidos de rochas efusivas (basaltos e riodacitos) da Formação Serra Geral. A caracterização física constou da determinação da textura, argila dispersa em água e grau de floculação. As análises químicas consistiram da determinação do pH em H2O e em KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H + Al e Carbono Orgânico (CO). Estudou-se também a contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) através do método gráfico de Bennema. Os solos originados de riodacitos foram classificados como Cambissolos Háplicos, e os desenvolvidos de basalto como Nitossolos Vermelhos. Os Cambissolos Háplicos apresentam reação fortemente ácida, níveis muito altos de Al trocável e baixos valores de soma e saturação por bases, possuindo caráter alítico ou alumínico. Os Nitossolos Vermelhos têm reação menos ácida, teores mais baixos de Al trocável, além de valores de soma (SB) e saturação por bases (V%) mais altos do que nos Cambissolos, sendo distróficos. A estimativa da contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) pelo método de Bennema resultou em valores da atividade da argila (T) inferiores àqueles obtidos pelo método preconizado pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). A contribuição do CO na CTC é relevante em solos de regiões com maiores altitudes, pois os teores de matéria orgânica são altos mesmo nos horizontes subsuperficiais. Portanto, sugere-se considerar o efeito da matéria orgânica no cálculo da atividade da argila, principalmente em solos com altitudes mais elevadas, devido à sua importância no enquadramento do solo no terceiro nível categórico.(AU)

In two top sequences in the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, we studied the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of seven soil profiles from effusive rocks (basalts and rhyodacites) of the Serra Geral formationl. The physical characterization consisted of determining the texture, water dispersible clay and degree of fl occulation. The chemical analysis consisted of determining the pH in H2O and KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+Al and organic carbon (OC). Also studied was the contribution of clay and organic carbon in Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) by the graphic method of Bennema. The soils originated from rhyodacites were classified as Cambissolos Háplicos (Haplumbrept), and developed from basalt as Nitossolos Vermelhos (Kandiudox). The Haplumbrept have a strong reaction to acid, very high levels of exchangeable Al and low values of sum and base saturation, possessing alito or alumina characteristics, whereas the Kandiudox have a less acidic reaction, lower levels of exchangeable Al, and values sum (SB) and base saturation (V%) higher than in Haplumbrept, and dystrophic. The estimate of the contribution of clay and organic carbon in the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) using the Bennema method resulted in values of the activity of clay (T) lower than those obtained by the method recommended by the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). The contribution of CO in the CTC is relevant in soils of regions with higher altitudes, because the organic matter levels are high even in the subsurface layers. Therefore, it is suggested to consider the effect of organic matter in the calculation of the activity of clay, especially in soils with higher altitudes, due to its importance in the framework of the soil in the third categorical level.(AU)

Caracterização química, física e morfológica de solos derivados de rochas efusivas no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Chemical, physical and morphological characterization of soils derived from effusive rocks on the south plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Em duas topossequências no Planalto Sul Catarinense estudou-se as características químicas, físicas e morfológicas de sete perfis de solo desenvolvidos de rochas efusivas (basaltos e riodacitos) da Formação Serra Geral. A caracterização física constou da determinação da textura, argila dispersa em água e grau de floculação. As análises químicas consistiram da determinação do pH em H2O e em KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H + Al e Carbono Orgânico (CO). Estudou-se também a contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) através do método gráfico de Bennema. Os solos originados de riodacitos foram classificados como Cambissolos Háplicos, e os desenvolvidos de basalto como Nitossolos Vermelhos. Os Cambissolos Háplicos apresentam reação fortemente ácida, níveis muito altos de Al trocável e baixos valores de soma e saturação por bases, possuindo caráter alítico ou alumínico. Os Nitossolos Vermelhos têm reação menos ácida, teores mais baixos de Al trocável, além de valores de soma (SB) e saturação por bases (V%) mais altos do que nos Cambissolos, sendo distróficos. A estimativa da contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) pelo método de Bennema resultou em valores da atividade da argila (T) inferiores àqueles obtidos pelo método preconizado pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). A contribuição do CO na CTC é relevante em solos de regiões com maiores altitudes, pois os teores de matéria orgânica são altos mesmo nos horizontes subsuperficiais. Portanto, sugere-se considerar o efeito da matéria orgânica no cálculo da atividade da argila, principalmente em solos com altitudes mais elevadas, devido à sua importância no enquadramento do solo no terceiro nível categórico.

In two top sequences in the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, we studied the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of seven soil profiles from effusive rocks (basalts and rhyodacites) of the Serra Geral formationl. The physical characterization consisted of determining the texture, water dispersible clay and degree of fl occulation. The chemical analysis consisted of determining the pH in H2O and KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+Al and organic carbon (OC). Also studied was the contribution of clay and organic carbon in Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) by the graphic method of Bennema. The soils originated from rhyodacites were classified as Cambissolos Háplicos (Haplumbrept), and developed from basalt as Nitossolos Vermelhos (Kandiudox). The Haplumbrept have a strong reaction to acid, very high levels of exchangeable Al and low values of sum and base saturation, possessing alito or alumina characteristics, whereas the Kandiudox have a less acidic reaction, lower levels of exchangeable Al, and values sum (SB) and base saturation (V%) higher than in Haplumbrept, and dystrophic. The estimate of the contribution of clay and organic carbon in the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) using the Bennema method resulted in values of the activity of clay (T) lower than those obtained by the method recommended by the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). The contribution of CO in the CTC is relevant in soils of regions with higher altitudes, because the organic matter levels are high even in the subsurface layers. Therefore, it is suggested to consider the effect of organic matter in the calculation of the activity of clay, especially in soils with higher altitudes, due to its importance in the framework of the soil in the third categorical level.

Caracterização mineralógica dos solos derivados de rochas efusivas no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Mineralogical characterization of soils derived from effusive rocks from plateau in south Santa Catarina, Brazil

A presença simultânea de gibbsita, caulinita, argilominerais 2:1 com polímeros de hidróxi- Al (2:1HE) e interestratificados em solos ácidos e dessaturados do Sul do Brasil pode ser considerada contraditória, mas não rara. Como a correta identificação destes argilominerais é de difícil execução, a evolução destes solos pode acabar sendo atribuída simplesmente a uma escala de intemperismo moderado. Para melhor compreender a gênese dos solos da região do Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, foram desenvolvidos estudos mineralógicos da fração argila e das respectivas rochas matriz de sete perfis de solo ao longo de duas topossequências. As análises mineralógicas foram realizadas por difratometria de raios X (DRX), utilizando os pré-tratamentos usuais e um pré-tratamento com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) a 3,5 mol L-1 a quente (250ºC). Os teores dos óxidos de Si, Al e Fe foram determinados após a digestão das amostras com ataque sulfúrico. As rochas apresentaram mineralogia similar, exceto nas quantidades de plagioclásios, piroxênios e quartzo. Todos os solos apresentaram caulinitas de baixa cristalinidade e resquícios de argilominerais 2:1 sob a forma de interestratificados e/ou 2:1HE, que permaneceram nos solos devido à intercalação dos polímeros de Al e/ou Fe nas entrecamadas. As diminutas proporções de gibbsita são decorrentes do efeito complexante da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) sobre a cristalização dos hidróxidos de Al e também, devido ao ambiente lixiviante que não foi sufi cientemente severo a ponto de predominar os processos de alitização. Nos Nitossolos Vermelhos o principal processo de alteração do material originário foi a monossialitização, enquanto os Cambissolos Háplicos apresentaram processo de hidrólise tendendo para a alitização.

The simultaneous presence of gibbsite, kaolinite, 2:1 clay minerals with Al-hydroxy polymers and interstratified minerals in acid soils and desaturated in southern Brazil can be seen as contradictory, but not rare. How correct identification of these clay minerals is difficult to perform, the evolution of these soils may simply end up being attributed to a range of moderate weathering. To better understand the genesis of soils in southern highlands of Santa Catarina, studies were conducted of mineralogical clay rocks and their array of seven soil profiles along two topossequences. The mineralogical analyzes were performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) using the usual pretreatment and a pretreatment with hot (250°C) 3.5 mol L-1 solution. The levels of oxides of Si, Al and Fe were determined after dissolving the samples in sulfuric acid. The rocks show similar mineralogy, except in amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene and quartz. All soils had low crystallinity of kaolinite and traces of 2:1 clay minerals in the form of interstratifi ed and/or 2:1 clay minerals with Al-hydroxy polymers, that/ which remained in the soil due to intercalation of the polymers of Al and / or Fe in interlayers. The diminutive proportions of gibbsite are due to the complex effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on the crystallization of Al hydroxides and also due to the leaching environment was not suffi ciently severe as to dominate the processes of alitization. In Kandiudox the main process of changing the source material was monossialitization while Haplumbrept showed hydrolysis process tending to alitization.