Emulsiones lipídicas en la intoxicación por anestésicos locales y otros fármacos. Revisión sobre mecanismos de acción y recomendaciones de uso / Lipid emulsions in the treatment of intoxications by local anesthesics and other drugs. Review of mechanisms of action and recommendations for use

La emulsiones lipídicas intravenosas (ELI) se han utilizado ampliamente para el tratamiento de la intoxicación por anestésicos locales (AL) y se han propuesto como tratamiento de la intoxicación por otros fármacos. Sin embargo, el grado de evidencia de este tipo de terapias no es sólido, ya que proviene en su mayoría de casos clínicos. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es describir los mecanismos de acción propuestos para las ELI en la intoxicación por AL y otros fármacos, y evaluar los estudios recientes realizados en animales que sustentan las recomendaciones de su uso y la experiencia en humanos que apoyan el empleo de las ELI tanto en la intoxicación por AL como por otros fármacos. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos Embase, Medline, Cochrane y Google Scholar abarcando los artículos relevantes durante los últimos 10 años. En caso de intoxicación por AL, se recomienda aplicar los protocolos dictados por las guías internacionales, sabiendo que el grado de evidencia no es muy elevado. En la intoxicación por otros fármacos, las ELI están aconsejadas en situaciones graves inducidas por xenobióticos liposolubles que no responden al tratamiento estándar.(AU)

Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) have been used widely for the treatment of local anesthetic (LA) poisoning and have been proposed as a treatment for intoxication by other drugs. However, the degree of evidence for this kind of therapy is not strong, as it comes mostly from clinical cases. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the proposed mechanisms of action for ILEs in poisoning by LA and other drugs and to evaluate recent studies in animals that support the recommendations for their use and the experience in humans that support the use of ILESs in both LA and other drug poisoning. For this purpose, a search was performed in the Embase, Medline and Google Scholar databases covering relevant articles over the last 10 years. In the case of AL poisoning, we recommend applying the protocols dictated by international guidelines, knowing that the degree of evidence is not very high. In poisoning by other drugs, ILEs are recommended in serious situations induced by liposoluble xenobiotics that do not respond to standard treatment.(AU)

WHO guidelines on protecting workers from potential risks of manufactured nanomaterials

The term nanomaterials refers to materials that have at least one dimension (height, width or length) that is smaller than 100 nanometres (10−7 metre), which is about the size of a virus particle. This particular size dimension represents a major characteristic of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs). The unique properties of MNMs may result in better paints, better drugs and faster electronics. However, for the same reason, MNMs may also present health hazards that differ from those of the substance in bulk form, and may require different test methods for hazard, exposure and risk assessment from their bulk material counterparts. There is currently a paucity of precise information about human exposure pathways for MNMs, their fate in the human body and their ability to induce unwanted biological effects such as generation of oxidative stress. Data from in vitro, animal and human MNM inhalation studies are available for only a few MNMs. So far, no long-term adverse health effects in humans have been observed. This could be due to the recent introduction of MNMs, the precautionary approach to avoid exposure and ethical concerns about conducting studies on humans. Health recommendations must, therefore, be based on extrapolation of the evidence from in vitro, animal or other studies from fields that involve exposure to nanoscale particles, such as air pollution, to the possible effects in humans. Workers in all countries will be at the front line of exposure to these materials, placing them at increased risk for potential adverse health effects. Therefore, WHO proposes these guidelines to policy makers and professionals in the field of occupational health and safety with recommendations on how best to protect workers from the potential risks of MNMs.

Protective effect of resveratrol against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity and fibrosis in male experimental rats

The possible effectiveness of resveratrol, a polyphenol present in different plants comprising berries, grapes and peanuts, on the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity and fibrosis was investigated. Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I received normal saline, group II gavaged with resveratrol (20 mg/kg, daily for 4 weeks), group III received doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg i.p. in six injections for 2 weeks; accumulative dose of 15 mg/kg), and group IV received doxorubicin + resveratrol (starting resveratrol intake 2 weeks before doxorubicin administration). Resveratrol significantly alleviated the increase in left ventricular lipid peroxidation, hydroxyproline, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels as well as serum creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) activity and prevented the decrease in body and heart weights in doxorubicin-treated group. However, a marked protection against reduced glutathione content depletion and superoxide dismutase activity reduction was observed in the left ventricles of rats pretreated with resveratrol in combination with doxorubicin. Resveratrol also ameliorated the up-regulation of left ventricular caspase-3 and transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression as well as left ventricular histopathological changes including necrosis and fibrosis induced by doxorubicin. Collectively, our results suggest that resveratrol provides a significant protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and fibrosis in rats. Therefore, it may be used as a promising cardioprotective agent in patients treated with doxorubicin due to malignant diseases. So, further clinical trials are required to confirm these findings (AU)

Manejo general del intoxicado / General management of intoxicated

Intoxications have become a relevant complaint in the emergency room since the second half of the last century. Toxidromes have been replaced by a more practical combined analysis of vital signs, directed physical examination and selected laboratory tests. Most of the mortality can be prevented by the correct and opportune implementation of general management strategies, including supportive care, prevention of absortion, enhancement of elimination and extracorporeal removal of toxins. Through the following pages we will review many of different diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives...

Desarrollo y validación de un programa de toxicovigilancia con detección automatizadade casos en un hopital terciario (SAT-HULP) / Development and validation of a poisoning surveillance program with automatic case detection in a tertiary care hospital (SAT-HULP)

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar y validar una herramienta de búsqueda automatizada y sistemática de los casos de intoxicaciones agudas atendidas en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel, así como el análisis de los primeros 7 meses de funcionamiento de este sistema de toxicovigilancia activa. MÉTODO: El sistema de toxicovigilancia activa consiste en explotar los registros informatizados del sistema de gestión de historias clínicas, realizar a diario una búsqueda sistemática por motivos de consulta y juicios clínicos y utilizar una estrategia con palabras clave truncadas. Los casos encontrados son introducidos en una base de datos que incluyen el tipo de intoxicación, la finalidad, el agente causal, las manifestaciones clínicas y el tipo de tratamiento instaurado. Para la validación del procedimiento se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal para la validación de un test o prueba, comparando con el patrón oro (revisión literal de las historias clínicas por un observador entrenado) para la obtención de los índices más adecuados. RESULTADOS: Para el procedimiento de validación se obtuvo una muestra simple aleatoria de 1.632 pacientes de los 22.845 atendidos durante los primeros 4 meses de funcionamiento del programa (abril-julio de 2011). Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad calculados tras la validación fueron de 80,4% (intervalo: 68,5-92,3) y 99,5% (intervalo: 99,1-99,9). El índice de validez fue de 98,9%. Los valores predictivos positivo y negativo fueron 83,7% (intervalo: 72,3-95,0) y 99,4 (intervalo: 98,9-99,8), respectivamente. En el análisis epidemiológico se han detectado 1.033 casos de intoxicaciones agudas con una edad media de 40,9 años (DE 17,9) y el 55,2% eran varones. El 55,1% de las intoxicaciones fueron por drogas de abuso y el 34,8% medicamentosas. En el 52,3% se produjo por fines diversos (consumo abusivo), seguido de los fines suicidas (32,1%) y accidentales (14,3%). CONCLUSIONES: El programa de toxicovigilancia de la unidad de toxicología del Hospital Universitario La Paz cuenta con una adecuada herramienta de búsqueda automatizada y sistemática para la detección de casos de intoxicación aguda atendidos en un servicio de urgencias. Dicho programa detecta una incidencia acumulada del 3%

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to develop and validate a tool for automatic, systematic recording of acute poisoning cases attended in the emergency department of our tertiary care teaching hospital and to analyze the system's performance during the first 7 months of active surveillance. METHODS: The active poisoning surveillance system performs a daily search for cases in the hospital's computerized case records. The tool uses a truncated keyword list to systematically find the reasons patients come to the emergency department and the clinical decisions made. Found cases are entered into a database for recording of type of poisoning episode, reasons for exposure, causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment. To validate the system we carried out a cross-sectional analysis of a type used to validate tests; specifically, we calculated appropriate statistics to compare the results against a gold standard (review of the medical records by a trained human reader). RESULTS: The validation study was based on a random sample of 1632 patients of the 22 845 attended during the first 4 months the surveillance system was operating (April-July 2011). The sensitivity of the system was 80.4% (95% CI, 68.5- 92.3) and specificity 99.5% (95% CI, 99.1-99.9). Validity was reflected by a rate of correct answers of 98.9%. The positive and negative predictive values of the system were 83.7% (95% CI, 72.3-95.0) and 99.4% (95% CI, 98.9-99.8), respectively. The system found a total of 1033 acute poisoning cases; the mean (SD) patient age was 40.9 (17.9) years and 55.2% were men. Drug abuse accounted for 55.1% of the cases and overdose of medicines for 34.8%. In 52.3% of the cases exposure occurred during various scenarios involving substance abuse. Suicide attempts were the second most frequent category (32.1%). Accidental poisoning accounted for 14.3% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The poisoning surveillance program developed for our teaching hospital's toxicology unit is a tool that performs sufficiently well to carry out systematic, automated searches for the acute poisoning cases attended in an emergency department. The cumulative incidence rate of acute poisonings detected by the program was 3%

Toxicidad de los anestésicos locales. Prevención y tratamiento / Local anesthetic toxicity. Prevention and treatment

Aunque infrecuentes, las reacciones de toxicidad general a los anestésicos locales pueden ser muy graves, y resultar en daño irreversible o muerte del paciente. Por ello se requiere un protocolo de actuación que siga unas líneas claras para el diagnóstico y tratamiento rápidos, que son fundamentales para la recuperación completa del paciente. Se revisa la fisiopatología de la toxicidad por anestésicos locales, así como las posibilidades de prevención y el tratamiento una vez instaurada. Aunque hay pocos aspectos que se puedan basar en la evidencia, se recogen las medidas recomendadas haciendo especial hincapié en la reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada, el tratamiento farmacológico y el empleo precoz de las emulsiones lipídicas (AU)

Although uncommon, systemic toxic reactions to locally administered anesthetics may be serious and cause irreversible damage or death. Consequently, a protocol providing clear steps for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of these reactions is essential to complete patient recovery. The physiopathology of toxic reactions to local anesthetics is reviewed and prevention and treatment options are discussed. Although there is a scarcity of evidence, recommended measures are discussed with special emphasis on advanced life support, drug treatment and the early use of lipid emulsions (AU)

Matriz diseñada en toxicología ocupacional / Matrix designed in occupational toxicology

Se diseñó una matriz para prevenir el riesgo en toxicología ocupacional, estructurada en 3 secciones de evaluación (riesgo presumible, riesgo de asesoría y riesgo de condiciones de trabajo y daños a la salud). Se consideraron 5 menús en la primera (sector, agentes químicos, toxicidad referida, biomarcadores y eventos centinelas); 6 en la segunda (frecuencia de la exposición, duración de la exposición, proximidad a la fuente, medios de protección e influencia de puestos) y 2 en la tercera (evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo y daños a la salud). Toda vez que constituye un nuevo instrumento de gestión para estimar el riesgo toxicológico, contribuye a preservar la salud laboral(AU)

A matrix was designed to prevent the risk in occupational toxicology, structured in 3 evaluation sections (presumed risk, advice risk and risk of working conditions and damages to health). Five menus were considered in the first section (sector, chemicals, referred toxicity, biomarkers and sentinel events); 6 in the second section (frequency of exposure, length of exposure, proximity to the source, means of protection and influence of posts) and 2 in the third one (evaluation of working conditions and damages to health). Given that it is a new management tool to estimate the toxicological risk, it contributes to preserve health in the work place(AU)

La exposición crónica al uranio, un riesgo potencial de nefrotoxicidad / Uranium is a naturally occurring element widely distributed in the crust

El uranio es un elemento natural que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en la corteza terrestre. Cierta cantidad de este metal se encuentra presente en los alimentos, en el aire, en el suelo y en el agua, por lo que el ser humano se encuentra expuesto al mismo de forma natural. Pero también puede ser objeto de una sobreexposición patológica como consecuencia de la deposición de uranio natural desde la atmósfera o debido a actividades industriales humanas que vierten productos de desecho directamente sobre el terreno. Actualmente la exposición debida a la actividad industrial se ha incrementado debido a que el uranio representa una de las pocas fuentes energéticas que cumplen con el “Protocolo de Kyoto”, sumándole la ventaja de que es muy económico. España, es uno de los países Europeos con más contenido de uranio en su suelo y por ello, susceptible de exposición natural, pero también industrial, ya que dada la demanda energética se están reabriendo algunas de sus minas. La nefrotoxicidad es el principal efecto observado tras exposición aguda a uranio. Este efecto se ha descrito en múltiples estudios realizados en animales de experimentación y en algunos casos de humanos expuestos a dosis elevadas de uranio de forma accidental. Sin embargo, la producción de daño renal por exposición crónica está poco documentada. Existen escasos estudios experimentales en los que se administren bajas dosis de uranio durante largos periodos de tiempo y los referidos en humanos son muy heterogéneos en cuanto a la vía de exposición, la dosis, el tipo de uranio etc, por lo que resulta muy difícil extraer conclusiones sobre los efectos renales por sobreexposición crónica. En esta revisión se pretende hacer una recopilación y discusión de gran parte de estudios epidemiológicos y de experimentación, a fin de obtener una idea de la nefrotoxicidad real que supone la exposición crónica a este metal para el ser humano (AU)

Certain amount of this metal is present in food, air, soil and water, for that humans are exposed to it naturally. But it can also be pathological overexposure as a result of natural uranium deposition from the atmosphere or due to human industrial activities that discharge waste products directly on the ground. Currently exposure due to industrial activity has increased because the uranium is one of the few sources of energy that meet the "Kyoto Protocol", adding the advantage that it is very economical. Spain is one of most European countries with uranium content in soil and thus susceptible to natural exposure, but also industrial, as given energy demand are reopening some of its mines. Nephrotoxicity is the main effect observed after acute exposure to uranium. This effect has been described in multiple studies in experimental animals and in some cases of humans accidentally exposed to high doses of uranium. However, the production of kidney damage from chronic exposure is poorly documented. There are few experimental studies in which low doses are administered uranium for long periods of time. Moreover, data in humans are very heterogeneous regarding the route of exposure, dose, type of uranium etc, so it is very difficult to draw findings on chronic renal effects of overexposure. In this review we tried to make a compilation and discussion of several epidemiological and experimental studies in order to get an idea of the real nephrotoxicity involving chronic exposure to this metal to humans (AU)

Intoxicaciones agudas en pediatría / Acute intoxications in pediatrics

Introducción: las intoxicaciones han sido en los últimos años una importante causa de aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad en edades pediátricas. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico de las intoxicaciones agudas en la etapa de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2009 en el Hospital Pediátrico William Soler. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en el Hospital William Soler. Se revisaron las historias clinicas, los registros de intoxicaciones agudas y las tarjetas de codificación de egresos hospitalarios por intoxicaciones de los pacientes llegados al hospital en esta etapa. Resultados: se recibieron en el hospital 886 pacientes. El grupo de mayor frecuencia de intoxicaciones fue el de 1 a 5 años, con predominio del sexo masculino, aunque sin diferencias significativas con respecto al sexo femenino. Las intoxicaciones más frecuentes fueron por medicamentos, fundamentalmente psicofármacos y antibióticos, seguido por alimentos y por productos químicos del hogar. El 30,2 por ciento de los casos fueron ingresados. Conclusiones: estos resultados nos hacen pensar en la necesidad de estar alertas y crear acciones encaminadas a proteger o evitar las intoxicaciones en edades tan vulnerables(AU)

Introduction: the intoxications have been in past years a major cause of increase of morbidity and mortality in pediatric ages. Objective: to determine the clinical behavior of acute intoxications from January, 2005 to December, 2009 in the William Soler Children Hospital. Methods: in above mentioned hospital the study was conducted. The medical records, acute intoxications registry and the coding cards of hospital discharges were reviewed due to intoxications of patients admitted at hospital in this period. Results: in hospital 886 patients were admitted. The group with a greater frequency of intoxications was that aged 1 to 5 with predominance of male sex although without significant differences regarding female sex. The more frequent intoxications were due to drugs mainly the psychogenic drugs and antibiotics, followed by foods and by chemical products at home. The 30,2 percent of cases were admitted. Conclusions: these results make us to think in the need to be on the alert and to create actions aimed to protect or to prevent the intoxications in so vulnerable ages(AU)

Molluscicidal and ovicidal activities ofplant extracts of the Piperaceae onBiomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by Schistosoma and occurs in 54countries, mainly in South America, the Caribbean region, Africa and the easternMediterranean. Currently, 5 to 6 million Brazilian people are infected and 30,000are under infection risk. Typical of poor regions, this disease is associated withthe lack of basic sanitation and very frequently to the use of contaminated water in agriculture, housework and leisure. One of the most efficient methods of controlling the disease is application of molluscicides to eliminate or to reduce the population of the intermediate host snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Studies on molluscicidal activity of plant extracts have been stimulated by issues such as environmental preservation, high cost and recurrent resistance of snails tosynthetic molluscicides. The aim of this study was to determine the molluscicideaction of extracts from Piperaceae species on adult and embryonic stages ofB. glabrata. Fifteen extracts from 13 Piperaceae species were obtained from stems, leaves and roots. Toxicity of extracts was evaluated against snails at two different concentrations (500 and 100ppm) and those causing 100% mortality at 100ppm concentration were selected to obtain the LC90 (lethal concentration of 90% mortality). Piper aduncum, P. crassinervium, P. cuyabanum, P. diospyrifolium and P. hostmannianum gave 100% mortality of adult snails at concentrations ranging from 10 to 60 ppm. These extracts were also assayed on embryonic stages of B. glabrata and those from P. cuyabanum and P. hostmannianum showed 100%ovicidal action at 20ppm.

Necesidades docentes en Evaluación y Prevención del Riesgo Tóxico: de la Toxicología Experimental a la Reguladora / Educational needs in Toxic Prevention and Risk Assessment: From experimental to Regulatory Toxicology

Se revisan las necesidades formativas para una serie de raas aplicadas de la toxicología derivadas de las áreas fundamentales mecanística y de evaluación toxicológica, que comprenden fundamentalmente la toxicología de sistemas, la evaluación del riesgo y la toxicología reguladora. Son materias necesarias para el desempeño profesional en los organismos nacionales, autonómicos y locales responsables de la regulación e inspección de la comercialización y uso de compuestos industriales, medicamentos, productos cosméticos, alimentarios o fitosanitarios, o de contaminantes ambientales o laborales, así como en industrias y consultorías. Se han identificado más de 25 actividades científicas de gran relevancia realizadas en España desde 1995, con una media de 1,6 actividades por año. Los principales grados de las ciencias de la salud incluyen una asignatura troncal de Toxicología, que puede aparecer como optativa en otros, generalmente de 6 créditos ECTS, con un programa muy uniforme, que incluye entre sus descriptores la estimación del riesgo, la evaluación toxicológica, el empleo de métodos alternativos y las bases de la toxicología reguladora. En relación con los estudios de postgrado, se identifican másteres con una gran variedad de contenidos y enfoques, que en algunos casos cubren un abanico muy amplio de disciplinas, incluyendo las toxicológicas, así como otros que cubren las áreas específicas de la toxicología. De la revisión transversal de los programas docentes de pregrado, postgrado y doctorado en España, se deduce la paulatina adaptación al EEES y la adecuada inclusión en los mismos de materias sobre evaluación experimental de la toxicidad, prevención del riesgo tóxico y toxicología reguladora (AU)

The training needs for a range of applied toxicology branches arising from the fundamental areas of mechanistic and toxicological evaluation, which mainly comprise of systems toxicology , risk assessment and regulatory toxicology , are reviewed. Thet are necessary for professional performance in national, regional and local authorities responsible for regulation and inspection of the marketing and use of industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food or plant protection products or environmental or occupational pollutants, as well as industries and consultancies. There are more than 25 highly relevant scientific activities carried out in Spain since 1995, with an average of 1.6 activities per year . The main bachelor's degrees of the health sciences include a very uniform obligatory subject of T oxicology , which may appear as an option in others, usually with 6 ECTS credits, which includes among its descriptors risk e stimation assessment toxicology, the use of alternative methods and the basis for regulatory toxicology. In relation to postgraduate studies, masters were identified with a variety of topics and approaches, which in some cases cover a very wide range of disciplines, including toxicology and other covering in depth the specific toxicologic areas. From the transversal review of the teaching programs at under graduate, graduate and doctoral degrees in Spain, it was deduced a gradual adaptation to the EHEA and the appropriate inclusion of subjetcs on experimental evaluation of toxicity , toxic hazard prevention and regulatory toxicology (AU)

Toxicidad neurológica por alteraciones hepáticas de medicamentos / Neurological toxicity by drug-induced hepatic disorders

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Avaliação da citotoxicidade de mini-implantes ortodônticos / Evaluation of cytotoxicity of orthodontic mini-implants

O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a citotoxicidade de mini-implantes ortodônticos em células de fibroblastos L929. Foram avaliados 6 mini-implantes ortodônticos divididos em 2 grupos, assim denominados Grupo 1 (SIN - Sistema de Implante, São Paulo, SP, Brasil) cor dourada, Grupo 2 (SIN - Sistema de Implante, São Paulo, SP, Brasil) cor prateada. Previamente, os mini-implantes foram esterilizados em luz ultravioleta. Após isso os mesmos foram imersos em meio mínimo essencial de Eagle (MEM) pós 24h, onde então se procedeu a remoção do sobrenadante e colocação em contato com fibroblastos L929. Avaliou-se a citotoxicidade em 4 períodos, 24, 48, 72 e 168h. Após contato com o meio as células foram incubadas por mais 24h onde então foram adicionados 100 µl do corante vermelho neutro a 0,01%. Novamente as células foram incubadas por 3h para que as mesmas incorporassem o corante. Passado esse período as células foram fixadas e realizou-se a contagem de células viáveis em espectrofotômetro. Os resultados demonstraram que em todos os tempos avaliados não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os mini-implantes dos Grupos 1 e 2. Esses grupos também foram estatisticamente similar ao Grupo C-, em todos os tempos, e ao Grupo CC nos tempos 24 e 48h e 7 dias (p > 0.05). No tempo 72h foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre o Grupo 1 e o CC (p < 0.05). Os mini-implantes ortodônticos avaliados não possuem caráter citotóxico no período de até 7 dias de avaliação.

Objective the present study aims to assess the cytotoxic effect of orthodontic mini-implants on L929 fibroblast cells. Six orthodontic mini-implants were divided into 2 groups for evaluation: Group 1 (golden colour, SIN - Sistema de Implante, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and Group 2 (silver colour, SIN - Sistema de Implante, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). All the mini-implants were previously sterilised using ultraviolet light. Next, the mini-implants were immersed into Eagle’s minimum essential medium (MEM) for 24 hours, where supernatant removal and contact with L929 fibroblasts were performed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in four different periods of time: 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours. After being in contact with the mini-implants immersed, the cells were incubated for further 24 hours and then 100 µl of 0.01% neutral-red staining solution were added. The cells were incubated again for 3 hours so that they could absorb the stain. After this period of time, they were fixed and a spectrophotometer. The results showed that at all times evaluated were not found statistical differences between the mini-implants of Group 1 and 2. These groups were also statistically similar to Group C, in all times and the CC Group at times 24, 48 and 7 days (p > 0.05). At time 72 hours was found statistical differences between Group 1 with the CC (p < 0.05). The orthodontic mini-implants have not evaluated the cytotoxic character period of up to 7 days of evaluation.

Toxicidad pulmonar asociada al empleo de oxígeno hiperbárico: procedimientos de cálculo / Pulmonary toxicity is associated with the hyperbaric oxygen: methods of calculation

OBJETIVOS: Estudiar si una exposición hiperbárica de larga duración motivada por la aparición de una enfermedad descompresiva bajo presión, presenta alteraciones espirométricas y si éstas están acompañadas de sintomatología clínica pulmonar compatible con toxicidad pulmonar por oxígeno. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: 3 buceadores profesionales que durante una inmersión a 100 metros de profundidad, uno de ellos presenta, antes de terminar la inmersión una patología descompresiva que requiere aumentar los tiempos de respiración de oxígeno, se realizan espirometrías pre- y post-inmersión midiendo: FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75, FEF 75-85, FEF 25, FEF 50, FEF 75. RESULTADOS: Los resultados post-inmersión demuestran un descenso global de todos los parámetros estudiados destacando el descenso de PEF (12.8%), FEF 50 (9,3%) y FEV1 (8.8%), de forma individual 2 buceadores mostraron descenso de todos los parámetros mientras que un buceador de los nueve parámetros estudiados solo experimentó descenso en cinco. Estos resultados no estuvieron acompañados de sintomatología pulmonar y carecieron de significado estadístico. CONCLUSIONES: Tras esta exposición hiperbárica se alteró el flujo y la capacidad sin la presencia de sintomatología clínica pulmonar y papel importante de la susceptibilidad individual. Los estudios de función pulmonar se deberían extender a colectivos sometidos a: cambios constantes de presión y a la respiración de oxígeno, gas con efectos tóxicos agudos y a largo plazo (AU)

INTRODUCTION: We studied if one hyperbaric exposition in the long term with decompression sickness under pressure causes disturbances in the pulmonary functions and if they are related with clinical manifestations which are compatibles with pulmonary oxygen toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHOD.-Three professional divers carried out one immersion at 100 meters of deep, only one person displayed, before the immersion was finished, one decompression pathology which need increase the times breathing of oxygen, we valued the pulmonary functions pre and post immersion so we measured: FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75, FEF 75-85, FEF 25, FEF 50 and FEF 75. RESULTS: The post immersion results showed one total decline of all studied parameters showed the decrease of PEF (12.8%), FEF 50 (9.3%) and FEV1 (8.8%), two divers showed one decline of all parameters meanwhile that one diver registered decrease only in five parameters. These results are not accompanied of pulmonary symptoms and of significant statistic. CONCLUSIONS: After this hyperbaric exposure, the flow and the capacity were disturbed but they did not show neither clinic pulmonary symptoms nor had one important role in the personal susceptibility. The studies of pulmonary function should include group with constant pressure changes and the breathing of oxygen, this gas have acute toxic effects in the long term (AU)

Insecticide resistance in Argentine populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the key pests of tomato in Argentina. Since its dispersal in the 1970s, chemical control has been the main method of controlling it. However, reduced efficacy of some of the recommended insecticides has been observed since the 1980s. The aim of this work was to study the toxicity of three insecticides widely used in chemical control of T. absoluta (abamectin, deltamethrin and methamidophos) on larvae from a laboratory susceptible population (CASTELAR) and two greenhouse populations (ROSARIO and BELLA VISTA). Insecticides were dissolved in acetone and topically applied to the mid-dorsal abdominal region of two-day old 4th instar larvae. LD50 values were estimated and the Resistance Ratio (RR) for each insecticide was calculated (RR = LD50 value of each greenhouse population/LD50 value of the susceptible population). ROSARIO and BELLA VISTA populations showed the following RRs values: > 68.38 for deltamethrin; 2.48 and 3.49 for abamectin, respectively; and 0.79 and 0.86 for metamidophos, respectively. Deltamethrin resistance observed in ROSARIO could be due to the high selective pressure exerted by pyrethroids in this location. Deltamethrin resistance in BELLA VISTA is more difficult to explain, because pyrethroids were scarcely used in the greenhouse where the insects were sampled. The incipient abamectin resistance detected in the BELLA VISTA population could result from the frequent use of this insecticide in this location, although natural variation can not be discarded.

A traça-do-tomateiro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), é uma das pragas chaves no tomateiro na Argentina. O controle químico tem sido o principal método de controle empregado a partir da sua dispersão nos anos 70. Contudo, tem-se observado uma redução na eficácia de alguns dos inseticidas recomendados a partir da década de 80. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a toxicidade de três inseticidas amplamente usados no controle químico de T. absoluta (abamectina, deltametrina e metamidofós) em larvas de uma população susceptível de laboratório (CASTELAR) e duas populações colectadas em casa de vegetação (ROSARIO e BELLA VISTA). Inseticidas foram diluídos em acetona e aplicados topicamente na região dorsal mediana do abdome de larvas no segundo dia do quarto estágio larval. Para cada inseticida estimou-se o LD50 e calculou-se o Nível de Resistência (NR = LD50 de cada população de casa de vegetação/LD50 população de laboratório). As populações de ROSARIO e BELLA VISTA mostraram os seguintes NRs: > 68.38 para deltametrina; 2.48 e 3.49 para abamectina, respetivamente; e 0.79 e 0.86 para metamidofós, respetivamente. A resistência a deltametrina observada em ROSARIO pode ser resultante da alta pressão seletiva exercida pelos piretróides nessa localidade. A resistência incipiente a abamectina detectada em BELLA VISTA pode ter sido causado pelo uso freqüente do inseticida nessa localidade ou pode estar associada à variação natural.