Diverse genetic subtypes of HIV-1 among female sex workers in Ibadan, Nigeria

Genetic diversity is the hallmark of HIV-1 infection. It differs among geographical regions throughout the world. This study was undertaken to identify the predominant HIV-1 subtypes among infected female sex workers (FSWs) in Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred and fifty FSWs from brothels in Ibadan Nigeria were screened for HIV antibody using ELISA. All reactive samples were further tested by the Western Blot Techniques. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were separated from the blood samples of each subject. Fragments of HIV Proviral DNA was amplified and genetic subtypes of HIV-1 was determined by direct sequencing of the env and gag genes of the viral genome followed by phylogenetic analysis . Results: The age of the FSWs ranged from 15 to 55 years old (Mean = 25.8years; SD =3.74). Majority were Nigerians while others (1.6 ) were from neighboring West Africa countries. Four ( 1.6 ) of the FSWs were active for less than one year as sex workers; and the mean length of sex work was 2.80 years ( Range = 1.0 - 15.0 years ). Sixty-four (25.6) of the 250 CSWs were positive for HIV-1 while 7 (2-8) had dual infections to HIV-1 / HIV-2. Among the 34 HIV-1 strains characterized by sequencing; 19 (55-9) were subtype G; 9 (26.5) CRF02_A/G; 3 (8.8) CRF06_cpx while 1 (2.9) each were identified as subtype C; CRF01_A/E and CRF09_cpx respectively. Nineteen (55.9) of the FSWs with subtype G had been active in the sex work for between one to five years. The youngest of the HIV -1 infected FSWs with sexual activity of less than a year had subtype G strain. There is a significant probability that infection with this subtype occurred with a short incubation period (p 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed a wide range of HIV- 1 subtypes among FSWs in Nigeria. The situation poses serious challenge for the design of HIV vaccine candidate for use in Nigeria

Genital ulcer diseases among HIV_infected female commercial sex workers in Ibadan, Nigeria

We evaluated the prevalence and association of Genital Ulcer Diseases (GUDs) among HIV-1 infected female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) in Ibadan; Nigeria. A total of 25O FCSWs from brothels in Ibadan were tested for presence of antibodies to HIV and Syphilis. Pelvic examinations for signs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were carried out on the subjects. Endocervical and high vaginal swabs were collected from each of the subjects to establish laboratory diagnosis of STIs. Their age ranged from 15 to 55 years (Mean = 25.8yrs; SD =3.74). Majority (246/250) were Nigerians; while 1.6were from neighboring West African countries. Sixty four (25.6) of the subjects were positive for HIV-1 while seven (2.8) had dual HIV-1/2 infection. Analysis of the STIs showed that 49 (19.6) of the CSWs had GUDs. Herpes genitalis was the commonest GUDs as it occurred in 25 (10) of the subjects. Other STIs identified were chancroid (5.6); syphilis (4.0) and lymphogranuloma venerum (LGV) (4). Sixteen (64.0) of the CSWs with herpes genitalis had HIV-1 infection. The risk ratio of herpes genitalis for HIV acquisition was 3.0 (95CI: 2.0 - 4.4). Syphilis and chancroid were also foundto be significantly associated with increased risk of HIV infection (p0.0001). The adjusted odd ratios for Herpes genitalis; chancroid; and syphilis were 3.7(1-13.0; p0.05); 19.8 (2.7-13 .0; p0.05) and 19.1(1-231.0; p 0.05) respectively. There is need to educate FCSWs continually to adopt safer sexual behaviours; seek early diagnosis and treatment of GUDs to reduce their risk of transmitting HIV infection

Occult HBV Infection among a Cohort of Nigerian Adults

Objective: To determine markers of HBV infection and detect the presence of its occult infection in serum of a cohort of adult Nigerians. Methodology: The study involved 28 adult Nigerians with viral hepatitis (Group 1) and 28 apparently healthy adult Nigerians as controls (Group 2). Their sera were assayed for HBsAg; HBeAg; anti-HBe; anti-HBc; anti-HBs; and anti-HCV; while HBV DNA was determined in 15 patients with chronic hepatitis. Significance of differences between the patients and control subjects was assessed using Chi-square test at a 95confidence level. Results: Sero-detection of HBsAg; HBeAg; anti-HBe and anti-HBc was higher among the patients compared to the controls. HBV infection was diagnosed by HBsAg (89) and a duo of HBsAg and anti-HBc (100) among the patients. Similarly; eleven and four types of different patterns of HBV markers were observed among the respective groups. Anti-HBe (9.5); anti-HBc (14.3); and anti-HBs (9.5) were detected among all the subjects who were sero-negative for HBsAg. HBV DNA was also detected in 86.7of the 15 patients with chronic hepatitis; while occult HBV infection was observed in 7.2of the patients and none (0) of the controls; p 0.05. Furthermore; HCV infection occurred among subjects with all the different patterns of HBV markers; except those with occult HBV infection and natural immunity to HBV. Conclusion: This study shows that occult HBV infection is present among Nigerian adults and determination of HBsAg; anti-HBc; anti-HBe; and HBV DNA will assist in its detection