Screening for oxacillin resistant salmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils within Kaduna south lga, Nigeria

Salmonella species is the causative agent of typhoid fever which is a disease characterized by high mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study was carried out to screen oxacillin resistantSalmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils and food vendors within Kaduna South LGA, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) swab samples were collected from pupils and food vendors of the three selected primary schools as the sampling location. Salmonella enterica was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. Isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 28 (70.0%), Augmentin® 25 (65.0%) amoxicillin 25 (62.5%) and vancomycin 22 (55.0%) but showed resistance to oxacillin 9 (22.5%), ampicillin 12 (30.0%), chloramphenicol 15 (37.5%) and tetracycline 16 (40.0%). Antibiotics that exhibited intermediate susceptibility were methicillin 8 (20.0%) and gentamicin 11 (27.5%). Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against Salmonella enterica. The presence of oxacillin-resistant Salmonella enterica was detected via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The study recommends that regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and good hygiene practices such as hand washing with soap and water and the use of alcoholic based hand sanitizers should be encouraged.

Anti-Salmonella activity of metabolites from African soldier termites, Macrotermes bellicosus

Background: The global emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains necessitate research to find new antimicrobials that will effectively be used against these pathogens. In the present study, anti-Salmonella activity of metabolites from African Soldier Termites, Macrotermes bellicosus was demonstrated and subsequently compared with a potent antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. Materials and Methods: N-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of metabolites from the M. bellicosus were assayed for anti-Salmonella activity using the agar dilution method in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The inhibitory activities of the extracts were compared to ciprofloxacin (256µg/ml). Also, the bioactive components of the extracts were determined using standard techniques. Results: At 4000 µg/ml, N-hexane extract inhibited the growth of Salmonella Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, B and C while ethylacetate extract was able to inhibit S. Paratyphi A and C. Methanolic and aqueous extracts at the same concentration were unable to inhibit these strains of Salmonella. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the MIC of ethylacetate extract was 2000µg/ml for S. Paratyphi A and B, 250µg/ml for S. Typhi, and 125µg/ml for S. Paratyphi C. Also, the MIC of hexane extract was 4000µg/ml for S. Paratyphi B, 2000 µg/ml for S. Paratyphi C, 500µg/ml for S. Typhi and 250µg/ml for S. Paratyphi A respectively. The screening of bioactive components revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence of anti-Salmonella action of metabolites from African Soldier Termites, M. bellicosus. N-hexane and ethylacetate extracts of M. bellicosus may be explored as novel antimicrobials for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers thereby reducing the pressure exerted on available antibiotics

The Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Species to Commonly Used Antibiotics in the Bamenda District Health Area; Cameroon

The susceptibility of Salmonella bacteria to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin; chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole is threatened by the emergence of resistance strains of Salmonella. A cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2014 to November 2014 in the Regional Hospital Bamenda on individuals presenting with symptoms of salmonellosis. The Salmonellae were isolated from stool by culturing in Salmonella-Shigella Agar and Kliger Iron Agar; the later in which the isolates produced specific biochemical characteristics which were conclusive. They were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton Agar following both CLSI and EUCAST manual instructions. A total of 253 samples were collected and 22 cases were positive for Salmonella species with a prevalence of 8.70%. The susceptibility of the isolated Salmonellae to seven antibiotics was noted with ciprofloxacin having an overall sensitivity of 52.38%; ofloxacin; 47.62%; ceftriaxone; 47.62%; and gentamicin; 38.10%. Chloramphenicol had a low sensitivity percentage of 28.57%; while co-trimoxazole and amoxicilin had a high resistance level of 100.00% (0% sensitivity). The fluoroquinolones were found to be the best drugs for the treatment of typhoid; but there was also a noticeable re-emergence of chloramphenicol susceptible Salmonella

Prevalence of Arcobacter, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus and Salmonella Species in Retail Raw Chicken, Pork, Beef and Goat Meat in Osogbo, Nigeria

Three hundred (300) samples of fresh raw chicken; beef; goat and pork meat were screened for Arcobacter species by selective cultural procedures and for Escherichia coli; Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus enriched in peptone water and then streaked onto appropriate bacteriological agar. From the 300 samples analysed; S. aureus {138 (46)} was the most frequently isolated organism; followed by E. coli {78 (26)}; Arcobacter spp. {57(19)} and Salmonella spp {6(2)}. In this study; varying level of resistance of Escherichia coli 66(84.6); Salmonella 6(100) and Arcobacter 57(100) to amoxicillin was observed. The susceptibility pattern indicates that the bacterial isolates exhibited a varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents with maximum resistance to amoxicillin. The detection of these organisms in meat may constitute a serious public health concern. Hence; there is a need for the implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System monitoring of critical contamination points used in meat production to ensure food safety in Nigeria

Antibacterial Effect of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants on Drug-Resistant Salmonella Species Isolated from Enviromental Sources

Sensitivity of Salmonella species isolated from different environmental sources to the extracts of Azadirachita indica; Psdium guajava; Kigelia africana and Aloe microcarpa was investigated. Susceptiblity of the isolates to amoxicillin; ofloxacin; tetracycline; gentamicin; nalixidic acid; nitrofuratoin and cotrimoxazone was also examined. The sensitivity assay was done using agar dilution technique at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20v/v. The concentration of all the extracts of the experimental plants that inhibited the growth of Salmonella species ranged from 10 to 20v/v with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.0v/v. All the extracts at concentration of 20v/v exhibited 100growth inhibition on Salmonella isolates. All the isolates exhibited resistance patterns ranging from 50 to 100against the antibiotics examined. Anti-nutrients constituents detected in all the plants materials were alkaloids (1.29-3.57); tannins (4.69-6.33); saponins (2.45-7.57); phenols (0.26- 0.60) and Flavonoids 0.41-1.00. The need to source for anti-typhoidal drugs from medicinal plants is discussed

Isolation, drug resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates in northern Morocco

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to assess the methods for the characterization of Salmonella isolates and to identify relationships of Salmonella isolates from human and food sources in northern Morocco. Methodology: Several Salmonella serotypes were isolated from human and food samples and were characterized using conventional culture methods, biochemical, serological, antimicrobial testing, and phage typing. Molecular analyses such as enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus(ERIC) - PCR, macrorestriction profiling by pulsed - field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and virulence gene analysis were also performed. Results: Sixteen Salmonella strains were isolated in our laboratory, serotyped and identified as S. Kottbus, S. Indiana, S. London, S. Typhi, S. Hadar, S. Corvallis, S. Mbandaka, S. Ouakam, S. Tm var. cop., S. Virchow, and S. Altona. The most common resistance profiles for the isolates was ATCFATSCGKSSS, belonging to phage type PT20, ATASCSS associated with strains DT104L/ad and ATATSS for isolates that were not type able. The PFGE patterns were different for each Salmonella serotype. All strains were negative for the virulence gene spvR. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of Salmonella in food and humans from Morocco. Comparison of molecular techniques for differentiating between human and food isolates of Salmonella in north of Morocco shows that ERIC typing and PFGE were more discriminating than the other techniques used in this study

Prevalence and Antibiotic-Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Food in Morocco

Background: Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent food-borne diseases worldwide; especially in developing countries. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates from food can potentially compromise the treatment of these infections. This investigation was conducted for the first time in Morocco both to detect the occurrence of Salmonella in foods as well as to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the Salmonella isolates. Methodology: In total; 11;516 food samples collected from 2002 to 2005 were investigated. Isolated Salmonella were characterized by serotyping and susceptibilities were determined for 15 antimicrobial drugs using the disc diffusion assay. Results: The overall percentage of Salmonella prevalence (n=105) was 0.91with rates of 71for slaughterhouses and 9for seafood. Sixteen different serotypes were identified among 104 Salmonella enterica isolates including serotypes Infantis (n=25); Bredeney (n=13); Blokley (n=11); Typhimurium (n=9); Mbandaka (n=8); Branderup II (n=7); and Kiambu (n=6); 1 isolate of Salmonella enterica belonged to subspecies II salamae. Twenty-nine percent of isolates (n=30/105) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Resistance to tetracycline was the most common finding (21); followed by resistance to ampicillin (13); amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (9); streptomycin (7); chloramphenicol (4) and nalidixic acid (3;8). None of the isolates was resistant to 3rd-cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones (i.e. ciprofloxacin). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was seen in 9.5of the isolates; mainly in S.. Typhimurium DT104 with R-type ACSSuT and S. Hadar. Conclusions: Despite a low frequency of Salmonella isolation; S. Typhimurium DT104 was identified in the first step of the food chain. The study points out the need control antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolated from food in Morocco to avoid the spread of MDR

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella typhi and Candida Albicans isolates in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing patterns of Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi isolates. Fifteen isolates of each microorganism were collected from three hospitals located in Dar es Salaam region within a 3-month period in the year 2005. Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi isolates were purified by sub-culturing on appropriate culture media in order to obtain pure cultures of the assayed microorganisms. Candida albicans isolates were identified by Gram staining technique and germ tube test; while S. typhi isolates were also identified by Gram staining technique followed by sub-culturing in various selective and differential culture media; then confirmed by immunological (agglutination) test. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the assayed microbial isolates were determined by the disk diffusion technique of Stokes. The disk strength and tentative sizes of zones of inhibition (ZI) were interpreted in accordance with American National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS). Antifungal susceptibility patterns for C. albicans isolates showed that azoles are more efficacious than other assayed antifungal agents. Results of antibacterial susceptibility revealed that all the assayed S. typhi isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole; but were sensitive to ciprofloxacin; gentamicin; ampicillin; doxcycline and ceftriaxone. Therefore; this study finding calls for a need to review the current prescription and dispensing practices of antimicrobial agents in both hospitals and pharmacies respectively. Furthermore; it is recommended that a nationwide study on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern should be conducted in order to come up with national policy on rational use of antibiotics

Childhood Septicaemia Due To Salmonella Species in Ibadan, Nigeria

A cross sectional study to assess the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella isolates in septicaemic children who were presented at the children's emergency unit and children out-patient clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan was undertaken. A total of 442 samples from children (6months and 11 years) with the history of fever were investigated, using blood culture method. The frequency of 151 bacteria isolated, were as follows: Staphylococcus aureus 50 (33.1%), Escherichia coli 29 (19.2%), Salmonella typhi 19 (12.6%), Staphylococcus albus 14(9.3%), Klebsiella species 12(7.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10(6.6%), Enterococcus faecalis 9(5.9%), Salmonella paratyphi 6(3.9%) and Haemophilus species 2(1.3%). Septicaemia due to Salmonella speciesshowed the highestamongchildren aged5-11years bracket (56%), followed by 1-5 years group (36%); while those within 0-1 year group showed the lowest frequency of (8%). Inthe antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, only Ceftriaxone showed 100% sensitivity in-vitro.While Gentamicin, Ofloxacin,Cefrazidime; Augmentin, Pefloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxycillin, Cotrimoxazole showed varied sensitivity/resistance in descending order. These findings suggest an increasing resistance to the antibiotics commonly used for salmonellosis and the rate at which bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial agents is of public health concern. This calls for routine bacteriological culture and sensitivity test in the management of bacterial infections. Furthermore, the provision of adequate health care, wholesome water for drinking and domestic use by governments cannot be overemphasized

Susceptibility of salmonella; shigella and vibrio cholerae 01 to antimicrobial agents at Muhimbili Medical Centre; Dar es Salaam during 1990-19 [sic]

Surveillance of susceptibility of salmonelle; shigella; and v.cholerae 01 to antimicrobial agents was conducted in the period January 1990 - June 1991 at Muhimibili Medical Centre Dar es Salaam. Of the 82 salmonella isolates studied 53(64.4 percent) were resistant to sulphonamide/trimethoprim; 50(61 percent) to ampicillin; 31(37.8 percent) to tetracycline and none was resistant to chlormaphenicol or ciprofloxacin. Of 73 shigella isolates 44(60.2 percent) were equally resistant to sulphonamide/trimethoprim and ampicillin; and 43(58.9 percent) to tetracycline. Eight (10.9 percent) of the shigella were resistant to chloramphenicol and 1(1.3 percent) was resistant to augmentin and none was resistant to ciprofloxacin. [abstract terminated]

Tetracycline resistance genes in salmonella tyhimurium in a hospital in Kenya

Tetracyclines have been among the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. Plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance among hospital strains of bacteria has increased through the many years of usage. The major concern has been the transfer of resistance to pathogenic organisms. Bacteraemia due to S. typhimurium has been a major cause of morbidity at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH); hence the need to study drug resistance patten of this organism and to characterize the tetracycline resistance genes using oligonucleotide probes. 97 S. typhimurium strains isolated from patients at KNH were used. Agar dilution method was used todetermine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plasmids were isolated from each strain and the different plasmid profiles were grouped by their molecular weights into 6 plasmid profile groups. Tetracycline resistance genes were characterized using oligonucleotide probes. 87 out of 97 (88) strains were resistant. MIC ranged from 1 ug/ml to 128 ug/ml. Genes encoding for tetracycline resistance were located on plasmids of molecular weights 65 MDa; 5.2 or both. Salmonellosis is a public health problem in Kenya especially bacteraemia due to S. typhimurium. Plasmid-encoded natimicrobial resistance is likely to spread to other pathogenic organisms; reduce our ability to treat the infection and increase cost and duration of treatment

Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae; Kenya; 1994-2003

The lecture deals with the problem of the increasing of multidrugs resistant Salmonella in a developing country such as Kenya