Occurrence of high level methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureusin patients from health facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Background:Methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA) has become a major public health predicament worldwide. This is owing to its involvement in the evolution of MDR strains and difficulty in therapeutic management of infected patients. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureusamong patients in two health facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.Materials and Methods:Clinical isolates of patients from University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), Uyo and General Hospital, Ikot Abasi (GHIA) were investigated based on the strategic location of the hospitals. The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three hundred clinical samples were collected from male and female in and out-patients of all ages and processed using standard bacteriological methods. Detection of Staphylococcus aureusand MRSAstrains were done according to standard protocols while antibiotic susceptibility testing of MRSAisolates was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted following the CLSI 2021 guidelines. Results:The prevalence of MRSAstrains in this study was 42.9%. Majority of patients with MRSAwere from UUTH (44%) closely followed by patients from GHIA(40%). High antibiotics resistant rates of MRSAwere recorded for ampicillin (96.6%), ciprofloxacin (73.3%), erythromycin (63.3%) and cotrimoxazole (60%). Gentamicin and ceftriaxone sensitivity rates were 53.3% and 63.4%, respectively. Conclusion:Health facilities in the state should institute effective antimicrobial stewardship, intensify surveillance and screening of Staphylococcus aureusfor MRSAstrains to guard against dissemination of multidrug resistant strains in both hospital and community settings because of the clinical implications.

Phenotypic Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Healthcare Institutions in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a cosmopolitan and pathogenic microorganism associated with various diseases spectra and antimicrobial resistance of public health importance.Aim: This study determined the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolated from patients in healthcare institutions in Zaria metropolis.STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out in 5 healthcare institutions. Four hundred and twenty clinical samples were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Majority of the patients (54.3%) were within the age range 21­40 years and mean age of 26.04 ± 12 years. Approximately, 70% of the respondents had history of antibiotic use prior to consultation in the hospitals and wereselfprescribed, and 91.2% were outpatients. The most commonly abused antibiotics were ampicillin-cloxacillin (19.5%) and cotrimoxazole (10.0%), and the mean duration of their use was 3.5 ± 1.3 days. The detection rate for S. aureus was 10% and 5.2% for MRSA. The S. aureus isolates showed the highest frequency of resistance against ampicillin 42 (100%), followed by penicillin G 39 (92.9%) and least was to gentamicin 5 (11.9%). The frequency of resistance for the MRSA were ampicillin 22 (100%), penicillin G 21(95.5%) and least was to gentamicin 2 (9.1%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of oxacillin were greater than 128 µg /ml. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of S. aureus and MRSA strains are of great public health concern which requires continuous health education on rational use of antibiotics among others

Profiles of sugar fermenting bacteria of the oral cavity among children with dental caries attending stomatology services at Ruhengeri referral hospital in Musanze District, Northern Rwanda

Background: Dental caries remains a public health threat of concern among children. About 2.3 billion people are affected by dental caries, of which 530 million are children globally. Objective: This study was carried out to identify sugar fermenting bacteria in the oral cavity and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, assess the association with sugar fermenter bacteria and dental caries and evaluate dental caries outcomes among children. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between October 2021 and February 2022 at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital. About 136 oral swab samples were collected from children with and without dental caries at 1:1 ratio. The samples were put in Stuart sterile container and transported to INES-clinical microbiology laboratory for microbial identification. Logistic regression analysis of demographic characteristics was performed to study the relationship between demographic variables and dental caries. Chi-square test was performed for the association between variables. Results: About 67.6% were male, while children of age 7­9 years (64.7%) dominated the age groups. Lactobacilli spp (15.29%) and Streptococcus mutans (12.94%) were the most predominant microorganisms observed in the oral cavity among children with dental caries. The S. mutans (x2 = 27.03, P < 0.00001, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.2901­0.5785), S. aureus (x2 = 34.59, P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 0.3541­0.6292), Enterobacter aerogenes (x2 = 13.5, P = 0.000239, 95% CI = 0.151­0.4622), Serratia marcescens (x2 = 11.64, P = 0.00645, 95% CI = 0.1275­0.4418) and Klebsiella pneumonia (x2 = 13.51, P = 0.000237, 95% CI = 0.1511­0.4623) were significantly associated with dental caries. Teeth loss (x2 = 51.04, P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 0.4757­0.7205), teeth pain (x2 = 5.05, P = 0.0246, 95% CI = 0.0249­0.33499), and infection (x2 = 4.73, P = 0.02964, 95% CI = 0.0186­0.3441) were dental outcomes associated with tooth decay. Ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and amoxicillin were the most sensitive antibiotics, while vancomycin and chloramphenicol were the most resistant. Conclusion: Sugar consumption favours the growth of sugar fermenter bacteria that cause dental caries among children. Dental caries is associated with adverse oral health outcomes among children. Oral health education is recommended for children. Parents are advised to reduce the consumption of sugary food for their children for oral health safety.

Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a hospital in Ghana

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major cause of hospital- and community-acquired infection. They can colonize humans and cause a wide range of infections including pneumonia, endocarditis and bacteraemia. We investigated the molecular mechanism of resistance and virulence of MRSA isolates from a teaching hospital in Ghana. Methodology: A total of 91 S. aureus isolates constituted the initial bacterial sample. Identification of S. aureus was confirmed by the VITEK 2 system. The cefoxitin screen test was used to detect MRSA and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 system. The resistance (mecA, blaZ, aac-aph, ermC, and tetK) and virulence (lukS/F-PV, hla, hld and eta) genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and positive samples subjected to DNA sequencing. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to ascertain the relatedness of the isolates. Results: Fifty-eight of 91 (63.7%) isolates were putatively methicillin resistant by the phenotypic cefoxitin screen test and oxacillin MICs. However, 43 (47%) of the isolates were genotypically confirmed as MRSA based on PCR detection of the mecA gene. Furthermore, 37.9% of isolates displayed resistance to tetracycline, 19% to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 15.5% to clindamycin, 12.1% to gentamicin, 13.8% to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, 6.9% to moxifloxacin and 7.0% to rifampicin. None of the isolates was positive for inducible clindamycin resistance. The prevalence of resistance (mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-aph(2''), tetK, and ermC) and virulence (hla and lukS/F-PV) genes respectively were 74%, 33%, 22%, 19%, 3%, 5% and 3%, with isolates organized in two highly related clades. Conclusion: Results indicate a fairly high occurrence of MRSA, which can complicate the effective therapy of S. aureus infections, necessitating surveillance and stringent infection control programmes to forestall its spread

Characterization of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from gills and gastro-intestinal tracts of catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and water samples from Jabi Lake, Abuja, Nigeria

Background: The isolation of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in freshwater fish poses a threat to public health because of the risk of human infections from consumption of such contaminated fish. Studies assessing antibiotic resistance of bacteria from body parts of fish and freshwater in Nigeria are sparse in the literature. This study therefore characterized S. aureus isolates from gills and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and water samples from Jabi Lake, Nigeria Methodology: Over a period of three months (April to June 2018), gills and GIT samples of 30 fish, and water samples randomly collected from 6 sites of the Lake, were cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) for the isolation of S. aureus. Standard biochemical tests were used for bacteria identification, and antibiogram of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. Results: The bacterial colony count in the gills (54.6±1.41 x 105 CFU/ml) and GIT (54.3±1.31 x 105 CFU/ml) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the count from water sample (27.7±2.85 x 105 CFU/mL). S. aureus was isolated from 53% (16 of 30) of the gills, 57% (17 of 30) of the GIT, and 33% (2 of 6) of the water samples (p<0.05). Ninety four point one percent of S. aureus recovered from gills were resistant to ampicillin while 53.3% from the GIT were resistant to levofloxacin. S. aureus from water samples were resistant (100%) to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamycin, amoxicillin, rifampicin, erythromycin, ampicillin and levofloxacin, and 50% were resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The presence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus in this study may be the result of selective antimicrobial pressure from anthropogenic activities as a result of abuse and overuse of antimicrobials leading to residual antibiotics in the aquatic environment

Résistance aux antibiotiques des souches de staphylococcus aureus et des enterobactéries isolés au LNSP de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Le contexte africain est marqué par l'absence de réseau de surveillance de la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques. Des études indiquent pourtant des niveaux élevés de prévalence de Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticiline (SARM) et des Entérobactéries productrices de ß lactamases à spectre étendu (E-BLSE) dans les prélèvements provenant de patients hospitalisés ou en communauté. Le but de la présente étude est de décrire les phénotypes de résistances de Staphyloccocus aureus et des entérobactéries afin d'améliorer la prise en charge des maladies bactériennes. Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale réalisée du 10 Septembre 2014 au 10 Mars 2015, à partir des isolats de S. aureus et d'entérobactéries provenant de prélèvements biologiques reçus au Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP). La sensibilité aux antibiotiques des souches bactériennes a été réalisée selon les recommandations du Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie (CA.SFM) 2014. La recherche de la résistance de S. aureus à la meticilline a été réalisée par l'oxacilline 5µg ; la sécrétion de ß Lactamase à Spectre Elargie (BLSE) a été confirmée après observation d'une image en « bouchon de champagne ». Au total, 665 échantillons ont été traités et 197 souches pathogènes, ont été identifiées dont 160 entérobactéries et 37 Staphylococcus aureus. Globalement, 32 % des Staphylococcus aureus étaient résistants à la méticiline. Toutes les souches étaient sensibles aux aminosides. Parmi les entérobactéries, 98,3 % des E. coli et 94,7 % de K. pneumoniae étaient résistantes à l'amoxicilline + acide clavulanique et 36,4 % de E. coli et 26,3 % K. pneumoniae présentaient une résistance aux céphalosporines de 3e génération. Les entérobactéries productrices de BLSE étaient de 35 %. L'imipenème restait actif sur 100 % des entérobactéries. Cette étude interpelle les autorités sanitaires à l'instauration d'un système de surveillance des pharmaco résistances et les agents de santé sur la promotion du bon usage des antibiotiques et les bonnes pratiques d'hygiène hospitalière

Antibiotics resistance profile of staphylococci isolated from urogenital infections and toxins production of staphylococcus aureus strains

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and seek toxin production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from urogenital infections. Material and Methods: The staphylococci strains were isolated from urogenital samples collected from hospitalized patients or not. The antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the diffusion method and the search of production of toxin by S. aureus was done by radial immunoprecipitation technique. Results: Out of the 1904 samples analyzed, 80 staphylococci strains were isolated. The major (70%) part of the positive samples were coagulase-negative staphylococci composed of S. saprophyticus (50.0%), S. epidermidis (16.25%), S. xylosus (2.5%), and S. haemolyticus (1.25%). S. aureus was the unique coagulase positive strains. It was observed a multi-resistance of the isolated strains to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and co-trimazole. All the S. haemolyticus and S. xylosus strains were resistant to methicillin. Nitrofurantoin was the most active molecule in all kind of strains. There was no methicillin-resistant S. aureus producing Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) detected but all the S. aureus producing PVL were community methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Most of the tested strains produced ETB (83.33%) and ETA (45.33%). Conclusion: The presence of multidrug resistance staphylococci strains producing toxins indicate an existence of potential reservoir of virulent antibiotics resistance stains in the community

Bacteriologie de l'otite moyenne suppuree chronique de l'enfant au Mali

Introduction: L'otite moyenne suppuree chronique est une affection frequente chez l'enfant. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent favoriser l'installation d'un tel processus infectieux (rhinopharyngites; otites mal traitees .). L'identification du germe causal de l'otite est une etape essentielle pour mener un traitement adequat. But : Determiner l'ecologie bacterienne des otites purulentes chroniques de l'enfant dans notre unite. Patients et methodes : L'etude menee de novembre 2010 a octobre 2011 a concerne 76 jeunes patients (40 filles et 36 garcons ages de 6 a 180 mois avec une moyenne d'age de 52;73 mois) presentant une otite moyenne suppuree chronique. L'otorrhee purulente des 76 patients (80 oreilles) a ete prelevee. Celle-ci etait recueillie a l'oreille d'un ecouvillon sterile apres nettoyage du conduit auditif externe et conduit le meme jour au laboratoire pour examen bacteriologique. Resultats : 94;74 des prelevements etaient positifs et 5;26 etaient steriles. Parmi les prelevements positifs 75 etaient monomicrobiens et 25 plurimicrobiens. Staphylococcus aureus (41;31); proteus mirabilis (34;79) sont les principales especes bacteriennes responsables d'otite moyenne suppuree chronique chez l'enfant dans notre unite. Conclusion : Ainsi le role pathogene de staphylococcus aureus est preponderant dans les otites moyennes suppurees chroniques de l'enfant dans notre unite

Invasive Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Diabetes Mellitus : Review

Staphylococcus aureus; the most virulent of the many staphylococcal species; has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of numerous effective anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. S. aureus causes disease through both toxin-mediated and non-toxin-mediated mechanisms. This organism is responsible for both healthcare-associated and community-based infections ranging from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to severe life-threatening systemic infections. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of invasive S aureus infections. This article focuses on the spectrum of invasive S aureus infections and discusses the clinical features; investigations and management of these infections in patients with diabetes mellitus

Antibiotics susceptibility profile of staphylococcus aureus isolated from the anterior nares of hospital personnel in Yaounde, Cameroon

Purpose: Hospital personnel are often colonized with resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA). These strains could be transmitted to patients; complicating treatment options particularly in resource-limited areas where antimicrobial susceptibility assessment is not systematic. In view of guiding empiric treatment in such patients; we assessed antimicrobial susceptibility profile of SA isolated from the anterior nares of hospital personnel of three health institutions in Yaounde; Cameroon in a cross sectional study. We also assessed risk factors associated with the presence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: The antibiotic susceptibility profile of fifty eight SA strains isolated from hospital personnel to sixteen commonly used antibiotics was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Methicillin resistant strains were determined by the Oxacillin Minimum Inhibitory concentration technique.Results: All the isolates were resistant to penicillin; ampicillin; and amikacin. No resistance was recorded for netilmicin; vancomycin; and low for gentamicin; rifampin and cephalotin. Eight (13.8) of the isolates were found to be MRSA. We found 85of MRSA to be resistant to more than six of the tested antibiotics. No association was found between demographic variables or personal habits and nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant strains.Conclusion: A relatively high proportion of SA isolates in this study were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. This calls for regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns

Characterisation of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteraemia at Tygerberg Hospital

To elucidate the local epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia; we characterised blood culture isolates using molecular methods and prospectively collected clinical data to determine the occurrence of community-acquired; methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Consecutive S. aureus blood culture isolates were collected over a one-year period from patients who were admitted to Tygerberg Academic Hospital in the Western Cape. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of spa; mecA and lukS/F-PV genes. Strain typing was performed using spa typing. Multiplex PCR for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was also performed; as well as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on selected isolates. Cases were categorised by clinical data as either hospital-acquired; healthcare-associated or community-acquired. One hundred and thirteen S. aureus isolates (30 MRSA) were collected from 104 cases of bacteraemia. According to clinical data; all community-acquired infections; 54 of hospital-acquired cases and the majority of healthcare-associated cases were due to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Furthermore; all Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive isolates (15.9 of all S. aureus) were MSSA. MRSA strains were isolated from hospital-acquired cases (with a minority of healthcare-associated cases) and clustered mainly in spa-CC701 and CC012. SCCmec type IV was predominant. MLST clones included ST239-MRSAIII; ST36-MRSA-II and ST612-MRSA-IV. The predominant source for S. aureus bacteraemia was catheter-related infection (39). Community-acquired S. aureus infections in our setting remain sensitive to methicillin and current treatment guidelines suffice. The majority of hospital-acquired and healthcare-associated infections were catheter-related. Prevention and treatment should be targeted accordingly

The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates from Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Hospital; South East Nigeria

Pathogenic microorganisms resistant to commonly used antibiotics are of worldwide concern. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reported worldwide and causes both hospital and community-associated infections in humans. Sixty-five (65) Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical samples were screened for methicillin resistance in order to evaluate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains at Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital; Abakaliki and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of MRSA strains. Susceptibility testing of the isolates to oxacillin and to some other conventional antimicrobial sensitivity discs commonly used in the study area was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Of the 65 Staphylococcus aureus isolates screened; 15 (23) were susceptible to methicillin while 50 (77) were resistant to methicillin. The Methicillin-resistant isolates showed 100resistance to ciprofloxacin; ceftriaxone; nitrofurantoin and erythromycin. The percentage resistance recorded for other antibiotics were ofloxacin (88); ampicillin (76); gentamicin (72); while the lowest resistance; (40) was recorded for vancomycin. It was noted that vancomycin is still the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of MRSA infections. It was concluded that the prevalence of MRSA is high in the study area; and this should necessitate caution in the prescription of antibiotics without proper indication

Management Challenges of Pediatric Infective Endocarditis at Tertiary Level in Rwanda

Background: Management of Infective Endocarditis (IE) has been of great challenge for many years. Rapid diagnosis; effective treatment; and prompt recognition of complications are essential to good patient outcome as this condition is associated with a high morbidity and mortality in both adults and pediatric patients. In limited resources settings; management of IE is still a challenge due to early inappropriate antibiotherapy and therefore difficulties in its diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: To elicit challenges in management of patients suspected of IE at tertiary level in Rwanda. Methods: We report four patients with IE. For these patients; Duke's criteria were considered in making the diagnosis. Results and Conclusion: IE has protean clinical symptoms and signs; and can be of challenging diagnosis. The patients reported constituted a clinical challenge in the diagnosis and management of IE but most of them had had favorable outcome. The main clinical challenge was the prolonged stay to peripheral settings with inappropriate antibiotherapy which made most of the blood cultures falsely negative. Echocardiography and serial blood cultures provide the key to diagnosis as per Dukes criteria. Being alert to this mentioned challenge is crucial. As the key investigations are not steadily available in most peripheral health facilities; we strongly recommend early referral to tertiary level for all cases of suspected IE before initiation of antibiotherapy

Nasal Carriage of Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Healthy Inhabitants of Amassoma in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Background: Nasal Staphylococcus aureus is a major source of community and hospital associated staphylococcal infections. This study determined the prevalence of nasal S. aureus isolates and investigated their antimicrobial resistance profile in healthy volunteers. Methods: Nasal specimens of healthy volunteers in Amassoma were cultured and screened for S. aureus using standard microbiological protocols and their antibiotic profile susceptibility was investigated using disc diffusion and agar dilution techniques. Results: A total of 40 (33.3) S. aureus isolates were obtained from 120 nares specimens screened. Twenty three (57.5) and 17 (42.5) of the isolates were from university students and villagers respectively. The isolates showed an overall 75resistance to ampicillin; 52.5to doxycycline; 47.5to chloramphenicol; 35to erythromycin and 32.5to cotrimoxazole; with 27.5methicillin resistant. No isolate was resistant to gentamicin while few isolates were resistant to cefuroxime (2.5); augmentin (5.0); ciprofloxacin (10.0); ofloxacin (10.0) and vancomycin (7.5). Twenty one (52.5) of all the isolates were multi-drug resistant; ten (47.6) of which were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and only 3 (7.5) were fully susceptible to all the tested antimicrobial drugs. Conclusions: The observation calls for strategies to prevent their spread to more vulnerable populations where the consequences of their infections can be severe

Impetigo in Children: A Clinical Guide and Treatment Options

Impetigo is a contagious; superficial bacterial infection of the skin; most frequently encountered in children. Causative organisms are almost always Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci; or a combination of the two. Predisposing factors are nasal and perineal colonisation; overcrowding; poor personal hygiene; minor skin trauma and preexisting skin diseases with disrupted skin barrier function; like eczema. Infection is mainly acquired through contact with sufferers or nasal carriers. Treatment should be given to avoid spread of the disease; and to minimise the risk of infecting others. Although the majority of cases of impetigo are self-limiting; under certain circumstances complications like toxic shock syndrome; staphylococcal osteomyelitis; septic arthritis and pneumonia can occur. Furthermore; certain strains of group A ?-haemolytic streptococci causing impetigo may result in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; just like streptococcal throat infections can result in rheumatic fever in children; but the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. It appears to be due to abnormal immune response or hypersensitivity to streptococcal antigens

Prevalence of Arcobacter, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus and Salmonella Species in Retail Raw Chicken, Pork, Beef and Goat Meat in Osogbo, Nigeria

Three hundred (300) samples of fresh raw chicken; beef; goat and pork meat were screened for Arcobacter species by selective cultural procedures and for Escherichia coli; Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus enriched in peptone water and then streaked onto appropriate bacteriological agar. From the 300 samples analysed; S. aureus {138 (46)} was the most frequently isolated organism; followed by E. coli {78 (26)}; Arcobacter spp. {57(19)} and Salmonella spp {6(2)}. In this study; varying level of resistance of Escherichia coli 66(84.6); Salmonella 6(100) and Arcobacter 57(100) to amoxicillin was observed. The susceptibility pattern indicates that the bacterial isolates exhibited a varying level of resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents with maximum resistance to amoxicillin. The detection of these organisms in meat may constitute a serious public health concern. Hence; there is a need for the implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System monitoring of critical contamination points used in meat production to ensure food safety in Nigeria

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Beta-lactamase Production in Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Recurrent Furunculosis in Southwestern; Nigeria

Furuculosis is a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterised by honey crusted 'cropped' latent boil with potential to recur in a susceptible host. Isolates of S.aureus obtained from both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients with furuncles in Southwest; Nigeria were characterised in relation to their resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Exudates of 'cropped-boils' from one hundred and forty (140) individuals consisting of forty (40) hospitalised and one hundred (100) non-hospitalised cases of recurrent furunculosis were screened for S. aureus. One hundred and two (102) were positive for the organism by conventional biochemical tests. Detection of ?-Iactamase was determined by cell-suspension iodometric method. Of the 102 isolates; 30(29.4) strains possessed ?-lactamase and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected antibiotics was in the range of 3.95- 250?g/ml. The multiple drug resistance as evident in high MICs of the antibiotics tested could probably be due to abuse/misuse of antibiotics resulting in recurrence of furuncles in the patients

Nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among children in Freetown; Sierra Leone

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus has been demonstrated to be a major risk factor for invasive S. aureus infections in various population including children. The extent of S. aureus carriage in Sierra Leonean children is largely unknown. To determine the prevalence and pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of nasal S. aureus among children in Freetown; Sierra Leone; samples were collected from anterior nares of children less than two years at the Ola During Children's Hospital between October 2008 and April 2009. Of the 116 children screened during the study period; S. aureus isolates were found in the nasal specimens of 40 (34.5) of the children. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to norfloxacin; gentamycin; erythromycin; trimethoprim-sulfamethazole; doxycycline; tetracycline and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid were observed to be 95; 35; 30; 20; 15; 7.5 and 2.5respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to oxacillin and resistant to chloramphenicol; penicillin G; amoxycillin and ampiclox. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern may be useful