Avaliação da dosagem de própolis pulverizada nas folhas de amoreira (morus sp.) sobre o desenvolvimento biológico e produtivo do bicho-da-seda (bombyx mori l.) / Evaluación de la dosis de propóleos esparcidas en las hojas de morera (morus sp.) en el desarrollo biológico y productivo del gusano de seda (bombyx mori l.) / Evaluation of the doses of propolis pulverization in mulberry leaves (morus sp.) on the biological and productive development of silkworm (bombyx mori l.)

Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de 17/09/2009 a 17/10/2009, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato alcoólico de própolis, diluído em 500 mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 5mL, 10mL, 15mL e 20mL compondo os tratamentos T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas interferem no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes e crisálidas quando comparado ao tratamento controle, influenciando também no número de casulos formados e, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido não apresentaram resultados significativos, quando comparados com o tratamento controle. Portanto, verificou-se que a própolis, nas dosagens utilizadas, não trouxe efeitos depressivos à biologia e produção do bicho-da-seda.

This experiment was conducted at the Sericulture Laboratory, in the Campus Sede of the Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) in Umuarama, from 17/09/2009 to 17/10/2009, in order to verify the effects of propolis in different dosages during the development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L). The method used during the experiment was the dillution of an alcohoolic solution of propolis, in 500 mL of destilled water with its further pulverization on mullberry leaves, with the following doses: water control; 5 mL; 10 mL; 15 mL; 20 mL, composing the following treatments: T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, respectively. The mullberry leaves were sprinkled five times a day, during the feed management. It was verified by the results that the different doses of propolis used interfere with gain-weight of the larvae, weight of cocoons and chrysalis, when compared to control. The treatment also influenced the number of cocoons formed. The contento fraw and liquid silk were not significant when compared with the control. Therefore, it was concluded that the propolis, used in those dosages, brought no depressive effects to the development and the production of silkworm.

Este experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Sericicultura del Campus Sede de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, en el período de 17/09/2009 a 17/10/2009, con el objetivo de verificar el efecto de propóleos en diferentes dosis en la alimentación durante el desarrollo biológico del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). El método usado en la parte experimental fue la pulverización del extracto alcohólico de propóleos, diluido en 500 ml de agua destilada en las hojas de morera, en las siguientes dosis: agua control, 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml y 20 ml componiendo los tratamientos T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, respectivamente. Las hojas de morera fueron suministradas cinco veces al día, durante el manejo alimentar. Por los resultados obtenidos se verificó que las dosis diferentes de propóleos utilizadas interfieren en el gano de peso de los gusanos, en el peso de los capullos verdes y crisálidas cuando comparado al tratamiento control, influenciando también en el número de capullos formados y, para contenidos de seda bruta y líquida no presentan resultados significativos, mientras comparado con el tratamiento control. Sin embargo, se puede verificar que propóleos, en dosis utilizadas, no trajo efectos depresivos a la biología y producción del gusano.

Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Costa Rica: population dynamics and its influence on the colony condition of Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The development of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) population dynamics in Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies was monitored from February to July 2004 in Atenas, Costa Rica. A correlation between the mite infestation level and the colony condition was evaluated. For each colony, infestation of varroa in adult bees was measured twice a month. Sticky boards were placed on the bottom boards of each colony to collect fallen mites. The condition of the colonies was evaluated by measuring the amount of brood and adult bees. Our results consistently showed that mite infestation on adult bees increased significantly in the experimental colonies, rising to 10.0% by the end of the experiment. In addition, the mean mite fall increased significantly over the course of the study in the treated (R= 0.72, P<0.05) and untreated colonies (R= 0.74, P<0.05) to a level of 63.8 and 73.5 mites per day, respectively. The increase in varroa infestation coincided with a decrease in the amount of brood. Furthermore, adult bees with deformed wings or even without wings crawling in front of their hive occurred in highly infested colonies (mite infestation = 10.0% or more). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1741-1747. Epub 2008 December 12.

La dinámica poblacional del ácaro Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) en abejas africanizadas, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) fue monitoreada de febrero a julio 2004, en Atenas, Costa Rica. Asimismo, se analizó la relación entre el nivel de infestación de varroa y la condición de la colmena. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor fue evaluada en abejas adultas dos veces al mes. Además, se colocaron trampas adhesivas en el fondo de la colmena para recoger los ácaros que caen naturalmente. La condición de la colmena fue determinada midiendo la cantidad de cría y la población de abejas adultas. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor en abejas adultas aumentó significativamente durante el estudio hasta alcanzar un 10.0%. Igualmente, la caída natural de ácaros se incrementó, tanto en colmenas que fueron tratadas previa-mente con un acaricida químico (R= 0.72, P<0.05) como en colmenas sin tratamiento (R= 0.74, P<0.05), hasta llegar a 63.8 y 73.5 ácaros por día, respectivamente. El aumento de la infestación en las colmenas coincidió con una disminución en la cantidad de cría. La presencia de abejas adultas con alas deformes o sin alas, arrastrándose en frente de la colmena, fue observada en colmenas altamente infestadas con el ácaro de la varroa (infestación superior = 10.0%).

Morbilidad materna extrema: las casi-muertas en la región Centroamericana julio a diciembre de 2007 / Extreme maternal morbidity: the almost-dead in Central America in July to December 2007

El estudio de la mortalidad materna ha sido el objetivo principal para la evaluación y monitoreo de las unidades responsables de ofrecer atención materna. Los eventos de pacientes obstétricas casi-muertas se han definido como mujeres embarazadas con una condición que complicó la gestación y que pudo haber culminado en una muerte materna. El término casi-muerta (near-miss) fue utilizado por primera vez en 1991 por Stones.

A survey of the termite fauna (Isoptera) of an eucalypt plantation in central Brazil

The termite fauna of a plantation of Eucaliptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Mytaceae) in Buritis, Minas Gerais, was manually sampled in 12 transects. The assemblage contained 28 species belonging to Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae. This assemblage corresponds to a subset of the native fauna of the cerrado previously present in this region. Compared to the original native fauna, it has a lower species richness, a much lower proportion of soil-feeders and a higher proportion of litter-feeders. A total of 1600 recently cut trees were examined and only three (0.2 percent) had damage to the heartwood caused by Coptotermes sp. Despite the presence of a diverse termite fauna including several putative pest species, termites are not considered a significant problem to eucalypt plantations in this region.

Os cupins de uma plantação de Eucaliptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Mytaceae) em Buritis, MG, foram amostrados manualmente em 12 transectos. A taxocenose encontrada continha 28 especies pertencentes a Termitidae e Rhinotermitidae. Essa taxocenoce corresponde a um subconjunto da fauna nativa do cerrado anteriormente presente na mesma área. Comparada com a fauna original, ela tem riqueza menor, uma proporção muito menor de humívoros e maior de ceifadores. O exame de 1600 árvores recém-cortadas revelou que apenas três delas (0.2 por cento) apresentavam dano ao cerne causado por Coptotermes sp. Apesar da presença de uma fauna diversa incluindo várias espécies consideradas pragas, os cupins não são considerados um problema significativo nessa região.

Pacientes Renales: aspectos relacionados con el Cumplimiento del Tratamiento Renal / Kidney patients: aspects related to compliance with renal treatment

The Objective of this study was identify the aspects related with the adherence of medical treatment recommended to the patients that received hemodialysis in the tertiary public hospital. A non experimental transectional correlation design was utilized in this study. Fifty-three patients constituted the population study. A structure interview was utilized to gathered the data. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were utilized to analysis. The response rate was 91.0. The 75.0 of patients not compliance with the medical treatment. Significant association between compliance variable and educational level was encountered (p < or = 0.05). This study provides important findings to will develops educative intervention in the Renal Unit, directed to improve the adherence of the patient with medical treatment.

Estrategias para reducir la progresión de la enfermedad renal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 / Strategies to reduce the progression of renal disease in patients with type II diabetes mellitus

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has increased dramatically in Puerto Rico. On 1996, it accounted for 56.8 of all new cases admitted for dialysis. By 1998 the number increased to 59.9, of which, 88.5 were Type 2 diabetic patients. Strategies for the reduction or prevention of renal insufficiency of Type 2 diabetic patients should include: identification of potential chronic complications, review of risk factors related to diabetic nepropathy, and the evaluation of the arterial blood pressure and renal function. The therapeutic actions which have shown reduction of proteinuria and reduction of the progression to end stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes are: strict control of the arterial pressure, the use of converting enzyme inhibitors, low salt diet and control of the protein intake. It is recommended that type 2 diabetic patients with high arterial pressure, micro or macroalbuminuria and increased serum creatinine should be referred to the nephrologist as early as possible.

Enfermedad renal permanente en Puerto Rico, tendencia de morbilidad y mortalidad 1970-1994 / Permanent renal disease in Puerto Rico, morbidity and mortality trends 1970-1994

To describe the characteristics and trends of the incidence and mortality of End-Stage Renal Diseases (ESRD) in Puerto Rico, a descriptive analysis of the data of all patients treated with dialysis between 1970 through 1994 was conducted. A total of 7,256 patients received dialysis treatment for ESRD in Puerto Rico. Of these, 61 percent were males and 39 percent were females. Diabetes (41.7 percent) and glomerulonephritis (18.3 percent) accounted for the largest number of cases followed by circulatory problems(8.3 percent). Hemodialysis was the predominant treatment modality (76 percent). The incidence trend was significant for the predictor variable period of time after adjusting by age and gender (Poisson). The mortality trend was significant for the predictor variables, period of time, gender and age (Poisson). A substantial increment in the incidence and mortality of persons receiving dialysis was found, particularly in the diabetics, males and elderly persons. The casual explanations of these findings requires further study

Eficacia de la hiperventilación en la prevención de la hipercapnia en colecistectomía por laparoscopia / Efficacy of hyperventilation in the prevention of hybercapnia in choleccystectomy by laparoscopy

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar los cambios gasométricos en pacientes seleccionados para colecistectomía laparoscopica y determinar la eficiencia de la hiperventilación, como alternativa en la atenuación de la hipercapnia secundaria al pneumoperitoneo requerido como parte del procedimiento quirúrgico. Seleccionamos al azar 24 pacientes ASA I y II (23 mujeres y 1 hombre), con rango de edad entre 19-72 años (X de edad 41,9 años), con talla promedio de 156,41 cm y media de peso 64,84 kg. Los dividimos en dos grupos, un primer grupo (n-14) con los siguientes parámetros ventilatorios corriente de 10 ml/kg y frecuencia respiratoria de 12 ciclos/min. Un segundo grupo (n=10) con un volumen corriente de 7 ml/kg frecuencia respiratoria de 10 ciclos/min y una relación inspiración-espiración de 1:2 para ambos grupos. Después de la insuflación el pH disminuyó en ambos grupos, 0,08 por ciento en el grupo I y 1,21 por ciento en el grupo II. el CO2 arterial y el CO2 espirado (EtCO2) mostraron una elevación proporcional en ambos grupos, desde 33,96 torr hasta 38,69 torr para la PaCO2 y desde 27,29 torr hasta 29,33 torr para la EtCO2, en el grupo I. Un incremento más acentuado se observó en el grupo II, de 33,70 torr a 41,29 torr para la PaCO2 y de 28,75 torr a 37,00 torr en la EtCO". La PaCO2 presentó una caída más acentuada en el grupo II (12,92 por ciento). No hubo modificaciones de la concentración del bicarbonato y del exceso de base. Tampoco hubo variaciones de la saturación de oxigeno. No observamos cambios hemodinámicos significantes estadísticamente, pero tres pacientes del grupo II presentaron arritmias, cinco a diez minutos después del pneumoperitoneo

Incidencia de intoxicaciones por organofosforados: enero 1988-enero 1990 / Organophosphates intoxication incidence : January 1988- January 1990

Presentamos 38 casos de intoxicación por órganofosforados. Encontramos que el sexo masculino estuvo más afectado (63 por ciento de los casos). La mayor incidencia ocurrió en el grupo de 2-4 años de edad, (34.2 por ciento de los casos). El 84 por ciento de los casos ocurrió de forma accidental

Incidence and prevalence of HIV-positive patients on chronic hemodialysis at the university and San Juan Hospital

There is controversy on whether or not patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis (HD) should be routinely tested for the prsence of HIV-antibody (HIV-Ab) in their blood. Several reports have appeared in the literature reporting incidence from 0 to 11%. A total of 227 patients receiving chronic HD; at the University and San Juan City Hospital, from January to December 1987 were screened for the presence of HIV-Ab by the ELISA method. Those reported as positive were confirmed by the Western Blot method. HIV-Ab presence was reported and confirmed in 9 patients (4%). Five of these patients (2%) were IV drug abusers, 2 (0.9%) homosexual, 1 (0.4%) had history of sexual promiscuity and 1 (0.4%) had been exposed to multiple blood transfusion (MBT) prior to HIV testing of blood. Our prevalence was 7%. However when risk factors other than MBT were excluded the prevalence was 0.4%. The incidence and prevalence of HIV positive cases in our hemodialysis populations is comparable to that previously reported