Implicações da dieta hiperlipídica e do exercício de natação sobre os parâmetros imunológicos em ratas

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar alterações imunes, entre obesidade e exercício (natação). Ratas Wistar foram alocadas, conforme regime dietético: Grupo Labina (GL) e Grupo Hiperlipídico (GH); e, aos 60 dias, segundo o exercício. Após protocolo de exercício, avaliaram-se parâmetros murinométricos, gordura visceral, série branca do sangue e cultura de macrófagos. Observamos aumento nos parâmetros murinométricos, na gordura visceral do GH sedentário e nos linfócitos, neutrófilos e basófilos do GH exercitado. A taxa de fagocitose e a produção de óxido nítrico estimulado com lipopolissacarídeos aumentaram nos ratos exercitados. A natação parece reverter o fenótipo de sobrepeso, promovido pela dieta hiperlipídica, atenuou os efeitos dessa no sistema imune e melhorou sua resposta.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate immune changes between obesity and swimming. Wistar rats were allocated according to dietary regimen: Labina Group (LG) and Hyperlipid Group (HG); and at 60 days, according to the exercise. After exercise protocol, murinometric parameters, visceral fat, white blood series and macrophage culture were evaluated. We observed an increase in the murinometric parameters and visceral fat of the sedentary HG, and in the lymphocytes, neutrophils and basophils of the exercised HG. The rate of phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide stimulated with lipopolysaccharides increased in the exercised rats. Swimming seems to reverse the overweight phenotype promoted by the hyperlipid diet and attenuated the effects it on the immune system, improving its response.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar cambios inmunológicos entre obesidad y ejercicio (natación). Se distribuyó a ratas Wistar según el régimen dietético: grupo labina (GL) y grupo hiperlipídico (GH). Y a los 60 días, según el ejercicio. Después del protocolo de ejercicio, se evaluaron los parámetros murinométricos, grasa visceral, serie blanca de la sangre y cultivo de macrófagos. Se observó un aumento de los parámetros murinométricos y de la grasa visceral del GH sedentario, así como en los linfocitos, neutrófilos y basófilos del GH ejercitado. La tasa de fagocitosis y la producción de óxido nítrico estimulado con lipopolisacárido aumentaron en las ratas ejercitadas. Parece que la natación revierte el fenotipo de sobrepeso promovido por la dieta hiperlipídica y atenúa los efectos de esta en el sistema inmunitario, por lo que mejora su respuesta.

Treinamento muscular respiratório em idosos: estudo de revisão / Respiratory muscle training in older adults: review article

OBJECTIVE: Respiratory muscle training has been considered one of the main strategies to alleviate sarcopenia in older adults. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify which respiratory muscle training protocols are most used in this population and their main benefits described in the literature. METHODS: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). For this, we used the terms: respiratory muscle training, older adults, and muscle weakness. A total of 80 articles were studied, of which only 8 met the inclusion criteria of this study, whose methodology, variables studied, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 8 articles analyzed, we can observe an important diversity of the studied protocols; and all articles showed the most varied gains possible with respiratory muscle training. CONCLUSION: The protocols used in the various studies depend directly on the objective to be achieved with respiratory muscle training; and the main outcomes were improvements in strength, lung function, physical fitness level, quality of life, inflammatory markers and glucose intake.

OBJETIVO: O treinamento muscular respiratório vem sendo considerado uma das principais estratégias para amenizar a sarcopenia em idosos, portanto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar quais protocolos de treinamento muscular respiratório são mais utilizados em idosos e os seus principais benefícios encontrados na literatura. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Para tanto, foram utilizados os termos: treinamento muscular respiratório, idosos e fraqueza muscular. Foi estudado um total de 80 artigos, dos quais apenas 8 preencheram os critérios de inclusão deste estudo, cuja metodologia, variáveis estudadas e desfecho foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Dos oito artigos analisados, podemos observar uma importante diversidade dos protocolos estudados; e em todos os artigos foram encontrados ganhos dos mais variados possíveis com o treinamento muscular respiratório. CONCLUSÃO: Os protocolos utilizados nos diversos estudos dependem diretamente do objetivo a ser alcançado com o treinamento muscular respiratório; e os principais desfechos foram a melhora na força, na função pulmonar, no nível de aptidão física, na qualidade de vida, em marcadores inflamatórios e no consumo da glicose.

Adiposity, inflammation and fat-soluble vitamins in adolescents / Adiposidade, inflamação e vitaminas lipossolúveis em adolescentes

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the association between inflammatory process, adiposity, and vitamins A, D, and E in adolescents, according to gender. Methods: Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 12-19 years old of both genders attending public schools in Recife. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socioeconomic level, lifestyle, and food intake of adolescents. Then, an anthropometric evaluation and a blood sampling were performed to analyze serum concentrations of α-1-acid glycoprotein, retinol, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. Results: The levels of α-1-acid glycoprotein were higher for abdominal obesity in both genders. Male adolescents with insufficient serum α-tocopherol levels had low levels of α-1-acid glycoprotein (p = 0.03) and an increased risk of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and β-carotene deficiency in relation to total and abdominal fat; female adolescents had an increased risk of insufficient β-carotene with abdominal obesity (PR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.2-1.5). Conclusion: Abdominal adiposity implies a higher risk of inflammation and causes different changes to the levels of fat-soluble vitamins according to gender.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre processo inflamatório, adiposidade e as vitaminas A, D e E em adolescentes, segundo o sexo. Métodos: Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos de escolas públicas de Recife. Foi utilizado um questionário para coleta de dados socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e de consumo alimentar dos adolescentes. Em seguida, realizou-se a avalição antropométrica e coleta de sangue para análise das concentrações séricas de α-1-glicoproteína ácida, retinol, β-caroteno, α-tocoferol e 25-hidroxivitamina D. Resultados: Os níveis de α-1-glicoproteína ácida foram maiores na obesidade abdominal de ambos os sexos. Os meninos com níveis séricos insuficientes de α-tocoferol expressaram níveis reduzidos de α-1-glicoproteína ácida (p = 0,03) e apresentaram um maior risco de deficiência de 25-hidroxivitamina D e β-caroteno na adiposidade total e abdominal, enquanto as meninas mostraram maior risco de insuficiência de β-caroteno com a obesidade abdominal (RP 1,33; IC 95% 1,2-1,5). Conclusão: A adiposidade abdominal reflete maior risco de inflamação e causa alterações distintas nas concentrações das vitaminas lipossolúveis, de acordo com o sexo.

Funcionalidade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior: um estudo transversal / Functionality and quality of life of patients with unilateral lymphedema of a lower limb: a cross-sectional study

O linfedema de membros inferiores é uma doença crônica decorrente de dano no sistema linfático que influencia a mobilidade, a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Questionários e o teste físico são métodos bastante práticos, de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, que fornecem dados importantes para a avaliação desses pacientes. Objetivos Avaliar a influência do linfedema unilateral de membro inferior na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida, correlacionando três ferramentas de avaliação. Métodos Estudo descritivo com 25 indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior, de ambos os sexos. Foi avaliada a perimetria e foram aplicados The Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) para avaliação da qualidade de vida, Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL) para estudo das habilidades físicas, mentais e sociais relacionadas ao linfedema e o Timed Up and Go (TUG) para avaliação da funcionalidade. Resultados Houve a presença de linfedema em todo o membro inferior dos participantes. Os domínios mais prejudicados pelo linfedema foram os aspectos físicos (25,0 ± 31,4) e emocionais (36,0 ± 42,9) no SF-36 e o domínio mobilidade (6,0 ± 2,6) no Lymph-ICF-LL. O TUG foi realizado em 9,88 ± 1,98 s. Houve correlação entre o TUG e os questionários e entre os dois questionários utilizados. Conclusões Indivíduos com linfedema unilateral em membro inferior apresentam um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e na funcionalidade avaliadas através de questionários, que correlacionam entre si. Não foi encontrada alteração no TUG, mas houve correlação entre ele e os questionários utilizados

Lymphedema of the lower limbs is a chronic disease caused by damage to the lymphatic system that influences people's mobility, functionality, and quality of life. Questionnaires and physical test are very practical, easy to apply, and low cost methods that provide important data for evaluation of these patients. Objectives To evaluate the influence of unilateral lower limb lymphedema on functionality and quality of life, correlating 3 assessment tools. Methods This was a descriptive study investigating 25 patients of both sexes with unilateral lymphedema in a lower limb. Limb volume was assessed using circumferential tape measurements, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess quality of life, the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL) was used to assess physical, mental, and social skills related to lymphedema, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used for functional assessment. Results Lymphedema was present throughout the affected lower limb of participants. The domains most affected by lymphedema were physical aspects (25.0 ± 31.4) and emotional aspects (36.0 ± 42.9) from the SF-36 and the mobility domain (6.0 ± 2.6) from the Lymph -ICF-LL. Patients performed the TUG in 9.88 ± 1.98 seconds. The TUG was correlated with the questionnaires and the questionnaires were correlated with each other. Conclusions People with unilateral lower limb lymphedema exhibited negative impacts on quality of life and functionality, as evaluated by questionnaires, which were correlated with each other. TUG performance was within normal limits, but results correlated with the questionnaires used

Relationships between phagocytosis, mucoid phenotype, and genetic characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates

Abstract INTRODUCTION The relationships between phagocytosis, and mucoid phenotype, plasmid profile and virulence, and resistance genetic characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates were evaluated. METHODS Thirty isolates were used to determine the mucoid aspect. Four were selected for analysis of phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. RESULTS Thirty percent of the samples presented the mucoid phenotype. The phagocytosis rate ranged from 21.5% to 43.43%. Phagocytosis was not correlated with the plasmid profile, but was apparently correlated with mucoid phenotype and antibiotic susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: Several virulence factors act in parallel in K. pneumoniae to impair host defense.

Superimposing a high-fat diet on schistosoma mansoni infection affects renin-angiotensin system components in the mouse kidney

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The levels of the full-length form of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), may be reduced in the membranes of kidneys in renal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the RAS components in the kidneys of mice submitted to a combination of a high-fat diet and Schistosoma mansoni infection. METHODS: Female BALB/c mice were maintained on a control or high-fat diet from 3 weeks of age. After 10 weeks on the designated diets, half the mice in each group were infected with S. mansoni cercariae. The blood and kidneys were harvested 8 weeks after infection. RESULTS: The high-fat diet increased the number of eggs in the feces and the number of adult worms in the mesenteric bed. Schistosoma mansoni infection reduced the plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol in the control and high-fat diet groups. In mice on the control diet, S. mansoni infection resulted in increased expression of IL-6 in the kidneys; however, in mice on the high-fat diet, the levels of IL-6 were reduced and those of superoxide anions were increased. The RAS components evaluated were ACE2, renin, PRR, AT1R, and AT2R, and the levels of PRR were found to be reduced in the kidneys of infected mice on the high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: The finding regarding PRR is not yet clear. However, combining a high-fat diet and S. mansoni infection resulted in increased oxidative stress in the kidney that can aggravate hypertension as well as its associated complications.

Sugarcane biopolymer as a guide tube in the regeneration of peripheral nerves in rats / Biopolímero de caña de azúcar como tubo guía en la regeneración de nervios periféricos en ratones

SUMMARY: Peripheral nerve regeneration is a serious clinical problem. The goal of this work was to evaluate comparatively a biopolymer tube of sugarcane with an expanded polyethylene tube as a tube guide in peripheral nerve regeneration. Fourteen male albino Wistar rats were used, separated into three different groups: control (CG), lesion + polyethylene tube (PG) and lesion + sugarcane biopolymer (SBG). At 60 days old, animals from the PG and SBG underwent surgery for tubulization of the sciatic nerve, and 60 days after the injury they were sacrificed for collection of the nerve. In the analysis of the number of nerve fibers, a smaller number was seen in the PG and SBG groups compared to the CG, no difference was seen between the PG and SBG groups (p<0.05). With regard to the number of blood vessels, the SBG group had a larger number than the CG and PG groups (p<0.05). The SBG also presented increase on axonal diameter and G -ratio compared to PG (p<0.05). Taken together these data revealed that biopolymer tube favors a suitable environment for peripheral nerve regeneration.

RESUMEN: La regeneración nerviosa periférica es un problema clínico grave. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar comparativamente un tubo de biopolímero de caña de azúcar con un tubo de polietileno expandido, como guía de tubo en la regeneración de nervios periféricos. Se utilizaron dieciocho ratas Wistar albinas macho, separadas en tres grupos: control (CG), lesión + tubo de polietileno (PG) y lesión + biopolímero de caña de azúcar (SBG). A los 60 días de edad, los animales del PG y SBG fueron sometidos a una cirugía para la tubulización del nervio ciático, y 60 días después de la lesión fueron sacrificados para la recolección del nervio. En el análisis del número de fibras nerviosas, se observó un número menor en los grupos PG y SBG en comparación con el CG; no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos PG y SBG (p <0,05). Con respecto al número de vasos sanguíneos, el grupo SBG tuvo un número mayor que los grupos CG y PG (p <0,05). El SBG también presentó un aumento en el diámetro axonal y la proporción G en comparación con PG (p <0,05). En conjunto, estos datos revelaron que el tubo de biopolímero favorece un entorno adecuado para la regeneración de nervios periféricos.

The effect of inspiratory muscle training on the quality of life, immune response, inspiratory and lower limb muscle strength of older adults: a randomized controlled trial / O efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório em idosos sobre a qualidade de vida, resposta imune, força muscular inspiratória e de membros inferiores: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the quality of life, immune response, inspiratory and lower limb muscle strength of older adults. Method: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 institutionalized older adults. They were allocated into two groups: the IMT group (n=15), which underwent IMT with PowerBreathe Classic, using a load of 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). This was performed using a 30 repetition protocol, three times a week, for six weeks. The second group was the control group (n=15) which did not perform any type of therapeutic intervention. In both groups, MIP, lower limb strength by sit-up test, quality of life by the SF-36 questionnaire and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated. Results: The results demonstrated the homogeneity between the groups regarding the demographic and clinical variables. The IMT group showed an increase in the variation of MIP (9.20±7.36 cmH2O) compared to the control (0.93±8.79 cmH2O). Improvement was also observed in the sitting and standing test (p<0.05) (Tukey Test) in the difference between the values ​​before and after the IMT. In terms of quality of life, two of the eight SF-36 domains were influenced by the IMT, namely: functional capacity and limitations due to physical factors. There were no changes in CRP in either group. Conclusion: IMT improved the inspiratory muscle strength, lower limb strength and quality of life of institutionalized older adults. These findings reinforce the contribution of this therapy to reducing the deleterious effects of aging.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) sobre a qualidade de vida, resposta imune, força muscular inspiratória e de membros inferiores de idosos. Método: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado com 30 idosos institucionalizados. Eles foram alocados em dois grupos, Grupo TMI (n=15): TMI com o PowerBreathe Classic, usando carga de 60% da pressão inspiratória máxima (PIM). O TMI foi realizado através de um protocolo de 30 repetições, três vezes por semana, durante seis semanas; e Grupo controle (n=15): não realizavam nenhum tipo de intervenção terapêutica. Em ambos os grupos foram avaliadas a PIM, a força de membros inferiores pelo teste de sentar-levantar, a qualidade de vida pelo questionário SF-36 e a proteína C reativa (PCR). Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram a homogeneidade entre os grupos em relação às variáveis demográficas e clínicas. O grupo TMI apresentou um aumento da variação da PIM (9,20±7,36cmH2O) comparado ao controle (0,93±8,79 cmH2O). Foi observada ainda melhora no teste de sentar e levantar (p<0,05) (teste de Tukey) na diferença entre os valores antes e após o TMI. Em relação à qualidade de vida, dois dos oito domínios do SF-36 sofreram influência do TMI, são eles: capacidade funcional e limitações por aspectos físicos. Não ocorreram mudanças na PCR em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: o TMI foi capaz de melhorar a força muscular inspiratória, a força de membros inferiores, e a qualidade de vida de idosos institucionalizados. Estes achados reforçam a contribuição desta terapêutica em reduzir os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento.

Oxidative stress and immune system analysis after cycle ergometer use in critical patients

OBJECTIVE: The passive cycle ergometer aims to prevent hypotrophy and improve muscle strength, with a consequent reduction in hospitalization time in the intensive care unit and functional improvement. However, its effects on oxidative stress and immune system parameters remain unknown. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a passive cycle ergometer on the immune system and oxidative stress in critical patients. METHODS: This paper describes a randomized controlled trial in a sample of 19 patients of both genders who were on mechanical ventilation and hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Hospital Agamenom Magalhães. The patients were divided into two groups: one group underwent cycle ergometer passive exercise for 30 cycles/min on the lower limbs for 20 minutes; the other group did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study and served as the control group. A total of 20 ml of blood was analysed, in which nitric oxide levels and some specific inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10)) were evaluated before and after the study protocol. RESULTS: Regarding the demographic and clinical variables, the groups were homogeneous in the early phases of the study. The nitric oxide analysis revealed a reduction in nitric oxide variation in stimulated cells (p=0.0021) and those stimulated (p=0.0076) after passive cycle ergometer use compared to the control group. No differences in the evaluated inflammatory cytokines were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the passive cycle ergometer promoted reduced levels of nitric oxide, showing beneficial effects on oxidative stress reduction. As assessed by inflammatory cytokines, the treatment was not associated with changes in the immune system. However, further research in a larger population is necessary for more conclusive results.

Trigeminal trophic syndrome simulating rodent ulcer basal cell carcinoma: a new clinico-dermoscopic approach

Abstract Trigeminal trophic syndrome is an uncommon cause of facial ulcers, that affects the sensitive area of the trigeminal nerve. We present the case of an 84-year-old patient with ulcerated facial trigeminal trophic syndrome, and report the development of a clinico-dermoscopic approach for his clinical examination. The value of this model for the diagnosis of facial ulcers suspected to be a rodent ulcer basal cell carcinoma is suggested.

Influência da Esplenectomia Total na Microbiota Intestinal, na Translocação Bacteriana e na Evolução da Sepse em Modelo Experimental / Influence of Total Splenectomy on Intestinal Microbiota, Bacterial Translocation and Sepsis Evolution in Experimental Model

A esplenectomia diminui a atividade de células imunes e pode estar relacionada com translocação bacteriana (TB) e sepse. Investigou-se a presença de TB e sepse em camundongos esplenectomizados, por meio de análises de peso, de sexo, de alterações da microbiota digestória e mucosa duodenal. 20 fêmeas e 20 machos de camundongos Swiss webster com 125 dias foram divididos em dois grupos: esplenectomizados e controles. Os animais foram pesados diariamente. Após sete dias da esplenectomia total convencional, os animais foram eutanasiados para estudo da TB, microbiota e morfometria intestinais. Para microbiota, foram coletadas as fezes da região média do intestino delgado, que foi seccionado para análise morfométrica. Após o preparo dos tubos com amostras fecais nas diferentes diluições, foram inoculados 0,1 mL de cada na superfície de placas contendo meios cromogênicos. Fragmentos do fígado e linfonodos mesentéricos foram macerados e homogeneizados, separadamente, em placas de Petri estéreis, posteriormente, adicionadas a caldo cérebro coração (BHI) na proporção de 1:5 e incubados em estufa a 37 °C por 24 horas. Posteriormente, alçadas de caldo foram semeadas em placas de Petri com diferentes meios de culturas. Os camundongos esplenectomizados apresentaram redução da evolução ponderal e maior prevalência de coproculturas positivas. A análise morfométrica duodenal revelou redução na altura e da área das vilosidades dos grupos esplenectomizados comparados aos seus controles. Os machos esplenectomizados apresentaram maiores taxas de TB e sepse. A asplênia aumenta a suscetibilidade à TB e, consequentemente, as doenças de origem séptica em camundongos. Sexo e alterações da mucosa duodenal podem influenciar no aumento deste fenômeno(AU)

Ssplenectomy diminishes the immune cells activity and may be related to bacterial translocation (BT) and sepsis. The BT and sepsis presence in splenectomized mice was investigated through analyzes of weight, sex, changes in the digestive microbiota and duodenal mucosa. Swiss Webster mice (20 females/20 males) were divided into two equal groups: splenectomized and controls, aged 125 days of life. Total splenectomy was performed in splenectomized group. The animals were weighed every day. After seven days, the animals were euthanized for the study of TB, microbiota and intestinal morphology. For microbiota study, stools were collected from the middle region of the small intestine, which was sectioned for morphometric analysis. After the tubes preparation with fecal samples at different dilutions, 0.1 mL of each sample was inoculated on the surface of plates containing chromogenic media. Fragments of the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes were macerated and homogenized separately in sterile Petri dishes, subsequently added to a brain/heart broth (BHI) in concentration 1:5 and incubated in an oven at 37 °C for 24 hours. Subsequently, the broths were seeded in Petri dishes with different culture media. The splenectomized mice presented a reduction in the ponderal evolution and a higher prevalence of positive coprocultures. Duodenal morphometric analysis revealed a reduction in the height and villus area of the splenectomized groups compared to their controls. Splenectomized males had higher BT and sepsis rates. Asplenia increases susceptibility to BT, and consequently septic diseases in mice. Sex and duodenal mucosa alterations may influence the increase of this phenomenon.(AU)

Post-splenectomy infections in chronic schistosomiasis as a consequence of bacterial translocation

INTRODUCTION : Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and internal organs. Schistosomiasis may cause alterations in the immune system and damage to the intestines, portal system and mesenteric lymph nodes. This study investigated bacterial translocation and alterations in the intestinal microbiota and mucosa in schistosomiasis and splenectomized mice. METHODS : Forty female 35-day-old Swiss Webster mice were divided into the following four groups with 10 animals each: schistosomotic (ESF), splenectomized schistosomotic (ESEF), splenectomized (EF) and control (CF). Infection was achieved by introduction of 50 Schistosoma mansoni (SLM) cercariae through the skin. At 125 days after birth, half of the parasitized and unparasitized mice were subjected to splenectomy. Body weights were recorded for one week after splenectomy; then, the mice were euthanized to study bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and intestinal morphometry. RESULTS : We observed significant reductions in the weight increases in the EF, ESF and ESEF groups. There were increases of at least 1,000 CFU of intestinal microbiota bacteria in these groups compared with the CF. The EF, ESF and ESEF mice showed decreases in the heights and areas of villi and the total villus areas (perimeter). We observed frequent co-infections with various bacterial genera. CONCLUSIONS : The ESEF mice showed a higher degree of sepsis. This finding may be associated with a reduction in the immune response associated with the absence of the spleen and a reduction in nutritional absorption strengthened by both of these factors (Schistosoma infection and splenectomy). .

Gatifloxacin and iodopovidine preoperatively of phacectomy: influence on counting bacterial colonies / Gatifloxacino e iodopovidine no pré-operatório de facectomia: influência na contagem de colônias bacterianas

Objective: To analyze two methods of reducing conjunctivalmicrobiota in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Methods: A clinical trial with a convenience sample of 57 patients diagnosed with senile cataract (57 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in Recife from 2011 to 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: ATB (27 eyes) in which was instilled antibiotic eye drops (gatifloxacin 0.3%) and ASS (30 eyes) with antiseptic eye drops (iodopovidine 5%); both medications were instilled three times (one drop every 20 minutes, an hour prior to surgery). The groups were evaluated from two collections of conjunctival material: first before instilling some eye drops and the second one immediately after surgery. Gram stain, culture and sensitivity were performed. Results: Comparing the reduction in the number of bacteria found in the slides in the pre-and postoperative, there was no statistically significant difference in both groups. Conclusions: Both use of antiseptic or antibiotic, used as prophylaxis forendophthalmitis, can reduce the conjunctivalmicrobiota.

Objetivo: Analisar dois método de redução da microbiota conjuntival em indivíduos submetidos à facectomia. Métodos: Ensaio clínico, com amostra de conveniência de 57 pacientes, com diagnóstico de catarata senil (57 olhos), submetidos à facoemulsificação com implante de lente intraocular em Recife entre 2011 a 2013. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: ATB (27 olhos) no qual foi instilado colírio antibiótico (gatifloxacino a 0,3%) e ASS (30 olhos) colírio antisséptico (iodopovidine a 5%), ambas as medicações foram instiladas três vezes (uma gota a cada 20 minutos, uma hora previamente à cirurgia). Os grupos foram avaliados a partir de duas coletas de material conjuntival: a primeira antes de instilar algum colírio e a segunda imediatamente após a cirurgia. Foi realizada bacterioscopia, cultura e antibiograma. Resultados: Comparando-se a redução no número de bactérias encontrado nas lâminas no pré e pós-operatório, não se verificou diferença estatística significativa nos dois grupos. Conclusão: Tanto o uso do antisséptico como do antibiótico usados como profiláticos para a endoftalmite reduzem a microbiota conjuntival.

Long-term effects of neonatal malnutrition on microbicide response, production of cytokines, and survival of macrophages infected by Staphylococcus aureus sensitive/resistant to methicillin / Efeitos tardios da desnutrição neonatal na resposta microbicida, produção de citocinas e viabilidade de macrófagos na infecção por Staphylococcus aureus sensível/resistente a meticilina

OBJECTIVE: To assess microbicide function and macrophage viability after in vitro cellular infection by methicillin-sensitive/resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nourished rats and rats subjected to neonatal malnutrition. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=40) were divided in two groups: Nourished (rats suckled by dams consuming a 17% casein diet) and Malnourished (rats suckled by dams consuming an 8% casein diet). Macrophages were recovered after tracheotomy, by bronchoalveolar lavage. After mononuclear cell isolation, four systems were established: negative control composed exclusively of phagocytes; positive control composed of macrophages plus lipopolysaccharide; and two testing systems, macrophages plus methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and macrophages plus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The plates were incubated in a humid atmosphere at 37 degrees Celsius containing 5% CO2 for 24 hours. After this period tests the microbicidal response, cytokine production, and cell viability were analyzed. The statistical analysis consisted of analysis of variance (p<0.05). RESULTS: Malnutrition reduced weight gain, rate of phagocytosis, production of superoxide anion and nitric oxide, and macrophage viability. Production of nitrite and interleukin 18, and viability of macrophages infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were lower. CONCLUSION: The neonatal malnutrition model compromised phagocyte function and reduced microbicidal response and cell viability. Interaction between malnutrition and the methicillin-resistant strain decreased the production of inflammatory mediators by effector cells of the immune response, which may compromise the immune system's defense ability. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função microbicida e a viabilidade de macrófagos, após infecção celular in vitro, com Staphylococcus aureus sensível/resistente a meticilina, em ratos nutridos ou submetidos a desnutrição neonatal. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar (n=40) foram divididos em dois grupos distintos: Nutrido (ratos amamentados por mães submetidas a dieta com 17% de caseína) e Desnutrido (ratos amamentados por mães submetidas a dieta com 8% de caseína). Os macrófagos foram recuperados após procedimento cirúrgico de traqueostomia, através da coleta do lavado broncoalveolar. Após o isolamento dos mononucleares, foram estabelecidos quatro sistemas: controle negativo, composto apenas pelos fagócitos; controle positivo, macrófagos mais lipopolissacarídeo; e dois sistemas teste, macrófagos mais Staphylococcus aureus sensível e resistente a meticilina. As placas foram incubadas por 24 horas, à temperatura de 37ºC, com atmosfera úmida e 5% de dióxido de carbono. Transcorrido esse período, foram realizados ensaios para análise da resposta microbicida, produção de citocinas e viabilidade celular. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se analysis of variance, admitindo-se p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A desnutrição acarretou redução do crescimento ponderal dos animais, da taxa de fagocitose, da produção de óxido nítrico, do ânion superóxido e da viabilidade de macrófagos. Houve menor produção de nitrito, de interleucina 18 e da viabilidade dos macrófagos infectados com Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de desnutrição neonatal adotado comprometeu a função dos fagócitos, com redução da resposta microbicida e da viabilidade celular. A interação ...

In Vitro antimicrobial photoinactivation with methylene blue in different microorganisms

AIM: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS: The microorganism indicators were: Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. A microbial pool was prepared (10 8 cells/mL), from which aliquots were transferred to culture plates for carrying out the PDT using methylene blue (50 µM) and low-power laser (660 nm, 100 mW and 9 J).The effect of methylene blue alone, low power laser and the absence of treatments were evaluated. Then, aliquots of 1 µL were plated in a media culture, the number of colony forming units (CFU/mL) was obtained and the data submitted to the F test (ANOVA) with Tamhane's comparisons. RESULTS: The laser radiation in the presence of methylene blue was able to eliminate 74.90% of C. albicans, 72.41% of P. aeruginosa, 96.44% of E. faecalis and 95.42% of S. aureus, thus statistically significant differences were found among the groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PDT was effective in reducing the number of viable cells in the studiedmicroorganisms, especially E. faecalis and S. aureus.

Nitric oxide levels in the anterior chamber of vitrectomized eyes with silicon oil / Níveis de óxido nítrico na câmara anterior em olhos vitrectomizados com óleo de silicone

PURPOSE: To investigate the nitric oxide levels in the anterior chamber of eyes who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil. METHODS: Patients who underwent PPV with silicon oil injection, from february 2005 to august 2007, were selected. Nine patients (nine eyes) participated in the study (five women and four men). Nitric oxide concentration was quantified after the aspiration of aqueous humor samples during the procedure of silicon oil removal. Data such as: oil emulsification; presence of oil in the anterior chamber; intraocular pressure and time with silicone oil were evaluated. Values of p <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: A positive correlation between nitric oxide concentration and time with silicon oil in the vitreous cavity (r=0.799) was observed. The nitric oxide concentration was significantly higher (p=0.02) in patients with silicon oil more than 24 months (0.90µmol/ml ± 0.59, n=3) in the vitreous cavity comparing to patients with less than 24 months (0.19µmol/ml ± 0.10, n=6). CONCLUSION: A positive correlation linking silicone oil time in the vitreous cavity with the nitric oxide concentration in the anterior chamber was observed.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os níveis de óxido nítrico na câmara anterior de olhos submetidos à vitrectomia via pars plana (VPP) com óleo de silicone. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados pacientes que se submeteram à VPP com injeção de óleo de silicone, de fevereiro de 2005 a agosto de 2007. Nove pacientes (nove olhos) participaram do estudo (cinco mulheres e quatro homens). Durante o procedimento de remoção do óleo de silicone, foi coletado uma amostra de humor aquoso para quantificar a concentração de óxido nítrico. Foram avaliados os seguintes dados: emulsificação de óleo, presença de óleo na câmara anterior, pressão intraocular, tempo com o óleo de silicone. Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre a concentração de óxido nítrico e tempo com óleo de silicone na cavidade vítrea (r = 0,799). A concentração de óxido nítrico foi significativamente maior (p = 0,02) em pacientes com óleo de silicone por mais de 24 meses (0,90µmol/ml + 0,59, n = 3) na cavidade vítrea em comparação com pacientes com menos de 24 meses (0,19µmol/ml + 0,10, n = 6 ). CONCLUSÃO: Foi observada correlação positiva entre tempo de óleo de silicone na cavidade vítrea com a concentração de óxido nítrico na câmara anterior.

Immunological parameters of macrophages infected by methicillin resistant/sensitive Staphylococcus aureus / Parâmetros imunológicos de macrófagos frente à infecção por Staphylococcus aureus meticilina sensível/resistente

INTRODUCTION: Could changes in Staphylococcus aureus cellular walls, which are commonly associated with multidrug resistance phenotype, influence their immune evasion mechanisms? OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbicide response and survival of alveolar macrophages after in vitro infection with methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used 20 adult, male, albino, Wistar rats. The alveolar macrophage samples were obtained after tracheostomy and bronchoalveolar lavage. The alveolar macrophages were cultured in the proportion of 1:1 cells/ml Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium/well and isolated by plate adhesion. For the assessment of immunological parameters, four systems were established: negative control, positive control, methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). RESULTS: When comparing MRSA and MSSA systems, there was no significant difference as to adhesion and phagocytosis rates, superoxide anion production and macrophage viability. By analyzing the kinetics of nitric oxide production, after 4 to 10 hours of cellular culture incubation, there was lower average production of this radical in the MRSA system when compared to MSSA. However, after 12 hours, no differences were detected between both systems. CONCLUSION: It is claimed that methicillin resistance may be a factor that influences the bacteria's ability to escape from macrophage microbicide response. Although the results of some immunological parameters were similar in the surveyed systems, the oscillations occurred during the production of nitric oxide may contribute significantly to the survival of Staphylococcus aureus.

INTRODUÇÃO: Modificações nas paredes celulares das cepas de Staphylococcus aureus relacionadas com o fenótipo de multirresistência poderiam influenciar seus mecanismos de evasão frente à resposta imune? OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta microbicida e a sobrevivência de macrófagos alveolares após infecção in vitro com Staphylococcus aureus meticilina sensível/resistente. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 20 ratos adultos, machos, albinos e da linhagem Wistar. Os macrófagos alveolares foram obtidos após procedimento cirúrgico de traqueostomia, por meios da coleta do lavado broncoalveolar. Os macrófagos alveolares foram cultivados na proporção de 1:1 células/ml de Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)/poço e isolados pela capacidade de adesão à placa. Para avaliação de parâmetros imunológicos, foram estabelecidos quatro sistemas: controle negativo, controle positivo, S. aureus sensível a meticilina (MSSA) e S. aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). RESULTADOS: Ao comparar os sistemas de MSSA e MRSA, não foi observada diferença no índice de aderência, na taxa de fagocitose, na produção do ânion superóxido e na viabilidade dos macrófagos. Ao analisar a cinética de óxido nítrico, houve menor produção média desse radical para o MRSA quando comparado com o MSSA, no período de 4 a 10 horas de incubação das culturas celulares. Entretanto, após 12 horas, não foi detectada divergências entre esses sistemas. CONCLUSÃO: Sugere-se que a resistência à meticilina poderá ser um fator que influenciará a capacidade de evasão da bactéria à resposta microbicida dos macrófagos. Apesar dos resultados de alguns parâmetros imunológicos terem sido similares entre os sistemas analisados, as oscilações ocorridas durante a produção do óxido nítrico poderão contribuir de forma importante para a sobrevivência da bactéria Staphylococcus aureus.

Efeito do treinamento físico moderado e intenso sobre os mecanismos de defesa de ratos adultos / Effect of moderate and intense physical training on the mechanisms of defense in adult rats

OBJETIVO: Analisou-se o impacto do treinamento físico moderado (TFM) e intenso (TFI) sobre o perfil leucocitário e a atividade microbicida de macrófagos alveolares, em 29 ratos machos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Foram formados três grupos: controle-sedentário (CS), treino-moderado (TM) e treino-intenso (TI). Os TFM e TFI foram efetuados através da natação, com aumento progressivo de carga conforme o peso corporal, até um máximo de 3% para o TFM, e 5% para o TFI. As coletas de sangue para contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos foram automatizadas através do analisador hematológico Sysmex XT- 1800i (Roche®) antes e após o treino. E ao final realizou-se o lavado broncoalveolar para determinar a taxa de fagocitose e a produção de óxido nítrico (ON) de macrófagos. RESULTADOS: O grupo TM apresentou valores maiores para o número de leucócitos (12,77±2,0 x 17,25±2,4 10³/mm³), linfócitos (8,87±1,0 x 12,5±2,1 10³/mm³) e neutrófilos (0,99±0,5 x 3,18±1,0 10³/mm³), p<0,05. Apresentou também uma maior produção de ON (15,77±4,9µmols/mL) e da taxa de fagocitose (38,6%±8,65) em relação ao CS (6,58±1,9µmols/mL e 24,4%±7,40, respectivamente). Enquanto que, o grupo TI apresentou menor taxa de fagocitose (13,1%±1,52 x 24,4%±7,40), maior produção de ON (38,40± 2,1x 6,58±1,9 µmols/mL) e aumento apenas, no valor dos neutrófilos (2,6±1,4x 0,99±0,5 10³/mm³) quando comparado ao CS, p<0,001. CONCLUSÕES: O TFM proporcionou melhora nos mecanismos de defesa dos animais adultos. Enquanto que o TFI reduziu a taxa de fagocitose o que poderá implicar em prejuízo da atividade microbicida dos animais.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of moderate (MPT) and intense physical training (IPT) on the white blood cell profile and the microbicide activity of alveolar macrophages in 29 Wistar male rats. METHODS: The sample was separated into three groups: control group (sedentary), moderate training (MT), and intense training groups (IT). Swimming was the tool used to classify both moderate and intense training groups with a progressive increase of exercise load regarding body weight (up to 3% for the moderate physical training and 5% for the intense training group). The blood samples used to count total and differential leucocytes were automated by a hematological analyzer Sysmex XT-1800i (Roche®) before and after training sessions. At the end of the process, a bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out so to determine the amount of phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide (NO) of the macrophages. RESULTS: The MT showed an increase in the number of leucocytes (12,77±2,0x17,25±2,4 10³/mm³), lymphocytes (8,87±1,0x 12,5±2,1 10³/mm³) and neutrophils (0,99±0,5x3,18 ±1,0 10³/mm³), p<0,05. There was also a higher production of NO (15,77±4,9µmols/mL) as well as a higher phagocytosis rate of (38,6%±8,65) as to the control group (6,58±1,9 µmols/mL and 24,4%±7,40, respectively). Whereas the IT showed a smaller phagocytosis rate (13,1%±1,52x 24,4%±7,40), a greater production of NO (38,40±2,1 x 6,58±1,9 µmols/mL) and an increase only in the number of neutrophils (2,6±1,4 x 0,99±0,5 10³/mm³) compared to the control group, p<0,001. CONCLUSIONS: The MPT induced a significant improvement in the defense mechanisms of the adult rats. On the other hand, the IPT induced a reduction in phagocytosis rate which could lead to the microbicide activity of the rats being damaged.

Desnutrição neonatal e produção de IFN-γ IL-12 e IL-10 por macrófagos/linfócitos: estudo da infecção celular, in vitro, por Staphylococcus aureus meticilina sensível e meticilina resistente / Early malnutrition and production of IFN, IL-12 and IL-10 by macrophages/lymphocytes: in vitro study of cell infection by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da desnutrição neonatal sobre a produção de Interferon gama, Interleucina-12 e Interleucina-10 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares e linfócitos infectados, in vitro, com Staphylococcus aureus sensível/resistente à meticilina. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram amamentados por mães cuja dieta, durante a lactação, continha 17% de proteína no grupo nutrido e 8% no grupo desnutrido. Após desmame, ambos os grupos receberam a dieta normoproteica. Os macrófagos foram obtidos após traqueostomia, através da coleta do lavado broncoalveolar. Para obtenção dos linfócitos, foi realizado o procedimento cirúrgico de punção cardíaca. Após o isolamento dos diferentes tipos celulares, procedeuse à realização dos estímulos com as cepas de estudo. A dosagem das citocinas foi realizada pelo método de Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a partir de amostras coletadas do sobrenadante das culturas após 24 horas de incubação. RESULTADOS: A desnutrição acarretou diminuição do crescimento ponderal, redução na produção de Interferon gama em cultura de macrófagos alveolares e linfócitos e diminuição na produção de Interleucina-12 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares. Apenas a produção de Interferon gama e Interleucina-10 em cultura de macrófagos alveolares apresentou diferença entre as cepas analisadas, em ambos os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de desnutrição neonatal produziu sequela no peso corporal e reduziu a produção de citocinas próinflamatórias (Interleucina-12 e Interferon gama), indicando que esse modelo de desnutrição pode comprometer a resolução de um processo infeccioso. A cepa de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina estimulou uma maior produção de Interferon gama e Interleucina-10 por macrófagos alveolares, o que sugeriu estimulação imunológica mais intensa, por essa cepa, nesse tipo celular especificamente.

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the influence of neonatal malnutrition on the production of interferon gamma, interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 in cultured macrophages and lymphocytes infected in vitro with methicillin-sensitive or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were suckled by mothers fed during lactation a chow containing 17% protein for the nourished group and 8% for the undernourished group. After weaning, both groups received a normal diet in terms of protein content. The macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage after tracheostomy. Cardiac puncture was used for the collection of lymphocytes. After isolation of different cell types, the challenge with the different strains was performed. Cytokines were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using samples collected from the culture supernatant after an incubation period of 24 hours. RESULTS: Malnutrition let to slow weight gain, low interferon gamma in cultured alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes and low production of interleukin-12 in cultured alveolar macrophages. Only interferon gamma and interleukin-10 in cultured alveolar macrophages differed between the two groups and study strains. CONCLUSION: The neonatal malnutrition model used impaired weight gain and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-12 and interferon gamma), indicating that protein malnutrition may result in an inability to fight infections. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain stimulated macrophages to produce interferon gamma and interleukin-10, suggesting that this strain better provokes the immune system, specifically for this cell type.